CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24
Last Updated :
23 Jul, 2025
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 is a comprehensive guide for CBSE Class 8 students. The Class 8 syllabus is designed to provide students with a strong foundation in the basic principles of science, including Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and to encourage them to think scientifically. Our CBSE Notes of Class 8 Science help students study smartly and get a clear picture of each and every concept discussed in their syllabus. Rather than that, when students engage with meticulously crafted CBSE Class 8 notes, they can grasp and retain the significance of every concept they learn with heightened effectiveness.The 8th science revision notes also contain neatly illustrated examples for quick revision of essential topics from NCERT, as well as some solved sample questions to aid better understanding. CBSE Notes are very important to get good grades in CBSE exams.
Our NCERT Science Notes provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the key concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Save time and gain a comprehensive overview of each chapter with our well-structured and easy-to-follow format with the help of Science notes class 8. Boost your exam preparation, score higher marks, and study more imaginative with our Class 8 Science Notes.
Class 8 Science NotesCBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 - Chapters List
CBSE Science Notes for Class 8 2023-24 - Chapters List |
|---|
|
|---|
For further insights into CBSE Class 8, CBSE syllabus, and sample papers, keep following GeeksforGeeks.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 1 is about Crop Production and its management. Food is highly vital to humans, and we acquire it from plants and animals since we cannot synthesize our own food as plants do. It gives us the energy we need to accomplish our jobs and survive. Proper production management and distribution are required to produce food for a big population as our county's regular production, and we will study more about it in this science chapter of Class 8 Crop Production and Management.
Food production and storage are covered in the first chapter of CBSE Class 8 Science. This chapter will teach you about various farming practices. The notes for class 8 science Chapter Crop Production and Management provide definitions for all of the chapter’s subjects, including soil preparation for crop production, sowing methods, manures, fertilizers, irrigation methods, crop harvesting, weed control, and crop storage.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 2, we’re going to discuss microorganisms. Yes, those little friends (or foes in some cases) in our bodies help us survive with ease. There are also harmful microorganisms as well. The main microorganisms in and on our bodies are protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. But do you know how significant microbes are in our environment? You will be able to understand everything about Chapter 2 of CBSE Class 8 Science notes through these revision notes.
This science chapter’s main topics are how microbes help in the production of curd and bread, how microorganisms are utilized commercially, how microorganisms promote soil fertility, and how bacteria are used in medicine. With our CBSE notes, you may go over every concept in this chapter again.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 3, You will learn things about plastics, fibers, etc. You’ve probably heard that plastic is harmful to the environment. Right now aquatic lives are in danger because of plastics and it’s becoming a menace as it’s not bio-degradable. This science chapter will teach you everything you need to know about it and also about synthetic fibers (also known as man-made fiber). Synthetic fibers are usually a chain of small units joined together; each small unit is a chemical substance.
You should review topics like synthetic fibers and their types, features of synthetic fibers, qualities of plastics, and how plastics affect the environment using our free notes for CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 3.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 4 explains the differences between metals and non-metals. In 8th standard science notes, we’re going to study elements that can be classified into 2 classes - metals material and non-metals materials where we’re going to cover the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, displacement reactions, metal oxides, reactivity series, metal and nonmetal reactions, metal extraction, and ionic compounds.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 5 is about Coal and Petroleum. Coal and petroleum are used in our day-to-day lives without much of our notice. Coal is used as a fuel in both households and industries. It is also utilized in power plants to generate energy. Petroleum products (such as gasoline and diesel) are utilized as car fuels. Other items (such as kerosene and LPG) are utilized as residential cooking fuels.
In this science revision note, we’ll study natural gas, fossil fuels, and other natural resources. This science chapter explains how important natural resources are to us and how quickly they are disappearing in the ecosystem. The revision notes for CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 5 will help you grasp concepts such as coal formation, petroleum, and natural gas, petroleum refining, forms of coal, oil extraction, and petroleum shortages and conservation.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 6 is Combustion and Flame. Have you ever stood in front of a fire? Isn't it fascinating? If there was no fire, you must have spotted a candle burning. Have you ever thought about viewing a candle's flame and pondering how it burns and the structure of its flame? So to know how flame and combustion occur, we need to know which combustible substances react with oxygen and what the chemical process is.
This chemistry chapter will explain what combustion is and the many types of combustion. All of the definitions for combustible and non-combustible chemicals, candle flame, candle flame structure, forms of combustion, pollution, global warming, and CNG are included in the CBSE notes prepared by GeeksforGeeks for this chapter.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 7 explains how we can conserve our planet by protecting plants and animals. It’s a crucial chapter that teaches you the truth about what’s going on in our surroundings.
Deforestation, causes of deforestation, conservation of forests and animals, biosphere reserve, flora and fauna, wildlife sanctuary, national park, red data book, migration, paper recycling, and reforestation are all covered in the CBSE notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 7 by GeeksforGeeks.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions
In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 8, we’re going to discuss cells. A cell is the smallest living thing in the human organism, and all living structures in the human body are made of cells. There are hundreds of different types of cells in the human body, which vary in shape (e.g. round, flat, long and thin, short and thick) and size (e.g. small granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), up to the huge oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers) and cell function.
You will learn about cells, cell structure, and their functions in this science chapter. Definitions, pictures, and explanations for all topics in CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 8 are included in the revision notes. Cell organelles, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, nuclei, chromosomes, DNA, and plastids are among them. The primary goal of this chapter is to explain the differences between plant and animal cells.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 9 is about Reproduction. Do you know mammals like platypi and the echidna lay eggs on the contrary of giving birth to babies live? Yes, this is very surprising but science is all about discovering new things. There are many domestic animals with different sexual reproduction systems that you might not be aware of. But also asexual reproduction methods that can surprise you, Read more about Reproduction in Animals in this science chapter of CBSE Class 8 Science Notes.
In this chapter, you’ll learn about asexual reproduction methods such as fission, budding, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis, as well as sexual reproduction. The male and female reproductive systems, as well as certain key concepts, are covered. The chapter’s notes provide all of the necessary information to ensure that you properly understand all of the chapter’s themes.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 10 Reaching The Age of Adolescence
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 10 is Reaching the Age of Adolescence When you gradually grow and reach the age of adolescence and notice changes in your body, you might get confused and have questions about those body changes. Adolescence begins when your reproductive organs start maturing and this is called the onset of puberty.
This is another science chapter that is highly significant from a daily life aspect and will help you understand how our bodies change during adolescence. The key themes covered in this chapter are how hormones affect the human body, and various changes throughout puberty such as a change in voice increased height, change in body form, increased sweat gland activity, and gaining mental, emotional, and intellectual maturity. Our CBSE notes cover all of the topics in this chapter.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 11 Force and Pressure
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 11 is about Force and Pressure. Have you ever wondered how the tug of war works? Why is it regarded as the ultimate game for determining strength? Why do your teammates yell at you to use greater force in order to win the game? The game is a basic instance of opposing teams exerting push and pull forces. Are you studying the Force and Pressure chapter in Class 8 Science? Read on to learn about the key ideas taught in Class 8 Force and Pressure in this physics chapter, as well as science notes and NCERT solutions.
This chapter consists of two parts Force and Pressure respectively, Force includes basic concepts, types, properties/characteristics of forces, Friction, and its different types, etc. While, the section on Pressure comprises Basic concepts, Types of Pressure and Buoyancy, etc which are explained in the articles listed below:
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 12 Friction
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 12 Friction includes Factors affecting friction, Types of friction. Have you ever noticed the sole of your old shoes, the tire of your old bicycle, and other parts of the machines that move on a regular basis? If so then you have definitely seen that after some time they tend to wear off and after some time become useless this is because of the force called friction. Friction is the force that acts between two surfaces in contact and it always acts opposite to the direction of the motion.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 13 Sound
In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 13, we will study about Sound and its properties. Sound is something that can be heard from anything like Television, airplane, etc. Scientifically, Sound can be defined as an energy form that propagates in the form of waves and is produced by vibrations.
In this physics science chapter and physics notes, we’re going to learn about Sound a type of energy that is produced by vibrations. These vibrations produce sound waves, which travel across media like air and water before reaching our ears. Understand how sound waves are created by vibrations in the form of compression and rarefaction, and how your ears allow you to hear them.
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 14 is called Chemical Effects of Electric Current. When you hear the word electric current, you must be thinking about things like an electric bulb or electric rod among other things. But do you know what’re the chemical effects that happen while creating electric current? In this science chapter, we’re going to study what effect electricity and other important physics topics. Electric Current is the rate of the flow of electrons or charges in a conductor. Therefore, the passage of electric current through a conducting solution results in chemical reactions.
This chapter builds a basic idea of electricity, which will be studied in later classes. As this chapter helps develop a general idea, we will learn about electroplating and the chemical changes that occur when electricity flows through the liquid and its applications. The topic discussed is listed below:
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 15 is about Natural Phenomena. A natural phenomenon can be defined as a naturally occurring calamity or physical process. In this science chapter, we’re going to understand how natural phenomena occur - be it lightning or earthquake. You might come across some destructive natural phenomena or normal ones and all of them have reasons behind them. This is why it’s crucial to study physics to understand how such phenomena charge.
Some Natural Phenomena is the fifth science chapter of Class 8 Physics. As the name of the chapter suggests Some Natural Phenomena, therefore, it explains some naturally causing phenomena like lightning, earthquake which are destructive to some extent. Thus, the topics covered in this chapter come up with the basic idea of Lightning and Earthquakes, the destruction caused by them, how they occur and measures to be taken during them. These concepts are discussed in the following articles:
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 16 Light
In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 16, is Light in which we will learn about concepts of reflection and refraction and many more things. Light class 8 is a form of energy that enables us to see our surroundings when it gets reflected from objects around us. Light is emitted from a source such as the Sun. The term usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.
This chapter helps to develop the general and basic concept of Optics (a branch of Physics). According to the CBSE Class 8 Science Notes, here we have covered topics like the concept of Reflection, Laws of Reflection, Types of Reflection, Structure, and Working of the Human Eye, and Dispersion of Light, etc. are discussed in the following articles listed below:
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 17 Stars and The Solar System
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 17 is Stars and the Solar System which leads one to go to infinity and beyond. The celestial objects you see during the night in the sky are not just a matter of some particles. They’re part of our solar system. In this science chapter, we’re going to look at stars and celestial objects including Mercury Venus, and other planets.
Topics covered are celestial objects, Sun, comets, astronomy, planets, meteors, and meteorites, the moon, satellites, meteor showers, stars, Astronomy in ancient India, artificial satellites, constellation, and Mangalyaan which are discussed in the following articles listed below:
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water
CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 18 is Pollution of Air and Water. Air is very important to survival and is one of the important elements in the atmosphere. However, our air levels are getting polluted day by day due to different factors like smog, industrial pollution, etc.
This science chapter discusses topics such as air pollution, its causes, the consequences of air pollution on the Taj Mahal, global warming, the greenhouse effect, the effects of global warming, and methods to prevent air pollution. Water contamination, causes of water pollution, and potable water are all covered in this chapter. This chapter’s notes provide comprehensive assistance on all of the chapter’s subjects.
Conclusion
CBSE Class 8 Science Notes are a crucial tool for students in their exam preparation. With our CBSE Class 8 science notes, students can easily focus on their subjects - Physics, Chemistry, and Biology - and retain knowledge effectively. The well-crafted notes, with neat examples, provide a complete overview of all the chapters for quick revision. Using our CBSE class 8 science notes, students can achieve higher marks in exams and experience a smooth learning journey.
Similar Reads
Physics Tutorial The term "physics" is derived from the Greek word physis (meaning “natureâ€) and physika (meaning “natural thingsâ€). It is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature, seeking to understand the behaviour of the universe from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxi
15+ min read
Mechanics
Rest and MotionRest and motion describe the state of objects in relation to their surroundings. Whether an object is at rest or in motion, these states can be analyzed and understood through the principles of physics. When an object changes its position with respect to a stationary object with the passage of time,
10 min read
ForceForce is defined as an external cause that a body experiences as a result of interacting with another body. Whenever two objects interact, a force is exerted on each object. In general-term "To Push or Pull an Object" is defined as the force. The force is the interaction experience by the object be
11 min read
What is Pressure?Have you ever thought about why a needle is so thin, why fence spikes are pointed, or why a hammer's head is flat? It’s all about pressure. Pressure is the force applied to a specific area. A needle’s sharp tip concentrates the force, allowing it to easily pierce fabric. If it were blunt, the force
7 min read
FrictionFriction in Physics is defined as a type of force that always opposes the motion of the object on which it is applied. Suppose we kick a football and it rolls for some distance and eventually it stops after rolling for some time. This is because of the friction force between the ball and the ground.
8 min read
Inertia MeaningInertia is the basic concept of physics that is explained using the concept of Mass. The inertial concept was first explained by Sir Isaac Newton and the Law of Inertia is explained as any object in a state of rest or in a state of motion always staying in its state of rest or motion until an extern
8 min read
Newton's Laws of Motion | Formula, Examples and QuestionsNewton's Laws of Motion, formulated by the renowned English physicist Sir Isaac Newton, are fundamental principles that form the core of classical mechanics. These three laws explain how objects move and interact with forces, shaping our view of everything from everyday movement to the dynamics of c
9 min read
Universal Law of GravitationUniversal Law of Gravitation or Newton's law of Universal Gravitation as the name suggests is given by Sir Isaac Newton. This law helps us to understand the motion of very large bodies in the universe. According to this law, an attractive force always acts between two bodies that have masses. The st
15 min read
What is Gravity?There is a story about the discovery of gravity which says that Newton discovered gravity in the year 1665 when he was sitting under the apple tree, and suddenly an apple fell on his head, which led him to the question about falling objects. He questioned himself why all objects fall and also questi
12 min read
Law of Conservation of EnergyLaw of Conservation of Energy is the most fundamental law of physics which states that "Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed it can only change from one form of the energy to another form of the energy." It is the fundamental law of Physics that governs various processes in our environment
11 min read
Free Body DiagramFree Body Diagram often called FBD is a way of representing all the forces acting on a body at a particular instant in a simpler form. It enables the calculation of the net force acting on the body and its direction of motion by making a symbolic diagram of all the forces acting on a body. In this a
10 min read
Inclined PlaneInclined Plane is the most fundamental forms of mechanical devices used in physics. In order to get around physical obstacles and simplify tasks, inclined planes have been used for centuries in both ancient and recent construction projects. A flat surface that is angled with respect to the horizonta
10 min read
Work DoneEvery day, we are involved in countless activities—from lifting a school bag, climbing stairs, or opening a door to pushing a swing in the park. While these tasks may seem different, they all have something in common: they require effort. But what exactly makes something happen when we apply effort?
12 min read
Conservative Forces - Definition, Formula, ExamplesConservative Force is a type of force which is independent of path taken to do a work. This means when an when force applied in moving an object from one position to another is the same irrespective of the path taken, it is called conservative force. A force is a push or pull acting on an object. In
7 min read
EnergyEnergy is a word we hear frequently—whether it's about feeling energetic, saving energy, or generating power. However, in physics, energy carries a very precise meaning. It is defined as the capacity to perform work or bring about change. Everything around us involves energy in one form or another.
10 min read
Frame of ReferenceFrame of reference is a way to observe and measure objects' positions and movements. It acts like a coordinate system, helping us understand where things are and how they move. By using a frame of reference, we can describe motion accurately. It makes it clear if something is moving fast, slow, or a
6 min read
Kinematics
Kinematics | Definition, Formula, Derivation, ProblemsKinematics is the study of motion of points, objects, and systems by examining their motion from a geometric perspective, without focusing on the forces that cause such movements or the physical characteristics of the objects involved. This study area uses algebra to create mathematical models that
10 min read
What is Motion?Motion is the change in position over time, and it’s always measured with reference to a specific point, called the origin. To describe this change, we use two key terms: distance and displacement. Distance is the total path covered during motion and only has magnitude, while displacement is the sho
9 min read
Distance and DisplacementDistance and Displacement are two important terms of mechanics that may seem the same but have different meanings and definitions. Distance is a measure of "How much path is covered by an object in motion?" While Displacement is the measure of "How much path is covered by the object in a particular
5 min read
Speed and VelocityMechanics can be termed as the branch of physics concerned with the concepts of energy and forces and their effect on bodies. It governs the relationships related to the motion of objects, that is, between matter, force, and its associated energy. It is responsible for the motion of bodies and the a
13 min read
AccelerationAcceleration is defined as the rate of change in velocity. This implies that if an object’s velocity is increasing or decreasing, then the object is accelerating. Acceleration has both magnitude and direction, therefore it is a Vector quantity. According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, acceleratio
9 min read
What is Momentum Equation?What is Momentum in Physics?The concept of Momentum in physics is very important, without which most of the theories in physics will fail. The momentum can be calculated by multiplying the mass of the substance and its velocity. In physics, momentum is of different types and forms. Let's know more a
6 min read
Equations of Motion: Derivations and ExamplesEquations of Motion was given by Sir Issac Newton; who is considered the father of mechanics. He was the first to give the fundamental physical laws that deal with objects and their motion. He formulated three equations of motion of an object and published them in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Pri
11 min read
Uniform Circular MotionUniform Circular Motion as the name suggests, is the motion of a moving object with constant speed in a circular path. As we know, motion in a plane only has two coordinates, either x, and y, y and z, or z and x. Except for Projectile motion, circular motion is also an example of motion in a 2-D pla
9 min read
Projectile MotionProjectile motion refers to the curved path an object follows when it is thrown or projected into the air and moves under the influence of gravity. In this motion, the object experiences two independent motions: horizontal motion (along the x-axis) and vertical motion (along the y-axis). Projectile
15+ min read
Relative MotionRelative motion explains how the movement of an object is perceived differently depending on the observer’s frame of reference. For instance, while sitting on a moving train, a stationary train on the track appears to move backwards. This happens because the motion of the train you are in influences
10 min read
Rotational Mechanics
Concepts of Rotational MotionRotational motion refers to the movement of an object around a fixed axis. It is a complex concept that requires an understanding of several related concepts. Some of the important concepts related to rotational motion include angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, torque, the
10 min read
Angular MotionAngular Motion is the motion of an object around a fixed axis or point, or along a curved path with a constant angular velocity. It is also known as rotational motion. Another motion of an object is termed linear motion, which is a motion along a straight route. Linear motion variables are measured
7 min read
Angular FrequencyAngular frequency is a fundamental concept in physics, particularly in studying wave motion and oscillations. It measures the angular displacement of a particle per unit time. In this article, we will learn about the meaning and definition of angular frequency, the formula of angular frequency, the
10 min read
Rotational Kinetic EnergyRotational Kinetic Energy is described as the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of an object around an axis. It is also known as angular kinetic energy. It is dependent on the mass of an object and its angular velocity. In this article, we will learn about rotational kinetic energy, its fo
7 min read
TorqueTorque is the effect of force when it is applied to an object containing a pivot point or the axis of rotation (the point at which an object rotates), which results in the form of rotational motion of the object. The Force causes objects to accelerate in the linear direction in which the force is ap
10 min read
Angular MomentumAngular Momentum is a kinematic characteristic of a system with one or more point masses. Angular momentum is sometimes called Rotational Momentum or Moment of Momentum, which is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity as it is conserved for a closed system
10 min read
Centre of MassCentre of Mass is the point of anybody where all the mass of the body is concentrated. For the sake of convenience in Newtonian Physics, we take the body as the point object where all its mass is concentrated at the centre of mass of the body. The centre of mass of the body is a point that can be on
15 min read
Centre of GravityCentre of Gravity is one of the fundamental concepts in the study of gravitational force. Engineers and Scientists while dealing with mechanics and gravity often come across solid bodies which can't be represented by point masses such as celestial objects. In those cases, it is assumed as well as pr
8 min read
Radius of GyrationRadius of gyration, R, is a measure used in mechanics and engineering to describe the distribution of mass or inertia of an object relative to its axis of rotation. Radius of Gyration, or the radius of a body, is always centered on its rotational axis. It is a geometric characteristic of a rigid bod
11 min read
Moment of InertiaMoment of Inertia is a property of a body in rotational motion that resists changes in its rotational state. It is analogous to mass (inertia) in linear motion. Mathematically, it is defined as the sum of the product of each particle’s mass and the square of its distance from the axis of rotation: I
15+ min read
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanical Properties of FluidsFluids are substances that can flow and adapt to the shape of their container, including liquids and gases like water and air. Mechanical properties of fluids refer to viscosity, density, and pressure, which describe how fluids respond to external forces and influence their behavior in various situa
11 min read
What is Viscosity?Viscosity is a fundamental property of liquids that describes their internal resistance to flow. Imagine three bowls—one filled with water and the other with oil and honey. If you were to tip the three bowls and observe the flow, you’d quickly notice that water pours out much faster than oil and hon
10 min read
Buoyant ForceBuoyancy is a phenomenon due to the buoyant force that causes an object to float. When you put an object in a liquid, an upward force is exerted on the object by the liquid. This force is equal to the weight of the liquid that has been displaced. The amount of liquid that has been displaced depends
13 min read
Archimedes PrincipleArchimedes Principle is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, credited to the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes. According to Archimedes' Principle, when an object is immersed in a fluid the object experiences an upward force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid
12 min read
Pascal's LawPascal's law establishes the relation between pressure and the height of static fluids. A static fluid is defined as a fluid that is not in motion. When the fluid is not flowing, it is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. For a fluid to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, the net force on the fluid mus
10 min read
Reynolds NumberAs liquid runs into a channel, it collides with the pipe. Engineers ensure that the liquid flow through the city's pipes is as consistent as possible. As a result, a number known as the Reynolds number predicts whether the flow of the liquid will be smooth or turbulent. Sir George Stoke was the firs
6 min read
Streamline FlowThe substance that can change its form under an external force is defined as fluid. Whenever an external force is applied to a fluid, it begins to flow. The study of fluids in motion is defined as fluid dynamics. Have you ever noticed a creek flowing beneath the bridge? When you see a streamline, wh
7 min read
Laminar and Turbulent FlowLaminar flow and turbulent flow describe the movement patterns of fluids. Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, orderly layers of fluid sliding over one another without mixing, ideal for scenarios where minimal resistance is desired. Turbulent flow features chaotic, swirling patterns with irregul
9 min read
Bernoulli's PrincipleBernoulli's Principle, formulated by Daniel Bernoulli and later expressed as Bernoulli's Equation by Leonhard Euler in 1752, is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics. It describes the relationship between the pressure (P), velocity, and height (h) of a fluid in motion. The principle states that i
14 min read
Poiseuilles Law FormulaAccording to Poiseuille's law, the flow of liquid varies depending on the length of the tube, the radius of the tube, the pressure gradient and the viscosity of the fluid. It is a physical law that calculates the pressure drop in an incompressible Newtonian fluid flowing in laminar flow through a lo
4 min read
Stoke's LawStoke's Law: Observe a raindrop falling from a height if you look closely you will notice that the speed of all the raindrops is constant and even though it falls from a height under the influence of gravity its velocity seems constant. These questions are answered using Stoke's lawStoke's law was f
11 min read
Solid Mechanics
What is Stress?Stress in physics is defined as the force exerted on the unit area of a substance. Stress affects the body as strain in which the shape of the body changes if the stress is applied and sometimes it gets permanently deformed. On the basis of the direction of force applied to the body, we can categori
9 min read
Stress and StrainStress and Strain are the two terms in Physics that describe the forces causing the deformation of objects. Deformation is known as the change of the shape of an object by applications of force. The object experiences it due to external forces; for example, the forces might be like squeezing, squash
12 min read
Stress-Strain CurveStress-Strain Curve is a very crucial concept in the study of material science and engineering. It describes the relationship between stress and the strain applied on an object. We know that stress is the applied force on the material, and strain, is the resulting change (deformation or elongation)
11 min read
Elasticity and PlasticityYou've undoubtedly heard of the idea of elasticity by now. In layman's words, it indicates that after being stretched, some substances return to their former form. You've experimented with a slingshot. Didn't you? That is an elastic substance. Let us go into the ideas of elasticity and plasticity to
9 min read
Modulus of ElasticityModulus of Elasticity or Elastic Modulus is the measurement of resistance offered by a material against the deformation force acting on it. Modulus of Elasticity is also called Young's Modulus. It is given as the ratio of Stress to Strain. The unit of elastic modulus is megapascal or gigapascal Modu
12 min read
Modulus of RigidityModulus of rigidity also known as shear modulus, is used to measure the rigidity of a given body. It is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and is denoted by G or sometimes by S or μ. The modulus of rigidity of a material is directly proportional to its elastic modulus which depends on the mat
11 min read
Young's ModulusYoung's Modulus is the ratio of stress and strain. It is named after the famous British physicist Thomas Young. It is also known as the "Modulus of Elasticity" and is a fundamental property that describes the relationship between stress and strain in elastic materials. It explains how a material def
8 min read
Bulk Modulus FormulaThe modulus of elasticity measures a material's resistance to elastic deformation under external forces. Understanding this property is important for designing structures with materials like metals, concrete, and polymers to ensure they can withstand stresses without permanent deformation.The modulu
7 min read
Shear Modulus and Bulk ModulusA rigid body model is an idealised representation of an item that does not deform when subjected to external forces. It is extremely beneficial for evaluating mechanical systems—and many physical items are quite stiff. The degree to which an item may be regarded as stiff is determined by the physica
7 min read
Poisson's RatioPoisson's Ratio is the negative ratio of transversal strain or lateral strain to the longitudinal strain of a material under stress. When a material particularly a rubber-like material undergoes stress the deformation is not limited to only one direction, rather it happens along both transversal and
9 min read
Stress, Strain and Elastic Potential EnergyElasticity, this term always reminds of objects like Rubber bands, etc. However, if the question arises, which one is more elastic- A rubber or an Iron piece? The answer will be an Iron piece. Why? The answer lies in the definition of Elasticity, elasticity is known to be the ability of the object t
9 min read
Thermodynamics
Basics Concepts of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms of energy. The branch of science that is known as thermodynamics is related to the study of various kinds of energy and its interconversion. The behaviour of these quantities is govern
12 min read
Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two bodies are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Ralph H. Fowler developed this law in the 1930s, many years after the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics had a
7 min read
First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, Thermodynamic Work, and Energy associated with matter transfer. It also relates each type of energy transfer to a property of a body's Internal Energy. The First L
8 min read
Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher temperature in a cyclic process. The second law of thermodynamics deals with transferring heat naturally from a hotter body to a colder body. Second Law of Thermodynamics is one
10 min read
Thermodynamic CyclesThermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used to accomplish this. The application determines the kind of cycle that is employed in the engine. The thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of interrelated thermodynamic
15 min read
Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of StateThe branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system of the gas. This branch also deals with the flow of heat from one part of the system to another part of the system. For systems that are present in the real world, there are some paramete
5 min read
Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and ReactionsEnthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the branch of thermodynamics. It is denoted by the symbol H. In other words, we can say, Enthalpy is the total heat of the system. Let's know more about Enthalpy in detail below.Enthalpy
12 min read
State FunctionsState Functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i.e. they are concerned about the final state and not how the state is achieved. State Functions are most used in thermodynamics. In this article, we will learn the definition of state function, what are the state fun
7 min read
Carnot EngineA Carnot motor is a hypothetical motor that works on the Carnot cycle. Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot fostered the fundamental model for this motor in 1824. In this unmistakable article, you will find out about the Carnot cycle and Carnot Theorem exhaustively. The Carnot motor is a hypothetical thermod
5 min read
Heat Engine - Definition, Working, PV Diagram, Efficiency, TypesHeat engines are devices that turn heat energy into motion or mechanical work. Heat engines are based on the principles of thermodynamics, specifically the conversion of heat into work according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics. They are found everywhere, from our cars, power plants to
14 min read
Wave and Oscillation
Introduction to Waves - Definition, Types, PropertiesA wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities in physics, mathematics, and related subjects, commonly described by a wave equation. At least two field quantities in the wave medium are involved in physical waves. Periodic waves occur when variables o
11 min read
Wave MotionWave Motion refers to the transfer of energy and momentum from one point to another in a medium without actually transporting matter between the two points. Wave motion is a kind of disturbance from place to place. Wave can travel in solid medium, liquid medium, gas medium, and in a vacuum. Sound wa
12 min read
OscillationOscillations are defined as the process of repeating vibrations of any quantity about its equilibrium position. The word “oscillation†originates from the Latin verb, which means to swing. An object oscillates whenever a force pushes or pulls it back toward its central point after displacement. This
8 min read
Oscillatory Motion FormulaOscillatory Motion is a form of motion in which an item travels over a spot repeatedly. The optimum situation can be attained in a total vacuum since there will be no air to halt the item in oscillatory motion friction. Let's look at a pendulum as shown below. The vibrating of strings and the moveme
3 min read
Amplitude FormulaThe largest deviation of a variable from its mean value is referred to as amplitude. It is the largest displacement from a particle's mean location in to and fro motion around a mean position. Periodic pressure variations, periodic current or voltage variations, periodic variations in electric or ma
6 min read
What is Frequency?Frequency is the rate at which the repetitive event that occurs over a specific period. Frequency shows the oscillations of waves, operation of electrical circuits and the recognition of sound. The frequency is the basic concept for different fields from physics and engineering to music and many mor
9 min read
Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of a VibrationSound is a form of energy generated by vibrating bodies. Its spread necessitates the use of a medium. As a result, sound cannot travel in a vacuum because there is no material to transfer sound waves. Sound vibration is the back and forth motion of an entity that causes the sound to be made. That is
5 min read
Energy of a Wave FormulaWave energy, often referred to as the energy carried by waves, encompasses both the kinetic energy of their motion and the potential energy stored within their amplitude or frequency. This energy is not only essential for natural processes like ocean currents and seismic waves but also holds signifi
7 min read
Simple Harmonic MotionSimple Harmonic Motion is a fundament concept in the study of motion, especially oscillatory motion; which helps us understand many physical phenomena around like how strings produce pleasing sounds in a musical instrument such as the sitar, guitar, violin, etc., and also, how vibrations in the memb
15+ min read
Displacement in Simple Harmonic MotionThe Oscillatory Motion has a big part to play in the world of Physics. Oscillatory motions are said to be harmonic if the displacement of the oscillatory body can be expressed as a function of sine or cosine of an angle depending upon time. In Harmonic Oscillations, the limits of oscillations on eit
10 min read
Sound
Production and Propagation of SoundHave you ever wonder how are we able to hear different sounds produced around us. How are these sounds produced? Or how a single instrument can produce a wide variety of sounds? Also, why do astronauts communicate in sign languages in outer space? A sound is a form of energy that helps in hearing to
6 min read
What are the Characteristics of Sound Waves?Sound is nothing but the vibrations (a form of energy) that propagates in the form of waves through a certain medium. Different types of medium affect the properties of the wave differently. Does this mean that Sound will not travel if the medium does not exist? Correct. It will not, It is impossibl
7 min read
Speed of SoundSpeed of Sound as the name suggests is the speed of the sound in any medium. We know that sound is a form of energy that is caused due to the vibration of the particles and sound travels in the form of waves. A wave is a vibratory disturbance that transfers energy from one point to another point wit
12 min read
Reflection of SoundReflection of Sound is the phenomenon of striking of sound with a barrier and bouncing back in the same medium. It is the most common phenomenon observed by us in our daily life. Let's take an example, suppose we are sitting in an empty hall and talking to a person we hear an echo sound which is cre
9 min read
Refraction of SoundA sound is a vibration that travels as a mechanical wave across a medium. It can spread via a solid, a liquid, or a gas as the medium. In solids, sound travels the quickest, comparatively more slowly in liquids, and the slowest in gases. A sound wave is a pattern of disturbance caused by energy trav
5 min read
How do we hear?Sound is produced from a vibrating object or the organ in the form of vibrations which is called propagation of sound and these vibrations have to be recognized by the brain to interpret the meaning which is possible only in the presence of a multi-functioning organ that is the ear which plays a hug
7 min read
Audible and Inaudible SoundsWe hear sound whenever we talk, listen to some music, or play any musical instrument, etc. But did you ever wondered what is that sound and how is it produced? Or why do we hear to our own voice when we shout in a big empty room loudly? What are the ranges of sound that we can hear? In this article,
10 min read
Explain the Working and Application of SONARSound energy is the type of energy that allows our ears to sense something. When a body vibrates or moves in a ‘to-and-fro' motion, a sound is made. Sound needs a medium to flow through in order to propagate. This medium could be in the form of a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Sound propagates through a
8 min read
Noise PollutionNoise pollution is the pollution caused by sound which results in various problems for Humans. A sound is a form of energy that enables us to hear. We hear the sound from the frequency range of 20 to 20000 Hertz (20kHz). Humans have a fixed range for which comfortably hear a sound if we are exposed
8 min read
Doppler Effect - Definition, Formula, ExamplesDoppler Effect is an important phenomenon when it comes to waves. This phenomenon has applications in a lot of fields of science. From nature's physical process to planetary motion, this effect comes into play wherever there are waves and the objects are traveling with respect to the wave. In the re
7 min read
Doppler Shift FormulaWhen it comes to sound propagation, the Doppler Shift is the shift in pitch of a source as it travels. The frequency seems to grow as the source approaches the listener and decreases as the origin fades away from the ear. When the source is going toward the listener, its velocity is positive; when i
3 min read
Electrostatics
ElectrostaticsElectrostatics is the study of electric charges that are fixed. It includes an study of the forces that exist between charges as defined by Coulomb's Law. The following concepts are involved in electrostatics: Electric charge, electric field, and electrostatic force.Electrostatic forces are non cont
13 min read
Electric ChargeElectric Charge is the basic property of a matter that causes the matter to experience a force when placed in a electromagnetic field. It is the amount of electric energy that is used for various purposes. Electric charges are categorized into two types, that are, Positive ChargeNegative ChargePosit
8 min read
Coulomb's LawCoulomb’s Law is defined as a mathematical concept that defines the electric force between charged objects. Columb's Law states that the force between any two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charge but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between t
9 min read
Electric DipoleAn electric dipole is defined as a pair of equal and opposite electric charges that are separated, by a small distance. An example of an electric dipole includes two atoms separated by small distances. The magnitude of the electric dipole is obtained by taking the product of either of the charge and
11 min read
Dipole MomentTwo small charges (equal and opposite in nature) when placed at small distances behave as a system and are called as Electric Dipole. Now, electric dipole movement is defined as the product of either charge with the distance between them. Electric dipole movement is helpful in determining the symmet
6 min read
Electrostatic PotentialElectrostatic potential refers to the amount of electrical potential energy present at a specific point in space due to the presence of electric charges. It represents how much work would be done to move a unit of positive charge from infinity to that point without causing any acceleration. The unit
12 min read
Electric Potential EnergyElectrical potential energy is the cumulative effect of the position and configuration of a charged object and its neighboring charges. The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot
15+ min read
Potential due to an Electric DipoleThe potential due to an electric dipole at a point in space is the electric potential energy per unit charge that a test charge would experience at that point due to the dipole. An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific
7 min read
Equipotential SurfacesWhen an external force acts to do work, moving a body from a point to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, that work gets collected or stores as the potential energy of the body. When the external force is excluded, the body moves, gaining the kinetic energy and losing a
9 min read
Capacitor and CapacitanceCapacitor and Capacitance are related to each other as capacitance is nothing but the ability to store the charge of the capacitor. Capacitors are essential components in electronic circuits that store electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. They are widely used in various applications,
11 min read