Web3 Marketing: A Handbook for the Next Internet Revolution

Praise for Web3 Marketing

Amanda is the original storyteller of crypto, having been there since the beginning. She has since helped many companies and founders find their voice to be the authors of their own history. Her contributions to the advent of Web3 continue to be tremendous.

—Min Teo,

Managing Partner, Ethereal Ventures

With the advent of Web3 technology, the rules of the marketing game are changing yet again. Cassatt, who was arguably the first marketer in the space, provides a comprehensive guide that gives a terrific overview of the history of crypto, as well as offers explicit, actionable advice on how a marketer can capitalize on the new tools that are available and on the horizon.

—Josh Quittner,

Founder and CEO of Decrypt

Web3 may have been conceived by millennials but it's really being built for Gen Z; for their culture of empowerment, digital identity, and their decentralized ambitions for the future. Amanda was there when Web3 took shape and within her book explains clearly how marketers need to shape Web3 value for this future generation who are about to inherit the earth. Compelling storytelling and practical directions, she has clearly already stepped on all the land mines for us and found the path for brands and business to follow.

—Dickon Laws,

Global Head of Innovation, Ogilvy

Amanda Cassatt

CEO, Serotonin

Web3 Marketing

A Handbook for the Next Internet Revolution

Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Cassatt, Amanda, author.

Title: Web3 marketing : a handbook for the next Internet revolution / Amanda Cassatt.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2022052843 (print) | LCCN 2022052844 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394171958 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394172054 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394171965 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Internet marketing.

Classification: LCC HF5415.1265 .C38 2023 (print) | LCC HF5415.1265 (ebook) | DDC 658.8/72--dc23/eng/20230124

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To Sam, for your patience while I wrote this book on our vacation.

Preface

It was 2019 and my husband and I were badly delayed in the Geneva airport, when a screen caught my attention. I looked up blearily from the box of Kambly biscuits in my crumb‐covered lap to confirm that it wasn't a trick of the eye. It wasn't. Prominently displayed on airport monitors was the word Ethereum, accompanied by its price chart.

We had both started contributing to the Ethereum Project when only a small group of people were aware of it. My job as a marketer was to share Ethereum with the world, and now here it was, considered important enough by the Geneva airport's administrators to deserve a place alongside Bitcoin and the top global stocks. Every marketer dreams of the day when a project they've taken from obscurity goes mainstream. Excited, I leapt up to snap a photo, showering the carpet with chocolatey bits. This was one of many moments, starting in 2017 and continuing to the present, that would add to my conviction that our movement—building the decentralized third generation of the web—had arrived, and that it was here to stay.

In 2016, when I began doing the work that an editor from Wiley would eventually call Web3 marketing, almost no one had heard of Web3. We barely used the term ourselves. I certainly had no idea that as ConsenSys's chief marketing officer, working under a mandate to bring Ethereum to market, I would become the first Web3 marketer, hire and train the first Web3 marketing team, and bring to market many of the key products underlying Web3. At the time, we were a global network of nerds with a penchant for the esoteric. The nascent industry in which we worked was called crypto. An ether token cost a few dollars, and nobody owned any NFTs. Considering our modest beginnings, our ambitions were laughably grand. We had full conviction that Ethereum would become not only the next great computing platform, but a new foundation for the global financial system, the substrate for building an adjacent economy governed fairly and transparently by code. The offices where we worked practically glowed with expectation.

The future we envisioned back then—one in which millions of people would safeguard their own assets in user‐controlled wallets, benefit from using web applications without becoming the real product being sold, and get paid to create ownable pieces of internet property—is becoming a reality. Admittedly, the process has been slower than many of us expected. Nonetheless, crypto is in the news on a daily basis now, and the leading user‐controlled wallet, MetaMask, has 21 million monthly active users. There are 28.6 million crypto wallets that hold pieces of internet property known as non‐fungible tokens (NFTs).¹ Meanwhile Ethereum has grown a nearly $200 billion market capitalization, second only to Bitcoin with its near $400 billion.² According to estimates, over 200,000 software developers have learned Solidity, the main language for programming applications on the Ethereum blockchain.³ And in 2021, Ethereum's $11.6 trillion transaction volume surpassed even the traditional payments giant Visa, with $10.4 trillion.⁴ That's a lot of money, and a huge number of people who know about and use Ethereum, considering we started from zero.

If this sounds impressive, though, let us put it into perspective. Ethereum may have transferred more assets by value, but the 1 million transactions per day on Ethereum are no match for the Visa network, which processes over 150 million.⁵ The total market cap of all cryptocurrencies, which has at times exceeded $1 trillion, pales in comparison to the total US gross domestic product (GDP) of about $25 trillion, or the global GDP of more than $96 trillion.⁶ Of the total number of the estimated 31 million software developers in the world, fewer than 1% are familiar with Solidity.⁷ And it's important to keep in mind that 37% of the global population hasn't used the internet, let alone collected NFTs.⁸ Undeniably, our movement still has a long way to go.

We called it crypto—short for cryptocurrency—at the beginning, because its first applications were financial. Bitcoin was the first successful digital money system built on a decentralized blockchain. Many of the early applications on Ethereum had to do with financial value. Between 2012 and 2019, most of the value coming into the crypto ecosystem arrived through exchanges, superhighways like Coinbase where people could trade in their fiat currencies like dollars for investments in bitcoin or ether.⁹ Not only the money, but the people working in the industry came from technology and finance backgrounds.

Our nascent industry's parents were finance and technology, but starting in 2020 with the rise of NFTs, that changed. The crypto industry began intersecting with the arts, entertainment, fashion, and media. This brought an entirely new wave of personalities into our space, from creators to entrepreneurs and professionals, who reshaped its character. Suddenly, the audience downloading MetaMask included buyers of digital handbags for their avatars to wear in the metaverse, people who wanted to support their favorite artists, and gamers hoping to earn in‐game assets. No longer was our industry purely about money; cryptocurrency interested only a subset of users.

It was only natural that the community began elevating the less‐used but long‐existing term Web3 to describe a holistic technology movement with broad cultural as well as financial implications. The movement has its own particular values: one is that people should be autonomous and resilient, taking personal responsibility for the decisions they make on the web, safeguarding their own value rather than depending on corporations; another is that the systems for governing the web should be open and transparent, applying the same set of rules fairly to all participants. Some of these values are derived from the origins of the web. Others are still being shaped by newcomers to Web3. These are the next 100 million users, and they come from absolutely everywhere.

Web3 swept beyond finance and technology, and today, it's poised to intersect every industry. Similar to how every industry was affected by digitization, each will need to adapt to Web3. But the computer scientists and economics professors who got us here, to this level of crypto adoption and the starting line of Web3, won't get us there, to the next 100 million mainstream users. They will be joined by professionals leading Web3 teams inside their organizations, creative entrepreneurs and artists who understand how to engage with Web2 retail consumers, and investors who can read not only open source code on Github and academic whitepapers but also intricacies of human behavior. Far beyond a screen in the Geneva airport, this technology is truly on the verge of mass adoption. The people, projects, and companies that catalyze this next wave of adoption can expect vast rewards—and they won't all be engineers. There is a path for the brightest nontechnical marketing and business minds to lead with them.

My objective in writing this book is to empower fellow marketers to start building in Web3. I use the term marketer very loosely throughout to describe those who, like me, love telling stories and putting ourselves in other people's shoes, who care about how the things we create look and feel. We are businesspeople and strategists, artists and designers, community leaders and educators. As our movement touches wider audiences and more diverse industries, I believe minds like ours have a crucial role to play driving the next wave of Web3 adoption. To date, there exist few high‐quality educational materials on Web3 for non‐engineer readers. This is a shame because it deters some of the sharpest thinkers and most experienced professionals from entering the space.

In this book, I attempt to explain Web3 in the clearest way possible to anyone familiar with the internet. The most important point to understand about Web3 is that it's not a predetermined set of outcomes, but rather a substrate, a clay we can mold in our hands. Like an artist learning a new medium, we must understand our materials thoroughly before we can begin creating with them. For this reason, I spend the first third of the book tracing the history of how Web3 emerged from its origins in Web1 and Web2, showing that Web3 isn't a new set of ideas, but rather a novel realization of the original vision for the web. Then, I explain its key properties, the ones the readers of this book can use to mold their own Web3 systems. These include tokens, NFTs, decentralized applications (dapps), decentralized finance (DeFi), decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and Web3‐enabled metaverse worlds.

Nearly halfway through this book readers will encounter the first sections explicitly about marketing. These benefit from insights I've gleaned from reading numerous texts on marketing, and I cite many of my favorites throughout. No prior familiarity with marketing concepts is required to understand them, especially because many of my recommendations cut against the grain of traditional marketing wisdom. The marketing‐focused chapters mostly detail the best practices and learnings my teammates and I have gathered over seven years as the first Web3 marketing team, first focused on Ethereum at ConsenSys, and now at Serotonin, the marketing agency and product studio I founded afterwards.

These chapters offer the reader—the artist molding the clay of Web3—examples from the work of the artists who came before, including ConsenSys companies, Serotonin clients, and other notable Web3 projects. The goal of these chapters is not to provide readers with blueprints or templates to copy exactly—though at certain points I do lay out specific strategies—but to shape an approach to Web3 marketing informed by past triumphs and failures. I've taken this approach so this book can remain useful for some time, even in a rapidly evolving space. These chapters include a design for a Web3 marketing funnel, suggestions of channels to use at each stage, and strategies for how best to use each channel.

Throughout these practical chapters, several refrains recur. At the risk of sounding like a broken record: the most important thing for marketers to remember in Web3, as it was in Web2 and long before, is to know their audience and to understand their product. A marketer's choice of product can make all the difference; if we hadn't chosen Ethereum, our team would surely have enjoyed far less success.

In the final practical chapters, I focus on strategies for building community, defining what that term means in Web3, and how it is the key to unlock sustainable, long‐term growth for Web3 projects—giving them, I believe, the power to outcompete traditional and Web2 businesses over time.

Whether the projects you support end up beamed down from a Times Square digital billboard, spotted on the fashionable streets of the metaverse, or atop the rankings on Defi Llama, I hope every marketer has their own version of the experience I had in the Geneva airport. My hope is that by the end of this book, you will gain the confidence to seize the opportunity to shape the future of Web3. When you are ready use the code and instructions in the front of this book to claim your NFT membership to the Web3 Marketing community. There you will find more educational resources and training programs, as well as mentors and potential collaborators. I look forward to meeting you there, and I hope you enjoy the book.

Notes

1. Jeff Benson, Ethereum Wallet MetaMask Reports 21 Million Users, Up 420% Since April, Decrypt, November 17, 2021, https://decrypt.co/86263/ethereum-wallet-metamask-reports-21-million-users; Elizabeth Howcroft, NFT Sales Hit $25 Billion in 2021, but Growth Shows Signs of Slowing, Reuters, January 11, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/nft-sales-hit-25-billion-2021-growth-shows-signs-slowing-2022–01–10/.

2. CoinMarketCap, August 30, 2022, https://coinmarketcap.com/.

3. Ryan Daws, Ethereum Officially Kicks Off Its One Million Devs Initiative, Developer Tech News, January 20, 2020, https://www.developer-tech.com/news/2020/jan/20/ethereum-officially-kicks-its-one-million-devs-initiative/.

4. Josh Stark and Evan Van Ness, The Year in Ethereum 2021, Josh Stark, Mirror.xyz, January 17, 2022, https://stark.mirror.xyz/q3OnsK7mvfGtTQ72nfoxLyEV5lfYOqUfJIoKBx7BG1I; Visa, Annual Report 2021, https://s29.q4cdn.com/385744025/files/doc_downloads/Visa-Inc_-Fiscal-2021-Annual-Report.pdf.

5. Stark and Van Ness, The Year in Ethereum 2021; Visa, Annual Report 2021.

6. Gross Domestic Product (Second Estimate) and Corporate Profits (Preliminary), Second Quarter 2022, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), August 25, 2022, https://www.bea.gov/news/2022/gross-domestic-product-second-estimate-and-corporate-profits-preliminary-second-quarter; GDP (Current US$)—World, World Bank Open Data, accessed August 30, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD.

7. Konstantinos Korakitis, Richard Muir, Simon Jones, and Michael Condon, State of the Developer Nation, 22nd Edition, SlashData, April 2022, https://slashdata-website-cms.s3.amazonaws.com/sample_reports/VZtJWxZw5Q9NDSAQ.pdf.

8. International Telecommunication Union Development Sector, Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2021, December 1, 2021, https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2021/.

9. Bitcoin, the system, is usually capitalized; bitcoin, the token, is not.

PART 1

What Is Web3?

1

The Evolution of Web1 and Web2

It's natural to be skeptical of claims that a new technology will change everything. I was born in the early 1990s in a moment of techno‐optimism. The recent fall of the Soviet Union had Americans like my family convinced that our system was basically correct, and that with this system in place, our society was ripe for innovation. The scale that new innovations could reach suddenly seemed infinite, thanks to Clinton‐era globalization introducing low‐cost production and efficient transnational supply chains. There was no doubt technology would progress linearly, if not exponentially, unlocking opportunities for prosperity and making them available to all. The invisible hand of social progress appeared to be steering us inevitably toward a more accepting world without borders. It was the end of history and the beginning of the greatest era in technology. For my cohort of friends, we expected a life of relative ease compared to our parents, our needs entrusted to kindly robots, our days spent whizzing over futuristic cities in flying cars, like those in The Jetsons.

Suffice it to say I was disappointed. It was not the end of history, as Francis Fukuyama infamously proposed at the turn of the 1990s. Global hunger, poverty, and violence would continue shrinking, but my friends and I would contend with economic disasters, physical and psychological disease, and the collapse of trust in institutions and between people, which is arguably the true wealth in a society. Not only that, there were no flying cars. The innovation that sprung up during my early life was in the field of bits, not atoms. In America, we would close our factories and retreat from building the kinds of things in the physical world that had captured my childhood imagination. We would instead turn inward: away from the kinetic world, toward the computer.

The breakthrough innovation of the 1990s would not be the flying car, but the internet. The global network of computers known as the internet dates back to the 1960s, and for decades its use was limited mainly to government and university researchers. At the turn of the 1990s, however, the internet became available to the public—and its growth exploded with the invention of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web comprises a set of tools for creating and accessing documents (web pages) full of text, images, and other media, and most crucially, clickable links (also called hypertext) to other documents and resources on the global network. The development of graphical web browsers for personal and commercial computers made navigating the rapidly proliferating linked pages of the World Wide Web increasingly easy—and fun. Networking computers together in a web drew massive use to the internet by fostering conditions akin to Renaissance Florence: it became the place for information‐sharing and access to like‐minded people, but at a previously impossible scale. An ecosystem of content‐rich, increasingly multimedia websites for governments, businesses, organizations, and individuals flourished, as first web message boards and later personal blogs provided tremendously popular platforms for regular people to publish and communicate online.

Although websites in this era were far more static and less interactive than what we have become accustomed to, the technology paradigm many have retrospectively come to call Web1 exponentially multiplied the amount and quality of information available on a global scale, democratized access to it, and radically lowered the barrier to entry to communicate and share knowledge. And the almost indefinite scalability of a piece of software on the web, which can in theory reach billions of people without additional up‐front labor or production costs, introduced previously unheard‐of opportunities for value capture that allowed the San Francisco Bay area to double down on its position as a global technology hub. Already home to the semiconductor industry, major players in personal computing hardware and software, and Stanford University, the area had the capital and technical acumen to begin supporting web companies. Web1 engendered an information revolution. Like other dreamers, I sighed about the lack of Jetsons‐style flying cars—but encouraged by my savvy computer scientist father and neuroscientist mother, both of whom saw the future glowing on the other side of the computer screen, I begrudgingly adopted their optimism about the world of bits.

The original architects of the web were techno‐optimists who believed open, networked systems would bring important social and scientific facts to light, helping break any grip on power by the nefarious or undeserving. Sunlight would be the best disinfectant. They intended the internet to be a place for discovering truth and having fun. The inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners‐Lee, and his collaborators took a philosophically decentralized approach to designing the first web architectures. The early web pioneer John Gilmore—a contemporary of Berners‐Lee who started the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit that promotes internet civil liberties—famously said of decentralized design, The net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it.¹ Protocols like BGP (Border Gateway Protocol, allowing IP addresses to resolve to