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    Black and Red
    Black and Red
    Black and Red
    Ebook122 pages1 hour

    Black and Red

    By Ph.D. Colonel Vaughan Witten

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    Colonel Vaughan Witten, Ph.D., a psychologist and coal miner's son, is a decorated war veteran and retired Command Chief Master Sergeant in the USAF. He has dedicated his efforts to unveiling the psycho-social dynamics surrounding the ancient and ever-evolving practice of various types and motivations of sla

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCITIOFBOOKS, INC.
    Release dateDec 14, 2023
    ISBN9781960952967
    Black and Red

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      Book preview

      Black and Red - Ph.D. Colonel Vaughan Witten

      Copyright © 2023 by Colonel Vaughan Witten. Ph.D.

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address below.

      CITIOFBOOKS, INC.

      3736 Eubank NE Suite A1

      Albuquerque, NM 87111-3579

      www.citiofbooks.com

      Hotline: 1 (877) 389-2759

      Fax: 1 (505) 930-7244

      Ordering Information:

      Quantity sales. Special discounts are available on quantity purchases by corporations, associations, and others. For details, contact the publisher at the address above.

      Printed in the United States of America.

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2023914693

      Table of Contents

      Chapter One : Origin and History of Slavery 

      Chapter Two : Atlantic Slave Trade 

      Chapter Three : Slavery in the Americas 

      Chapter Four : Slavery in the United States and It’s Justification 

      Chapter Five : Willie Lynch Slave Speech 1712 And Making of a Slave 

      Chapter Six : Anthony Johnson and John Casor 

      Chapter Seven : Slavery by BLACK Slave Owners 

      Chapter Eight : Slavery By Native American Indian Owners 

      Chapter Nine : Impact of Slavery on American Blacks 

      Chapter Ten : Low Hanging Fruit 

      Chapter Eleven : Summary and Conclusion about Slave Ownership by Free Blacks and American Indians 

      Chapter One

      Origin and History of Slavery

      The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. However, the social, economic, and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different countries and systems of slavery in different times. Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records, such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi, circa 1620 BC, where it was considered an established institution, Archive from original Mesopotamia Code of Hammurabi, (2017).

      Slavery is rare in hunter-gather populations because it was developed as a system of social stratification. Slavery was practiced in almost every ancient civilization, including ancient Egypt, ancient China, Assyria, Babylonia, Ancient Greece, India, the ancient Roman and Islamic Empires, Nubia and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas. Their institutions were a mixture of debt slavery, punishment for crime, prisoners of war, child abandonment, and birth of slave children to slaves, Harris,W.V (1999) The treatment of slaves varied such as a famous Roman general in command of 80,000 men could be a slave to one powerful person who owned him for some reason and he would otherwise be free to do as he pleased, but had to obey his owner. North American slavery in the United States has been deemed by many as the most cruel form of slavery in that in addition to the control and punishment, it also separated the family, selling off wives and children to distant plantations and owners.

      Although slavery is no longer legal today in any part of the world-it still EXISTS. According to the Anti-Slavery Society (2011), human trafficking remains an international problem and that it is estimated that 25-40 million people are enslaved today including about 60,000 in the United States. Mauritania is estimated to have 600,000 men, women and children enslaved as bonded laborers today, 20% of it population, The Abolition season on BBC World Service (December 2011).

      Slavery in Africa

      Slavery has existed in Africa for many centuries. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in many parts of the continent, as they were in most of the ancient world. In most African societies where slavery was prevalent, the enslaved people were not treated as chattel (property) slaves and were given certain rights in a system similar to indentured servitude elsewhere in the world. This was the case of the 20 captives/indentured servants brought to the Jamestown, Virginia colony in l619 and traded for food and water so the captured Dutch ship, commanded by a Spanish captain could continue on its journey, Ironbark Resources, Robert M Grooms, (2014), Ironbark Resources. The forms of slavery in Africa were primarily: Debt slavery, war captive slavery and criminal slavery.

      Africa Forms of Slavery

      The forms of slavery in Africa were closely related to kinship structures, "Inaugural Global Index... (2013)

      Chattel Slavery: Is a specific servitude relationship where the slave is treated as the property of the owner. As such the owner is free to sell, trade, or treat the slave as he would other pieces of property and the children of the slaves are often retained as property of the master. This was the type of Slavery practiced in the United States.

      Domestic Service Slavery: Often practiced in Africa, where slaves would work primarily in the house of the master but retain some freedom. Domestic slaves could be considered part of the master’s household and would not be sold to others except for extreme causes. The slaves could own the profits from their labor, in land or products, and could marry and pass on their land to their children, "Anti-slavery Society (2011)

      Pawnship Slavery: Was debt bondage slavery in Africa, which involved the use of people as collateral to secure the repayment of debt. Pawnship was the common form of slavery in West Africa prior to European contact, Mauritanian MP, s pass slavery law, BBC News (2007).

      Military Slavery: Involved the acquisition and training of conscripted military units which would retain the identity of military slaves after their service. These soldiers would serve heads of governments or an independent war lord who would send them out for money and his political interests, The Abolition Season-BBC (2011). Slaves for Sacrifice: Human sacrifice was common in West Africa up to and including the 19th century. Slaves were the most common victims, Klein, Herbert S.; Ill, Ben Vinson, (2007).

      Chapter Two

      Atlantic Slave Trade

      The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th to the 19th century.

      The Atlantic slave trade was significant in

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