A Sixth Sense: The Life and Science of Henri-Georges Doll: Oilfield Pioneer and Inventor

Preface

This book needed to be written and it comes at the right time. Soon there will be no one left to testify personally about the life and work of Henri Doll. The closing of the Schlumberger research center in Ridgefield, Connecticut, and its transfer near the campus of MIT mark the end of an era and offer the opportunity for a fruitful glance into the past.

The saga of Schlumberger has been told in various publications and is fairly well known, even to the public at large. Carefully nurtured by the company and the family, the saga also perpetuates a myth, not completely unfounded, of an absolute symmetry between the family’s two branches – that of Conrad and that of Marcel – as their father had wanted it when he launched his sons into their enterprise with astonishing foresight and audacity. But this somewhat rigid edifice tends to relegate to a secondary role and blur the image of Henri-Georges Doll. Aside from specialists in applied geophysics and petroleum prospecting, only a few are familiar with the name and career of a man who can be considered as one of the greatest French scientists, and surely as one of the must prolific inventors of the 20th century.

After completing his studies at École Polytechnique and École des Mines in Paris, Doll became Conrad Schlumberger’s son-in-law and collaborator and, after Conrad’s untimely death, his successor. Few families have produced as many brilliant minds as did the Schlumberger family – protestant descendants of the statesman and historian François Guizot. Though sometimes divided by rivalries, they always united when needed and with hard work, personal sacrifice, tenacity, and daring built in a few years an immense industrial empire. It does not diminish anyone to say that among these two or three generations of men and women – and, in the Schlumberger family, the women were in no way inferior to the men – Henri Doll stood out with his stature as an inventor and scientist. It is impossible of course to ignore the essential contributions of the managers, administrators, and financiers, or those of the thousands of engineers and scientists, without whom such success would not have been achieved. But at a time when innovation comes mostly from teamwork, is it not worthwhile to note the circumstance, very rare today, when invention can be traced to a single person, without whom – and there is no doubt about this – there would not have been any lasting enterprise at all?

This book takes the opportunity to relate again, for a wide audience and in a lively manner, the path taken from the initial inventions of Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger – the Schlumberger adventure – through the life and work of Henri-Georges Doll. One could also say: to relate the life and work of Doll against the background of the development of a new technique, of which he was in practice the chief inventor and which revolutionized the search for petroleum, the black gold that was the motor of the 20th century.

Starting from the initial idea of Conrad Schlumberger to characterize rocks by their electrical resistivity – a method that eventually failed to compete seriously with the seismic method in surface prospecting for oil – Doll succeeded in applying the resistivity method in the borehole, thus inventing well logging and making it indispensable to this day in the search for oil and gas. He also discovered the spontaneous potential (SP) effect in oil wells and provided its correct scientific explanation. He devised a constant stream of new remote-sensing instruments based on these principles and worked ceaselessly at improving their interpretation.

At one time or another, and often simultaneously, Doll was scientist, soldier, and oilfield pioneer – in fields stretching from wild Chechnya, already rebellious against central power, to the vast deserts of the American West. He was also a businessman and chairman of a large multinational corporation. As he approached his fifties, he understandably sought a quiet setting for his remaining work. In creating the Schlumberger research laboratory at Ridgefield, Connecticut, he provided himself a magnificent tool for this work and infused it with grand ambitions. He passionately devoted himself to it for ten years, at severe cost in his personal life. The laboratory, which was rightly renamed in his honor upon his retirement, has continued to this day, under the direction of his successors, to sustain the indisputable technical leadership of Schlumberger in its business.

This book brings out the character of this likeable man of enormous intelligence, who also had his weaknesses. Also vividly present is Annette, his first wife and the oldest daughter of Conrad, who was herself a remarkable person and who, as if freed by their separation in the 1950s, undertook her own exceptional endeavors. Her life deserves its own book.

As in a Greek tragedy, it was Annette who watched over Henri-Georges in his final days and who, by burying him at Val-Richer and joining him there herself two years later, inscribed their names together again forever.

Jean-Pierre Causse

Member, The National Academy of Technologies of France

Paris, November 2006

Henri-Georges Doll in uniform at École Polytechnique in 1923.

Chapter 1

Introduction – An Average polytechnicien

On March 18, 1940, a Monday, French army lieutenant Henri-Georges Doll came to the United States embassy in Paris to give a deposition before American Vice-Consul John R. Wood. Europe was at war. In September 1939, the German army had invaded Poland. England, France, Australia, and New Zealand had declared war on Germany, while the United States, Ireland, Belgium, and Italy remained neutral.

Most of the world expected Hitler to launch his next offensive toward the west, across the German border with France. But for six months, nothing happened. The French were calling this period la drôle de guerre (the phony war); the Germans called it Sitzkrieg (the sitting war).

Lieutenant Doll was an engineer, a graduate of École Polytechnique and École des Mines, two of France’s prestigious grandes écoles (literally, great schools) of science, engineering, and civil service. When the war began, he was a reserve commander in the French artillery, and had been mobilized to the French-German border with a battalion of 150 men. But early in 1940, the French Ministry of Armaments summoned him to Paris to work on a new system for detecting land mines – which, as French intelligence had learned, the Germans were deploying on a vast scale.

Doll’s detector was not like the fragile, handheld devices that soldiers had to wave carefully over the ground while advancing across a mine field one foot at a time. His new device could be mounted in front of a tank or other moving vehicle. To protect its magnetic coils and electronic circuits, and to avoid false alarms, the detector was mounted on thin rubber wheels that absorbed shocks and glided smoothly over the surface when the vehicle bounced and turned on rough terrain. The mounting system had been devised by another French officer, Marcel Lebourg, a mechanical engineer who had worked with Doll before the war in a small private company.

The American vice-consul who took Doll’s deposition most likely knew nothing about the French officer’s secret project at the Ministry of Armaments. In response to the question, What is your current occupation? Doll had given his rank and field command, adding only that he had returned to Paris to work on an electrical apparatus of which I was called upon to submit a prototype last Saturday and on which I shall have to continue working for some weeks.

The deposition had nothing to do with the war. Lieutenant Doll had come to the American embassy that morning to testify in a case pending before the United States District Court in Houston, Texas. The case was a patent lawsuit, Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation v. Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company. It marked one of the first great industrial battles for control of the science and technology of oil and gas exploration.

At the start of the war, Henri-Georges Doll, 37 years old, was the director of research for Société de prospection électrique (Procédés Schlumberger), a French company. Translated literally the name means Company for Electrical Prospecting (Schlumberger Methods). Its employees affectionately called it la Pros (pronounced like the first syllable in prospecting). The headquarters of la Pros was in Paris, at 30 rue Fabert, near the northeast corner of the Esplanade des Invalides, the large open park in central Paris that connects the national military hospital, Les Invalides, to the left bank of the River Seine. Doll was also a director of the company’s American affiliate, Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation, whose offices were in Houston, Texas.

The Schlumberger method used electrical current to explore beneath the earth’s surface. In its earliest form, the method involved creating an electrical circuit in the ground by passing current through two metal stakes, which functioned as electrodes, and measuring the differences in electrical potential (the voltage) between two other electrodes placed in the ground at different distances from the first two (see figure on this page). The technique eventually became known as the resistivity method, because the relationship between the electrical current injected into the ground and voltage measured on the surface could be used to determine the resistance that different types of rock or soil presented to the passage of an electrical current.

Since the early 19th century, geologists and physicists had experimented with electricity as a way of seeing into the earth. The reasoning was simple: because many different features of rocks and soils – such as mineral composition, degree of compaction, and moisture content – determine their electrical resistivities, it should be possible to characterize and identify various terrains by electrical measurements.

This reasoning, however, was deceptive. Precisely because many different features of rocks and soils determine their electrical resistivities, it is possible that very different combinations of features – corresponding to distinct terrains – can give rise to exactly the same resistivity. Plato’s ancient allegory of the cave comes to mind: If one is confined to a cave and can see only the shadows cast on its walls by objects passing near the entrance, it is not easy to discover the true nature of the three-dimensional world outside. Nor is it easy to discover the nature of the earth using measurements made only on its surface.

Doll took up this field of research at the age of 24, after finishing his graduate studies at École des Mines, France’s top school of geology and mining engineering. Pursuing its many paths led him to the discovery of new methods of prospecting for oil, of locating buried land mines, of measuring blood flow, and even of helping astronauts navigate in space.

Doll worked for la Pros and its successor, Schlumberger, for 42 years; in 1987, he was appointed an officer of the Legion d’Honneur, one of France’s highest decorations. To all who knew him, in his public and private life, he was unmistakably French. Yet by the time of his death, on July 25, 1991, in Montfort-l’Amaury, a small town outside Paris, he had been an American citizen for nearly 30 years and had become one of the great, but little known, American inventors of the 20th century.

More than a century after his birth, whenever instruments are lowered into a well to send back measurements of the location and quantity of water, oil, gas, or mineral deposits deep underground, one can be certain that the technology bears the mark of Doll’s inventive genius.

Man has a dual interest in the study of the interior of the earth on which he lives, Doll wrote in 1960 in a special issue of the trade journal Electronics. He naturally has the desire to unearth the buried resources – petroleum, minerals, water – which he can use to improve his living conditions. And being a creature of curiosity, he has the urge to inquire, speculate, and increase his knowledge of the planet on which he will spend most, if not all, of his life. (Electronics, 19 July 1960)

Doll’s life (1902-1991) paralleled – and his work enabled – one of the most dramatic and sweeping eras of technological innovation and material advancement. The changes were fueled to a large extent by exploitation of a new portable source of energy. In 1900, just prior to his birth, worldwide oil production was 400,000 barrels a day; by 2000, it had reached 75 million barrels a day, an increase by nearly a factor of two hundred. The demographic explosion during this same time only quadrupled the world’s population, from about one-and-a-half billion in 1900 to about six billion in 2000. The average per capita consumption of oil thus grew during the 20th century by a factor of fifty. It is still growing.

A barrel of oil is equivalent to about 160 liters in the metric system or about 42 U.S. gallons. Most statistics on oil production and consumption still use this traditional measure, although the standard of the International System of units (SI units) is now the metric ton. The density of different grades of oil varies, but on average is about 80% that of water. A liter of oil therefore weighs about 0.8 kilograms; a barrel weighs about 0.13 metric tons.

Henri-Georges Doll was born on August 13, 1902, at the home of his parents, Henri Doll and Thérèse (née Braun), on boulevard Saint-Germain, a fashionable street that begins and ends on the left bank of the River Seine, near the heart of Paris. The oldest of four brothers, Henri-Georges attended primary school in the capital before the family moved to Caluire, a suburb of Lyon, where his father managed a multinational textile conglomerate. Lyon was, and still is, the second largest city of France and one of the country’s major industrial centers. At the start of the 20th century, it was the European hub of the textile industry.

Family life was comfortable for the Dolls. Their home in Caluire included a park and tennis courts. Henri-Georges continued his studies at the public school (lycée) in Lyon, which he remembered as being strict. In July 1918, he was admitted to the first stage of the French baccalauréat in Latin and the sciences (the French bac is roughly equivalent to an American high school diploma). A year later, on July 4, 1919, he was judged by the faculty of sciences at the University of Lyon to be worthy of the bachelor’s degree of secondary education in Latin, science and mathematics, with a passing grade.

Henri and Thérèse (née Braun) Doll.

Like the rest of France, Lyon was predominantly Catholic. The Dolls were Protestant, but the family was welcomed socially in the city. Henri-Georges recalled a certain resistance in some matters – for example, when he wanted to attend dance classes with the Catholic children – but things were usually worked out.

The Doll family was part of what has been called France’s Protestant high society (in French, haute société protestante, often abbreviated HSP). The group traces its origins to the Huguenots in the 16th century, and includes such prominent names as the Havilland family in the porcelain business of Limoges, the Hine family in the wine business of Cognac, and François Guizot in national politics and literature. This influential minority thrived to the point of imposing what Clarisse Schlumberger, author of a long history of her family, called a kind of Protestant Imperialism throughout the country.

Clarisse Schlumberger, Schlumberger, racines et paysages (Éditions Oberlin, 1997).

The Dolls were close to the Schlumberger family, whose pre-eminence in the textile, finance, and wine industries, as well as in arts and letters, dates to the 17th century. Henri Doll’s brother, Albert Doll, had married Pauline Schlumberger, the only daughter of Paul Schlumberger and Marguerite de Witt. Marguerite was the granddaughter of François Guizot, the son of a Protestant family of Nîmes and one of the leading public figures in France during a career that spanned most of the 19th century. Guizot began as a lawyer in Paris in 1805, became a professor of history at the Sorbonne, and then entered politics as a deputy from the city of Lisieux in Normandy, eventually becoming minister of public education (1832–1837), and finally premier (1847) during the restoration monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Guizot’s two major historical treatises, History of the English Revolution and General History of Civilization in Europe, are considered seminal works of modern European history.

The young Henri-Georges attended surprise parties and receptions with the Catholic children of Lyonnais society, and participated in activities like tennis, golf, and bridge, normally reserved for the elite. He was an excellent tennis player and often played with another young student from Lyon, Jean Borotra – the Bounding Basque who would win five Grand Slam singles titles, including two Wimbledon championships, and who with the other Four Musketeers would help France win five consecutive Davis Cups starting in 1927.

As a student, Henri-Georges was also attracted to music and dance, a fascination that stayed with him for life. During the intense period of study for the entrance examination of École Polytechnique, he slipped away on two separate evenings to see Diaghilev’s Russian Ballet, featuring Léonide Massine, on tour in Lyon.

He passed the examination for École Polytechnique near the top of the entrance class of 1921, ranking 27th out of 250 candidates accepted (there is no record of the number who took the examination, which is open to all students in France). His admission is recorded in the registration book on September 14, 1921, in the sweeping stokes of the steel-nibbed Sergent major pen favored by French bureaucrats:

Hair: Black

Eyes: Brown

Forehead: Normal Slope

Nose: Average [There was no further comment on the size and shape of this rather imposing feature of the young student.]

Face: Oval

Height: 1.76 meters [5 feet 9 inches]

École Polytechnique was the first of France’s grandes écoles of science, engineering, and civil service. The school was created in 1794 by the National Convention that ruled France from 1792 to 1795, the middle years of the long French Revolution (1789-1799). Its purpose was to help the country stem a crisis of technical competence caused by the loss of a generation of scientists and engineers in the chaos of the early Revolution. Gaspard Monge, creator of the field of descriptive geometry and an early promoter of the metric system, was one of its founders. In 1804, Napoléon gave École Polytechnique a new role as a national military academy, along with its motto: Pour la patrie, les sciences et la gloire (For the fatherland, the sciences, and glory). He also moved the campus to a site on the ancient College of Navarre along rue de la Montagne Sainte-Geneviève in Paris (in 1976, the campus moved again to its current location in the city of Palaiseau, about six kilometers, or nearly four miles, southwest of Paris).

Henri Doll with his four sons – Henri-Georges, Pierre, Charles Albert and Édouard – in front of the family home at Caluire, around 1922.

École Polytechnique’s military character grew during the Third Republic (1870-1940), when it became the main source of the army’s artillery officers and engineers. But it never lost its standing as France’s leading institute of technology and science; many of the country’s most famous scientists and mathematicians, including Poisson, Cauchy, and Fresnel, were trained as polytechniciens. The school’s insignia symbolizes its dual mission with two cannon crossed in the shape of an X – the symbol traditionally used to represent the unknown quantity in a mathematical equation.

One of the pieces by John Lienhard for the series The Engines of Our Ingenuity, produced by KUHF-FM Houston for National Pubic Radio (NPR), is about The Polytechnic Legacy and its influence on the history of engineering. See www.uh.edu/engines/asmedall.htm.

Henri-Georges matriculated at École Polytechnique on October 7, 1921, and received a placement in artillery training, his first choice. He did not shine academically and admitted later that he devoted little time to his studies. In the first semester, he was elected class treasurer (caissier), a position whose long list of responsibilities included representing the class before the school administration, arranging aid for less fortunate students, overseeing the hazing of new students, and organizing class events such as parades, balls, banquets, comedy shows, practical jokes, and most important, the thunderous entertainment for the feast of Saint Barbara, the patron saint of gunners and artillerymen. All that took a lot of time, he wrote later, too much time to allow anyone to be at the head of his class.

He was far from the head, ranking 138 in a class of 251 at the end of his first year, and 142 at the end of 1923. His best subjects were mathematics and chemistry. Along with the rest of his classmates, Henri-Georges also received the traditional military training of the school. In June 1922, he trained at Camp Mailly in the Aube region, southeast of Paris; the next June he was at Camp Coëtquidan, in Morbihan, Brittany, near the northwest coast of France. (Camp Coëtquidan is France’s most famous military training facility and has also served as a training ground for American troops. Harry Truman was stationed there in 1918 during his service with 129th Artillery Regiment in World War I.)

On October 1, 1923, Henri-Georges was promoted to second lieutenant in the artillery reserve, attached to the 32nd Artillery Regiment, and was assigned to the artillery training school at Fontainebleau, south of Paris. In 1924, after a second artillery training school, an evaluation by the training officer read simply:

Judgment: Unsure

Character: A little soft

Conduct and character: Very good Demeanor: Very good

The overall assessment was mixed: Needs practice. Lacks precision and is not well grounded in artillery techniques. Has self-confidence and can do better. Probably best adapted to the role of deputy officer for his good demeanor and education. He ranked 24th out of the 68 cadets at Fontainebleau, with a grade of 13.5 out of 20 in general aptitude.

The evaluation was much better a few months later, in October 1924, after a training course with the 54th Artillery Regiment of the 14th Army Corps: …excellent second officer, very intelligent, energetic and a hard worker. Did first-class work on the firing range.

In the traditional graduation photo, a formal military portrait, Henri-Georges looks handsome in a black-caped uniform with red striped pants; the bicorn hat of the French army rests on his left arm, folded across a belted waist; white gloves are held tightly in his right hand, pressed against the hip. His hair, mustache, and eyebrows are jet black, and a large, but well-proportioned nose dominates a long oval face, marked by a light dimple at the exact center of his chin.

Henri-Georges liked practical jokes and probably enjoyed the playful words others used to describe him during his time at École Polytechique: lambda, coëtard, pantou er. It meant: an average student (lambda), who had trained at Camp Coëtquidan (coëtard) and was destined for the private sector (the pantou e, or slipper, being the opposite of the botte, or military boot).

After graduation, the life of the new second-lieutenant took a decisive turn. Conrad Schlumberger, also a polytechnicien and a professor of physics at École des Mines, had taken notice of the young man. At École Polytechnique, Henri-Georges had been attracted mainly to chemistry, but Conrad Schlumberger encouraged him to continue his studies at École des Mines and specialize in geology, because, he said, …if there is a place for you in my company, you will be better prepared after studying geology.

Conrad also encouraged a courtship with his oldest daughter, Anne Marguerite Louis Marie, called Annette. Annette danced with Henri-Georges at the traditional graduation ball of École Polytechnique, held at the Hotel Continental in Paris. A year later they were married at the city hall of Saint-Ouen-le-Pin, a small town near Pont-l’Evêque in the Calvados region of France.

Henri-Georges Doll and Annette Schlumberger, 1924.

The reception was held at Val-Richer, the magnificent Schlumberger family estate on the site of an ancient Cistercian abbey. Val-Richer had belonged to François Guizot and been purchased by Conrad’s father, Paul Schlumberger (today it is shared among the 350 descendants of Paul and Marguerite Schlumberger). Pierre Schlumberger, the son of Conrad’s younger brother Marcel, was the young groomsman, holding his cousin’s bridal train in the photograph of the bridal party taken on the front porch of the large manor house. The paths of Henri-Georges Doll and Pierre Schlumberger would cross again twenty years later, in Texas, under less happy circumstances.

An arranged marriage? Perhaps. It was common at the time, and not just among the Protestant high society of France. Conrad had three daughters, no sons, and he was heir to an industrial fortune. In her memoir published in 1977, La boite magique, ou les sources du pétrole (Éditions Fayard), Annette wrote, In the person of my husband, Henri Doll, I had given my father the son he had always hoped for: brilliant and gifted with a imagination so practical that ideas and problems seemed to clarify and lose their rough edges whenever he touched them. Did he know that the pursuit of research, where his life would find its meaning, held little for the young girl he was marrying?

Marriage of Henri-Georges Doll and Annette Schlumberger, September 24, 1924, at Val-Richer, the Schlumberger family estate in Normandy.

Izaline, the oldest daughter of Henri-Georges and Annette, said of her mother’s marriage, She didn’t have a choice.

Even more surely than a son, Doll became the intellectual successor of his father-in-law. With his ingenuity, his relentless work ethic, and his knack for picking the right collaborators at the right time, he would help transform a small family enterprise – a start-up in today’s terms – into the world’s largest and most successful oilfield services company.

The literal translation of the title of Annette’s memoir is The magic box, or the sources of oil. It was published in English as The Schlumberger Adventure (Arco Publishing, New York, 1982).

Map of equipotentials produced by Conrad Schlumberger in Calvados, France, around 1912.

Chapter 2

Why Measure the Earth’s Resistivity?

Conrad Schlumberger, born in 1878, was the descendant of a long line of Alsatian industrialists who first made their fortune