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    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia
    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia
    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia
    Ebook268 pages2 hours

    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia

    By Marito Garcia and Andrew Sunil Rajkumar

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    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia examines the role decentralization has played in the improvement of human development indicators in Ethiopia.Ethiopia has made major strides in improving its human development indicators in the past 15 years, achieving significant increases in the coverage of basic education and health services in a short period of time. Improvements took place during a period of massive decentralization of fiscal resources, to the regions in 1994 and to woredas in 2002-03. The devolution of power and resources from the federal and regional governments to woredas appears to have improved the delivery of basic services.Surveys of beneficiaries reveal that they perceive that service coverage and quality have improved. Beneficiary satisfaction has increased markedly in education, and less conspicuously in water and health services. In the south, the decentralization to woredas in 2002-03 tended to narrow differences in per capita expenditures on education and health across woredas. Decentralization disproportionately favored woredas that are remote (more than 50 kilometers from a zonal capital), food-insecure, and pastoral, suggesting that decentralization has been pro-poor.Decentralization also narrowed the gap in educational outcomes between disadvantage and better-off woredas, especially in the south. Pastoral, food-insecure, and remote woredas gained in terms of the educational outcomes examined (gross enrollment rates, grade 8 examination pass rates, repetition rates, pupil-teacher ratios, and teacher-section ratios).
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherWorld Bank Publications
    Release dateFeb 15, 2008
    ISBN9780821373835
    Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia

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      Book preview

      Achieving Better Service Delivery Through Decentralization in Ethiopia - Marito Garcia

      Opening Credits

      Cover

      Title

      WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 131

      Achieving Better Service Delivery

      Through Decentralization

      in Ethiopia

      Marito Garcia

      Andrew Sunil Rajkumar

      Africa Region Human Development Department

      Copyright

      Copyright © 2008

      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

      1818 H Street, N.W.

      Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

      All rights reserved

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      First Printing: January 2008

      1 2 3 4 5 11 10 09 08

      World Bank Working Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available.

      The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.

      The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

      The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work.

      For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: 978-750-8400, Fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com.

      All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW,Washington, DC 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-2422, email:[email protected]">[email protected]

      ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7382-8

      eISBN: 978-0-8213-7383-5

      ISSN: 1726-5878                           DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7382-8

      Marito Garcia is a Lead Economist in the Africa Region Human Development Department of the World Bank. Andrew Sunil Rajkumar is an Economist in the same department.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested

      Contents

      Contents

      Appendixes

      List of Tables

      List of Figures

      List of Boxes

      Foreword

      Foreword

      Over the last 10 years, several African countries have made notable progress in meeting the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Among them is Ethiopia where in 2005 nearly 75 percent of children enrolled in primary schools, a result of an impressive 9 percent annual growth in enrollment since 1993. Other indicators also registered improvements: immunization coverage for measles rose to 57 percent in 2005 from 40 percent in 1995. The percentage of Ethiopians with access to clean water rose from 19 percent in 1995 to 36 percent in 2005.

      These improvements happened at a time of massive decentralization in Ethiopia—first from the federal to region, and subsequently into woredas (districts). This work presents an account of how decentralization has supported the delivery of basic services, including education and health to woredas. Because the authors were able to piece together detailed fiscal data from federal, region and woreda levels, as well as education and health data before and after the decentralization, the results provided insights into what has gone into the decisionmaking processes that contributed to the outcomes particularly in the education sector. It provides a glimpse of how the fiscal and administrative autonomy responds to the needs of their constituencies to improve service delivery.

      This work provides evidence to the observation that the devolution of power and resources from the federal and regional governments to the woredas contributed to improvements in the delivery of basic services particularly in education. The independent surveys of beneficiaries by NGO groups in Ethiopia, perceive the service coverage and quality to have improved, especially in education. One of the most important results provided by the authors is that the decentralization has disproportionately favored the more remote woredas, the food insecure and pastoral woredas. This is a very important finding from a strategic standpoint because it indicates that decentralization itself is pro-poor, and helps those lagging areas in the country. The aggregate woreda spending for education for pastoral woredas increased dramatically with decentralization, faster than other woredas. Education budgets in food insecure woredas rose much higher than in food secure woredas, and narrowing the gap in educational outcomes.

      Surely decentralization is only one among many other factors that contributed to the improvement in service delivery in Ethiopia. This work has also documented the changes in sectoral policies, for example the policy of using local languages at the lower primary level which improved school participation. Likewise, the growing role of communities, parent-teachers’ associations (PTAs), and other local organizations, may have also contributed to better service delivery.

      In preparing this volume the authors worked extensively with national experts and scholars not only from the capital city but also with regional specialists. This provided ample opportunities for both learning and capacity building for analytical work in this area, to understand the impact of decentralized service delivery on the population. Such capacity will no doubt support future work to help finely tune the decentralization processes, and improve the ability to find solutions to improve service delivery in a decentralized system.

      Yaw Ansu

      Director, Human Development Department

      Africa Region

      The World Bank

      Acknowledgments

      Acknowledgments

      This book expands on a report prepared for the World Bank Africa Region’s Human Development Department under the general guidance of Laura Frigenti (Sector Manager, AFTH3), Ishac Diwan (Country Director, AFC06), Yaw Ansu (Sector Director, AFTHD) and Trina Haque

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