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    Coreference: Fundamentals and Applications
    Coreference: Fundamentals and Applications
    Coreference: Fundamentals and Applications
    Ebook98 pages1 hour

    Coreference: Fundamentals and Applications

    By Fouad Sabry

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    About this ebook

    What Is Coreference


    Coreference, also spelled co-reference, is a concept in linguistics that describes the situation in which two or more phrases refer to the same person or object; in other words, they share the same referent. As an illustration, in the sentence "Bill said Alice would arrive soon, and she did," the words "Alice" and "she" refer to the same individual.


    How You Will Benefit


    (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:


    Chapter 1: Coreference


    Chapter 2: Pronoun


    Chapter 3: Antecedent (grammar)


    Chapter 4: Anaphora (linguistics)


    Chapter 5: Binding (linguistics)


    Chapter 6: C-command


    Chapter 7: Referent


    Chapter 8: Personal pronoun


    Chapter 9: Cataphora


    Chapter 10: Generic antecedent


    (II) Answering the public top questions about coreference.


    (III) Real world examples for the usage of coreference in many fields.


    (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of coreference' technologies.


    Who This Book Is For


    Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of coreference.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOne Billion Knowledgeable
    Release dateJul 5, 2023
    Coreference: Fundamentals and Applications

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      Book preview

      Coreference - Fouad Sabry

      Chapter 1: Coreference

      When two or more phrases have the same referent, a phenomenon known as coreference occurs in the field of linguistics. When used together, Alice and she refer to the same person; for instance, Bill said Alice would come shortly, and she did..

      Finding a co-reference might be difficult. If Bill claimed he was going to show up, for instance, he may not be referring to Bill. Identifying coreferences is a crucial step in analyzing or comprehending a text, but it often necessitates background knowledge from outside the text, such as the propensity of certain names (like Rover) to be associated with specific types of organisms, types of objects (like Titanic), grammatical genders, or other properties.

      Coreference is often recorded by linguists using indices, as in Billi said hei would come.

      It is claimed that such phrases are coindexed, signifying that they are to be understood in a coreferential sense.

      The initial occurrence of a coreferential expression is often the most complete or descriptive form (such as a full personal name, sometimes with a title and role), whereas subsequent occurrences are typically the abbreviated variants (for example, just a given name, surname, or pronoun). The term antecedent is used to describe the first instance, whereas proform, anaphor, and reference are all terms for the second instance. But pronouns may sometimes indicate ahead of time, as in Alice went to sleep when she got home. The coreference in such a circumstance is said to be cataphoric, as opposed to anaphoric.

      In the study of syntax, coreference plays a significant role in binding events. Syntactic link between coreferential statements in sentences and texts is investigated by the theory of binding.

      Anaphora, cataphora, split antecedents, coreferring noun phrases, etc. are only some of the many types of coreference that may be distinguished. Several of these more particular occurrences are shown in this example:

      Anaphora

      a.

      The musici was so loud that iti couldn't be enjoyed.

      The statement to which the anaphor refers comes right after the anaphor (its antecedent).

      b.

      Our neighborsi dislike the music.

      If theyi are angry, The police are on their way.

      - The statement to which the anaphor they refers comes just after the anaphor (its antecedent).

      Cataphora

      a.

      If theyi are angry about the music, the neighborsi will call the cops.

      They're a cataphor that comes before the phrase it modifies (its postcedent).

      b.

      Despite heri difficulty, Wilmai came to understand the point.

      Her is a cataphor, therefore it comes before the phrase it modifies (its postcedent)

      Split antecedents

      a.

      Caroli told Bobi to attend the party.

      Theyi arrived together.

      - The antecedent of the anaphoric they is divided, using Carol and Bob interchangeably.

      b.

      When Caroli helps Bobi and Bobi helps Caroli, theyi can accomplish any task.

      - The antecedent of the anaphoric they is divided, using Carol and Bob interchangeably.

      Coreferring noun phrases

      a.

      The project leaderi is refusing to help.

      The jerki thinks only of himself.

      Word Pairs With Corresponding Nouns, the first noun phrase being predicated on by the second.

      b.

      Some of our colleagues1 are going to be supportive.

      These kinds of people1 will earn our gratitude.

      Word Pairs With Corresponding Nouns, the first noun phrase being predicated on by the second.

      Experts in semantics and logic occasionally differentiate between coreference and a bound variable.

      Every studenti has received hisi grade.

      A bound variable is a word like his, for instance.

      No studenti was upset with hisi grade.

      – The pronoun his is an example of a bound variable

      Expressions with numbers, such as every student and no student, are not taken as references. Although they have singleton grammatical constructions, these phrases do not identify unique concepts in the conversation or the reality. Therefore, in these cases, the antecedents of his are not correct referents. Instead, it is a variable that is constrained by what it refers to. Its meaning changes depending on which student in the discourse community is being considered. Perhaps the following example will make the presence of bounded variables more clear::

      Only Jacki likes hisi grade.

      Bound variables include the pronoun his.

      This phrase lacks clarity. Either everyone except Jack is unhappy with their own grade, or everyone except Jack is happy with Jack's grade. His is coreferential in the first sense, and a bound variable in the second, as its reference ranges across the whole student body.

      Both situations often use the usage of coindex notation. In other words, it is not obvious from the coindexing of two or more phrases whether coreference or a bound variable is at play (or as in the last example, whether it depends on interpretation).

      Coreference resolution is a well-studied discourse topic in the field of computer linguistics. Properly attributing pronouns and other forms of referring expressions is essential for deducing the accurate meaning of a text or simply for gauging the relative significance of the numerous things stated. Coreference resolution algorithms often begin by locating the most immediate antecedent that is consistent with the referring phrase. For instance, she may attach herself to a pronoun like the lady or Anne, but Bill is less likely to catch her attention. The use of pronouns like himself is significantly limited. There is a compromise must be made between accuracy and recall in many language activities. Several mutual information-based approaches, as well as the Rand index and the corrected Rand index, are used to measure cluster quality while evaluating coreference resolution procedures.

      The English pronoun it presents a unique challenge for coreference resolution due to its several meanings. Like the pronouns he and she, it may refer to people, although it most often refers to inanimate things (the rules are actually more complex:

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