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    Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources
    Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources
    Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources
    Ebook223 pages1 hour

    Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources

    By IAEA

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    About this ebook

    It was formerly hypothesized that placing a radioactive source near the end of a lightning conductor would improve the likelihood that lightning would strike the conductor. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of these radioactive lightning conductors (RLCs) were installed worldwide. However, no convincing scientific evidence has been produced to demonstrate increased efficacy and the use of RLCs does not comply with the justification principle established in the International Basic Safety Standards. Therefore, most countries have recognized the need to stop installing RLCs and to remove existing devices from the public domain. This publication summarizes all technical and organizational aspects related to the recovery and dismantling of RLCs as well as the safe management of the associated disused radioactive sources. The report describes the general arrangement, highlights the quality management components, identifies the staffing requirements and covers certain areas vital for the preparation for dismantling and source conditioning operations. Relevant information is provided on the various models of radioactive lightning conductors and how their design features influence the dismantling and source recovery operations. The publication also incorporates the most recent experience on various concluded projects in several Member States and captures the lessons learned.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInternational Atomic Energy Agency
    Release dateNov 1, 2022
    ISBN9789201347220
    Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources

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      Book preview

      Management of Disused Radioactive Lightning Conductors and Their Associated Radioactive Sources - IAEA

      1.png

      MANAGEMENT OF

      DISUSED RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING

      CONDUCTORS AND THEIR

      ASSOCIATED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES

      IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NW-T-1.15

      MANAGEMENT OF

      DISUSED RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING

      CONDUCTORS AND THEIR

      ASSOCIATED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES

      INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

      VIENNA, 2022

      COPYRIGHT NOTICE

      All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at:

      Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section

      International Atomic Energy Agency

      Vienna International Centre

      PO Box 100

      1400 Vienna, Austria

      fax: +43 1 26007 22529

      tel.: +43 1 2600 22417

      email: [email protected]

      www.iaea.org/publications

      © IAEA, 2022

      Printed by the IAEA in Austria

      October 2022

      STI/PUB/2025

      IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      Names: International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Title: Management of disused radioactive lightning conductors and their associated radioactive sources / International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2022. | Series: IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995–7807 ; no. NW-T-1.15 | Includes bibliographical references.

      Identifiers: IAEAL 22-01525 | ISBN 978–92–0–134822–7 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978–92–0–134922–4 (pdf) | ISBN 978–92–0–134722–0 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Radioactive waste management. | Radioactive substances. | Radioactive waste disposal. | Lightning conductors.

      Classification: UDC 621.039.7 | STI/PUB/2025

      FOREWORD

      The IAEA’s statutory role is to seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. Among other functions, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy. One way this is achieved is through a range of technical publications including the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series.

      The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises publications designed to further the use of nuclear technologies in support of sustainable development, to advance nuclear science and technology, catalyse innovation and build capacity to support the existing and expanded use of nuclear power and nuclear science applications. The publications include information covering all policy, technological and management aspects of the definition and implementation of activities involving the peaceful use of nuclear technology. While the guidance provided in IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications does not constitute Member States’ consensus, it has undergone internal peer review and been made available to Member States for comment prior to publication.

      The IAEA safety standards establish fundamental principles, requirements and recommendations to ensure nuclear safety and serve as a global reference for protecting people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

      When IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications address safety, it is ensured that the IAEA safety standards are referred to as the current boundary conditions for the application of nuclear technology.

      In the early twentieth century it was thought that placing a radioactive source near the end of a lightning conductor would help ionize the near field atmosphere, thereby reducing its electrical resistance and theoretically improving the likelihood that lightning would strike the conductor. Radioactive lightning conductors, also called radioactive lightning rods, terminals, preventers or arresters, have been used for several decades in this manner. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of these radioactive lightning conductors have been installed worldwide.

      No convincing scientific evidence has been produced to show that the radioactive sources in any of the various models of radioactive lightning conductors increase the likelihood of lightning striking them. Over several decades, countries have recognized the need to stop installing these conductors and remove existing devices from the public domain. Many countries have enacted legislation to this effect, yet the problems associated with locating, removing, transporting and conditioning large numbers of radioactive lightning conductor sources have made implementing their removal, safe storage and disposal difficult. A number of Member States have approached the IAEA for support in implementing their national conductor removal programmes.

      This publication sets out the actions necessary in removing radioactive lightning conductors from the public domain and managing them safely. The IAEA has compiled and published extensive technical knowledge concerning the management of sealed radioactive sources, which is directly applicable to the management of sources from radioactive lightning conductors. This publication helps Member States assess their particular situation and aids them in developing and implementing policies and strategies for the safe removal of these conductors from the public domain and their subsequent management. It also provides information on their management and that of associated sealed radioactive sources. Issues encountered and lessons identified are also included in this publication.

      The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was J.C. Benitez-Navarro of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology.

      EDITORIAL NOTE

      Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained

      in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.

      This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person.

      Guidance and recommendations provided here in relation to identified good practices represent experts’ opinions but are not made on the basis of a consensus of all Member States.

      The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.

      The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

      The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

      The authoritative version of this publication is the hard copy issued at the same time and available as pdf on www.iaea.org/publications. To create this version for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including a the movement of some figures and tables.

      CONTENTS

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      1.2. Objectives

      1.3. Scope

      1.4. Structure

      2. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF radioactive lightning conductors

      2.1. Historical background

      2.2. Overview of radioactive lightning conductors

      2.3. Characteristics of radionuclides commonly found in radioactive lightning conductors

      3. RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: PROBLEMS AND ACTIONS TAKEN

      3.1. Problems

      3.2. Examples of actions taken by some Member States

      3.3. Pathway to effective radioactive lightning conductor management

      4. NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR MANAGEMENT

      4.1. National policy and strategy

      4.2. Programme implementation

      4.3. Responsibilities of each party involved

      4.4. Training of personnel

      4.5. Financing

      4.6. Management system

      5. PREPARATORY WORK (BEFORE RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR REMOVAL)

      5.1. Locating radioactive lightning conductor

      5.2. Initial inventory verification

      5.3. Preparation of site work plan(s)

      5.4. Record keeping

      6. SITE WORK: RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR REMOVAL, HEAD REMOVAL, PACKAGING AND TRANSPORT

      6.1. Removal of radioactive lightning conductor

      6.2. Packaging and transport of radioactive lightning conductor heads

      6.3. Record keeping

      7. Management of the radioactive lightning conductor heads at conditioning and/or storage sites

      7.1. Administrative issues

      7.2. Initial actions when radioactive lightning conductor heads are received

      7.3. Treatment/conditioning of sources removed from heads

      7.4. Record keeping

      8. Conditioning of the sources and secondary Waste

      8.1. Selection and qualification of the conditioning method

      8.2. Equipment and material required

      8.3. Conditioning of alpha sources

      8.4. Conditioning of beta/gamma sources

      8.5. Marking and labelling of packages

      8.6. Safety and security considerations

      8.7.

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