The Life of Sir Thomas More

Sir Thomas More

by Henri Brémond

Table of Contents

Chapter I Youth

Chapter II Erasmus and Thomas More

Chapter III Private Life

Chapter IV Public Life

Chapter V Thomas More and the Lutheran Invasion

Chapter VI The Writer

Chapter VII The Conflict

Chapter VIII The Martyrdom

Chapter I

Youth

Table of Contents

(1478-1510)

I LOOKED to find a preacher, I find a man.

No sooner do we become the least intimate with one of the beatified whom the Church appoints for our veneration than we reach a similar conclusion. I looked to find a saint, one of those vague and fabulous beings, that is, whose every word is an oracle and their every act a marvel. I find a man.

We need not point out to the readers that there is nothing more consoling or more edifying than such a discovery. We never imagined that our patron and model was so accessible, and great is our delight at finding that his nearness to ourselves is no obstacle to his being also very near to God. Sometimes, however, our surprise is almost too great. There is a danger that our first vivid glimpse of the holy man or woman in the simple reality of their lives, and stripped of the veneer of convention under which most hagiographers used at one time to stifle the originality of their subjects, may disconcert our devotional habit. In all loyalty I must admit that Thomas More is of that number. His life, indeed, is spotless, and his biographer can relate it without paraphrase or reticence; but in such a life as his, it is possible, if I may so express it, that a period of sin would be less of a stumbling-block than a certain way of speaking and acting which agrees but ill with current ideas of saintliness. We know very well that saintliness is never pompous and willingly leaves grand airs to less genuine virtue. The most austere of the saints could smile. There is no rule of perfection to forbid their seeing the amusing side of things, and their souls, less heavily weighted than our own, often attract by a witty mixture of kindliness and a touch of malice. And yet the lightest of their jests finds a natural setting in a chapel or a cloister, and every flower they gather takes in their hands the scent of incense. This could not be said of Thomas More. At first sight he is entirely profane. If to be worldly is to look upon this world as a curious spectacle rather than to see life as the great stake on which eternity depends, then he was worldly. Not that he espoused folly; but his method of despising it was rather that of the dilettante than the Christian. Or rather, it would be truer to say that he was interested and amused by everything. He will close the City oj God to open the Dialogues of Lucian. He lays by Colet's sermons, to engage in a contest of wit with his friends. All the things of this world amuse him, even the most serious. With men of learning he is ravished by their wisdom; with fools, he is delighted at their folly. . . . You would take him for a new Democritus, or a Pythagorean walking, with unprejudiced mind, about the market-place to contemplate the tumult of buyers and sellers. So says Erasmus, who knew him better than any one. But that name, the name of Erasmus, enables us to shorten our comments. At first sight, no doubt, if only at first sight, their contemporaries saw no difference between Erasmus and More. They were taken for twins, and the idea delighted them both. I even imagine that in conversation More had more spirit and more wit than Erasmus. From childhood, writes Erasmus, he had such a love for witty jests that he seemed to have been sent into the world for the sole purpose of making them; though he never descends to buffoonery, neither gravity nor dignity seem made for him. He is amiable -and always good-tempered, and puts every one who meets him in a happy frame of mind. Another intimate friend, Richard Pace, says the same thing less gracefully. "He speaks with the same facility in Latin as in his own language. His sense of fun is joined with perfect refinement—you may call humour his father and wit his mother. When the matter requires it, he can imitate a good cook and serve up the meat in sharp sauce. . . . From every philosophic sect he culled the best they had to offer; but at last, as men will, he inscribed himself a member of a school, the school of Democritus, the philosopher, as I understand, who laughed at all human affairs. But he contrived to go further than his master, nam, ut ille humana omnia ridenda censuit, ita hic deridenda."

That was how his intimate friends spoke of him, and no doubt this rough sketch was strictly accurate. That, beyond question, was the impression More left on the London of his time and the Court of Henry VIII. Such a sketch as that, of a lively, airy, witty, irresponsible person, would certainly never have inspired Flandrin with the wish to add a new character to the lifeless and majestic procession which even now still embodies the common idea of a saint.

That view of him is a perfectly true one, even truer than I can express. But there was another and still truer Thomas More. The perpetual jester is the sweetest-natured of men; the worldling has death constantly in his thoughts; the Democritus has the soul of a Carthusian. His intimate friend Erasmus knew him well, and his memorable letter to Ulrich von Hutten, which gives the final portrait of Thomas More, comes to a close in the long perspective of these two lines: cum aniicis sic fabulatur de vita futuri saeculi, ut agnoscar ilium ex animo loqui, neque sine optima spe. With his friends he so speaks of the life of the world to come that you know him to be speaking from his heart and not without the best of hope.

Before plunging into the depths of that inner life of his, let us take a glance at him, not in his oratory, but in the very midst of one of his profane conversations, and we shall soon understand how necessary it is, in the face of so complex a physiognomy, to distrust all hasty conclusions and misleading evidence.

Take his portrait by Holbein. Standing for the first time before this wonderful likeness, one cannot fail to be struck by an impression of half-sadness. More intimate acquaintance soon shows that the word sadness does not quite hit the note. Melancholy, in the romantic sense of the word, would be falser still. His mind is too healthy, his sense of humour too quick, and his Christian faith too serene. But neither good sense nor internal peace are, properly speaking, joy. There is plenty of kindness and some shrewdness, but no lively gaiety in his veiled and distant look, his small, grey, short-sighted eyes, which, according to a contemporary, were not great, nor yet glittering, yet much pleasing. He lacked a kind of expansion and taste for life. He was rarely in high spirits. No doubt he was the pleasantest of companions; the gravest unbent when he was by. Some unexpected jest was always hovering on the delicate lips whose smile has been subtly fixed by Holbein; but he scarcely ever laughed himself. Affectionate and faithful, he was slow to give his friendship, and then never gave it without reserve. Possibly his friends loved him more than he loved them, and I am tempted to wonder whether his humour did not conceal an invincible reserve or some timidity of sentiment. The strange and touching story of his two marriages will be found to confirm the first conclusion.

There is nothing surprising in it, when we call to mind the dry and incomplete education More received, one which would have stifled for ever a less happy disposition. Later in life he delighted to repeat his father's unpolished jests, but of his mother he remembered nothing. From her, no doubt, he inherited the charm, the indefinable attractiveness celebrated by his contemporaries (at any rate, if we may trust the portrait by Holbein, there can have been nothing whatever of the judge in the delicacy and grace that radiated from him so discreetly); but it seems that there was no attempt to find the orphan any feminine tenderness in place of the care of his dead mother. The habitual companions of his boyhood were men of mature age, priests and scholars; and, indeed, the marvel is that Thomas More, whose childhood was too brief and who became serious all too soon, should ever have been able to hold out against such an atmosphere, and preserve throughout his life, if not the long hopes, at any rate the spirits, the freshness and the generosity of youth.

II

Almost from his cradle More was entered of a good school of wit. As we shall see, his father, the judge, had but a poor opinion of things literary. To him, perhaps, Erasmus was nothing but a kind of idler, and in any case he was determined that his son should be a man of affairs like himself. For my own part, I consider that the event proved him right. His early connection with practical life though it may have made More less learned than a pure humanist, resulted at any rate in his intellect being less bookish, more human. His father, moreover, was a judge of the first order. Holbein shows him us, at over sixty, with his eyes still sparkling with lucid intelligence. Courteous, affable, innocent, gentle, merciful, just and uncorrupted—we are quoting his son—he was both loved and feared in the little world of the palace for his keen wit. The fact is worth noting, since Thomas More, even in boyhood, must have sharpened his wit on the paternal sallies. He himself has piously saved from shipwreck some of the good things which his own were soon to eclipse. The judge's pronouncements showed no tenderness to women; for when he heareth folk blame wives, and say that there be so many of them shrews, he said that they defame them falsely. For he saith plainly that there is but one shrew-wife in the world, but he saith indeed that every man weeneth he hath her, and that one is his own. Another saying of his was that nothing was so much a matter of luck as marriage. If ye should put your hand into a blind bag full of snakes and eels together, ye would, I ween, reckon it a perilous chance to take up one at adventure. Whereupon Father Bridgett, with that bland curiosity of his, remarks that, "as Sir John More was three times married, it would be interesting to know the date of these sayings, and whether they embody the fruits of his experience, or were a kind of humorous philosophy. And he recalls an epigram of Thomas More's against the lovers of witticisms of this kind: —

"Hoc quisque dicit; dicit at ducit tamen,

Quin sex sepultis, septimam ducit tamen."

The date of Thomas More's birth seems now to be settled beyond question. He was born in the city of London on the 7th February 1478, in the seventeenth year of the reign of Edward IV. The civil war was then in full swing, and More could recall later how, when he was five years old, he heard a neighbour predict the coming triumph of the Duke of York, who was soon to be known as Richard III. At the first school he was sent to he had an excellent Latin master, Nicholas Holt, who had already taught Latimer and Colet, and was the author of a Latin grammar with the alluring title of Lac puerorum. The boy was then taken into the household of Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England.

The great ecclesiastical dignitaries of those days had a certain number of pages in their service, who finished their education in this manner. So varied and picturesque an existence must have brought both pleasure and profit to a boy with the keenness and universal interest of Thomas More. It was one of the pleasantest recollections and most fruitful periods of his life.

Nothing tends more to form and elevate a boy's mind than the enthusiastic devotion youth can pay to a man of worth in the daily contact of the home circle. The Cardinal made a profound impression on Thomas More. He stood in the boy's eyes for an incarnation of the Church and of devotion to the great interests of his country. Long afterwards, More was to speak of him in Utopia with a wealth of admiration that was rare with him, and a fresh and lively gratitude.

He was of a mean stature, and though stricken in age, yet bare he his body upright. In his face did shine such an amiable reverence, as was pleasant to behold, gentle in communication, yet earnest and sage.

What follows admits us more directly into their familiar relations, and reveals the sign by which the Cardinal had recognised the most confident and witty of his protégés.

He had great delight many times with rough speech to his suitors, to prove, but without harm, what prompt wit and what bold spirit were in every man. In the which, as in a virtue much agreeing with his nature, so that therewith were not joined impudence, he took great delectation. The future Chancellor of Henry VIII. was to have occasion later to make use of this kind of excellence, but no longer with the same commendation. More continues: In his speech he was fine, eloquent, and pithy. In the law he had profound knowledge, in wit he was incomparable, and in memory wonderful excellent.

His example in ail these matters, the last among them, was destined to bear fruit.

III

Infinitum, mi Dorpi, fuerit explicare, quam multa desunt ei cui Græca desunt ('Twould be an infinite task, dear Dorpius, to explain how much he lacks who lacks Greek). That statement shows the ambition with which the boy More, then aged fourteen, set out for Oxford. The Cardinal had had no difficulty in finding his page a place there, and Sir John More had consented to the step, though with certain conditions. The Oxford of 1492, the Oxford of Grocyn and Linacre, was to every Englishman the city of Greek. On his return from Bologna, where he had been admitted Doctor, a monk of Canterbury, named Sellyng, had opened a Greek class near the abbey; then, taking his best pupil, Thomas Linacre, with him, he had returned to Italy and left him in the hands of Politian. Linacre was Thomas More's tutor; and thus we have a clear view of the torch of the Renaissance passing from hand to hand, from the master of Giovanni de Medici to the master of Thomas More.

But it was a far cry from the gardens of Lorenzo the Magnificent to the poor chambers of Oxford. The ardour of study was the same; but at Oxford life remained grave, all but monastic. The coming of the Renaissance in England was marked by no frivolity, no revival of paganism. Moreover, Sir John More had taken precautions against his son's indulging in any pleasures beyond the study of Aristotle. He had no pocket-money. For the most insignificant and most necessary expenses he must write to London. It was thus, he would say, that I indulged in no vice or pleasure, and spent my time in no vain or hurtful amusements; I did not know what luxury meant, and never learnt to use money badly; in a word, I loved and thought of nothing but my studies. That is all the exact information we have on our hero's university career. A reference by Richard Pace, his contemporary, and himself a brilliant humanist, gives us some idea of his method of work. Here I will remark that no one ever lived who did not first ascertain the meaning of words, and from them gather the meaning of the sentences which they compose—no one, I say, with one single exception, and that is our own Thomas More. For he is wont to gather the force of the words from the sentences in which they occur, especially in his study and translation of Greek. This is not contrary to grammar, but above it, and an instinct of genius. It is also, we may add, characteristic of an amateur. In fact. More never had the time to become a professional scholar. He appears, moreover, to have had more aptitude for Greek than for Latin. According to Erasmus, he owed the supple elegance we admire in his writings to nothing but dogged application. He spoke Latin, of course, as fluently as his mother-tongue. He knew also French, arithmetic, and geometry, devoured all the books on history that came into his hands, and played becomingly on the flute and viol.

At the end of two years his father summoned him back to London. The judge was afraid the love of Greek might turn the young man from the career he had chosen for him. More obeyed the summons. In February 1496, he was admitted of Lincoln's Inn as a student of law. He was then eighteen. Here again he soon distinguished himself. He was called to the bar in 1501, and was shortly afterwards appointed three years in succession as lecturer to the students and minor persons of the Palace, a mark of esteem which led to his being selected later to interpret the law before his colleagues of the bar and before the judges themselves (1511). In 1504 he entered Parliament.

IV

There is no need to linger in the courts of justice. The real More is not to be found there. Like many others, he devoted the best of his time to work he did not care for; but, thorough Englishman that he was, he was always able to withdraw at a given moment from his professional career and return to himself. We will rejoin him in his real life with all the speed we may.

No better moment could be found, for it was now that the young man, whose only duty it had been so far to let himself be led, began to enjoy the full liberty of choosing his own course. His first proceeding was to look for a room close to the Charter House in London, where he might live in meditation and prayer. So far as he could he followed the offices of his neighbours. The rest of his leisure was spent in study. The very few friends he had made were no distraction from work and from thought on God. We know their names: Colet, the Dean of St Paul's, whom he had taken for his confessor; the Hellenist, Grocyn, rector of St Lawrence Jewry; the other great Hellenist of the day, Linacre, More's old tutor, who had also returned to the capital; and finally, and in the absence of Erasmus, who was the dearest of all, William Lilly, the young and attractive scholar, who, after his Oxford years, had gone to perfect his Greek in the Isle of Rhodes. Lilly was living actually in the Charter House, and thus, being next door to each other, they met frequently. For practice, as they said, the two friends amused themselves by translating epigrams from the Anthologia into Latin verse; and their respective versions were published together in the same book, with the charming title of Progymnasmata Thomae Mori et Gulielmi Lilii sodalium.

But the Anthologia was not Thomas More's usual reading. The Fathers of the Church, and especially St Augustine, interested him more, and he even gave a course of lectures on the de Civitate Dei in the church of St Lawrence, which Grocyn had placed at his disposal.

The ardent and rigid figure of Dean Colet is worth lingering over. As with nearly all the great Catholic reformers, attempts have been made to rob us of him, and Mr Seebohm has employed for the purpose an audacity of conjecture which is no part of a historian's equipment. But it has yet to be demonstrated that because a man admits that abuses have crept into the life of the Churchy because he deplores them and combats them, he is therefore of necessity a Lutheran. For all his somewhat anxious temperament and slightly obstinate mind, the Dean of St Paul's was a priest of great sanctity, who never either did or wrote a single thing that could justify a doubt of the perfect orthodoxy of his faith. If some of his brethren attacked him fiercely as an innovator, there were others, as many in number and of indisputable authority, who remained faithful to him throughout; and More himself proves that Colet's name was not, in fact, that of a suspect, when, in his letter to a monk who was strongly opposed to the new ideas, he praises Longland by simply calling him another Colet: "Alter, ut eius laudes uno verbo complectar, Coletus."

In other respects the natural affinities between Colet and Thomas More were but distant. They were united by the same Christian ideas and the same taste for letters. Colet was one of the few preachers More could endure; and, last but not least, the young barrister, who was then passing through a critical period, was indebted to his confessor for much kindness, wisdom, and decision. More was at that time considering whether he ought not to renounce the world entirely, and it was probably on Colet's advice that he gave up all idea of a religious vocation.

It was Erasmus who, in summing up in one word the history of that crisis, let loose, in all innocence, the imagination of Thomas More's biographers. Obviously, I do not include Father Bridgett and Mr Hutton, but the sober Nisard has been caught out in a solemn blunder. At twenty years of age, he writes, "the voice of the senses begins to be heard. In spite of his habitual austerity, his poverty, and his ardour for work, the Oxford scholar (he had left Oxford two years before) was disturbed by unknown desires. He continues complacently in that strain till he reaches this exquisitely tasteful conclusion: The young man, however, had defeat in prospect. Two means of escaping it were always open to him —a monastery and marriage. His conscience was offended at the thought of a monastery; within its walls he would have been disgusted, or perhaps tempted by evil example. Marriage attracted him, in spite of the epigrams he had made on women; and he took refuge from profligacy in a holy union."

And now to return to Erasmus. The brusque simplicity of his statement tastes better than this mixture of vulgarity and sickliness. What the recipient of Thomas More's confidence says is: "Maluit igitur maritus esse castus quam sacerdos impurus. The first impression these words convey is that More, being uncertain of his strength, and also not feeling himself clearly called to a more perfect life, decided to live as a Christian in a state of wedlock rather than make a bad priest. And that, in fact, is the truth of his story. For some time he thought seriously of becoming a Franciscan; then he gave up the idea for the simple reason that I have just stated. It is really a puerile proceeding to build up all this romance of unknown desires on such a foundation; and we reach the acme of nonsense with M. Nisard when he asks us to see in Thomas More a Christian who found the cloister too mild to confine his rebellious youth."

Others, still starting from the words of Erasmus, have gone further than Nisard, or at least have expatiated at greater length on the monastic corruption which they suppose to have compelled More to resign himself, as a last resource, to marriage. I am content to confine my answer to the words of an Anglican historian: It is absurd to assert that More was disgusted with monastic corruption—that he 'loathed monks as a disgrace to the Church.' He was throughout his life a warm friend of the religious orders, and a devoted admirer of the monastic ideal. He condemned the vices of individuals; he said, as his great-grandson says, 'that at that time religious men in England had somewhat degenerated from their ancient strictness and fervour of spirit'; but there is not the slightest sign that his decision to decline the monastic life was due in the smallest degree to a distrust of the system or a distaste for the theology of the Church.

Briefly, in the spring of 1505 Thomas More married. He certainly never dreamed when he did so that so natural a step would one day let loose such a flood of sour ink. I shall come soon to the delightful story of his betrothal to Jane Colt; but before closing this chapter on the youth of Thomas More, we must pause for a moment on a work to which he devoted himself during the first year of his married life, and in which he seems to have wished to sum up for his own use the best lessons of the Renaissance.

V

The work I mean is a little book that appeared in 1510, with the following old-world title: The life of John Picus Erie of Myrandula, a great Lorde of Italy, an excellent connyng man in all sciences, and vertuous of lining: with diuers epistles and other workes of ye sayd John Picus, full of greate science, vertue, and wisedome: whose life and woorkes bene worthy and digne to be read, and often to be had in memory. Translated out of latin into Englishe by maister Thomas More.

I am quite aware that the name of Pico della Mirandola stands to most people for that of a swash-buckler of dogmatism, and that the young scholar has paid heavily with us for the swaggering titles of his theses. But our misprision is unjust. Looked at a little closer, Pico della Mirandola is still to-day what he was to his contemporaries, the hero, the Prince Charming of the Renaissance. When this pilgrim of universal knowledge, not unlike, as Pater says, the archangel Raphael ... or Mercury, as he might have appeared in a painting by Sandro Botticelli, entered that famous chamber where a lamp burned day and night before the bust of Plato, Ficino, that old pagan, seems to have thought there was something not wholly earthly about him; at least, he ever afterwards believed that it was not without the co-operation of the stars that the stranger had arrived on that day, Ficino was captured like every one else, and they fell at