The Engineer's Sketch-Book

Thomas Walter Barber

The Engineer's Sketch-Book

EAN 8596547170426

DigiCat, 2022

Contact: [email protected]

Table of Contents

PREFACE.

PART I. SECTIONS 1-106.

Section 1.—ANCHORING.

Section 2.—ADJUSTING DEVICES.

Section 3.—BELT GEARING.

Section 4.—BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS.

Section 5.—BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES.

Section 6.—TYPES OF BOILERS.

Section 7.—BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING.

Section 8.—BEDPLATES, FOUNDATIONS, AND FRAMING OF MACHINES.

Section 9.—CAM, TAPPET, AND WIPER GEAR.

Section 10.—CRANK AND ECCENTRIC GEAR.

Section 11.—CHAINS AND LINKS.

Section 12.—CARRIAGES AND CARS.

Section 13.—CRUSHING, GRINDING, AND DISINTEGRATING.

Section 14.—CENTRIFUGAL FORCE, APPLICATIONS OF.

Section 15.—CLUTCHES.

Section 16.—COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTING.

Section 17.—CONNECTING RODS AND LINKS.

Section 18.—CRANES, TYPES OF.

Section 19.—CONVEYING MESSAGES.

Section 20.—COMPENSATING AND BALANCE WEIGHTS.

Section 21.—CIRCULAR AND RECIPROCATING MOTION.

Section 22.—CONCENTRATED POWER.

Section 23.—CONVEYING MOTION TO MOVABLE PARTS OF MACHINERY.

Section 24.—CUTTING TOOLS.

Section 25.—CONDENSING AND COOLING APPLIANCES.

Section 26.—CONCENTRATING AND SEPARATING.

Section 27.—CHOPPING, SLICING, AND MINCING.

Section 28.—CHUCKS, GRIPS, AND HOLDERS.

Section 29.—CUSHIONING.

Section 30.—DRILLING, BORING, &c.

Section 31.—DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.

Section 32.—ENGINES (TYPES OF) .

Section 33.—ENGINES AND BOILERS COMBINED (see also Boilers,) .

Section 34.—ELLIPTICAL MOTION.

Section 35.—ELASTIC WHEELS.

Section 36.—EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING DEVICES.

Section 37.—FASTENING WHEELS TO SHAFTS.

Section 38.—FRICTION GEAR.

Section 39.—GUIDES, SLIDES, &c.

Section 40.—GEARING, VARIOUS DEVICES IN (not otherwise classed) .

Section 41.—GOVERNING AND REGULATING SPEED, POWER, &c.

Section 42.—HYDRAULIC MULTIPLYING GEAR.

Section 43.—HOOKS, SWIVELS, &c.

Section 44.—INDICATING SPEEDS, &c.

Section 45.—JETS, NOZZLES, AND INJECTORS.

Section 46.—JOURNALS, BEARINGS, PIVOTS, &c.

Section 47.—PLATE WORK.

Section 48.—LEVERS.

Section 49.—LOCKING DEVICES.

Section 50.—HINGES AND JOINTS.

Section 51.—LUBRICATORS.

Section 52.—LEVELLING AND PLUMBING.

Section 53.—MECHANICAL POWERS. APPLIANCES TO VARY POWER AND SPEED.

Section 54.—MIXING AND INCORPORATING.

Section 55.—PARALLEL MOTIONS.

Section 56.—PUMPING AND RAISING WATER.

Section 57.—PIPES AND CONVEYORS.

Section 58.—PACKINGS, JOINTS, STUFFING BOXES, &c.

Section 59.—PROPULSION.

Section 60.—MOTIVE POWER.

Section 61.—PUMPING ENGINES, TYPES OF.

Section 62.—PAWL AND RATCHET MOTIONS.

Section 63.—PRESSING.

Section 64.—POWER AND SPEED, CONTRIVANCES TO VARY.

Section 65.—QUICK RETURN MOTIONS.

Section 66.—ROPE GEARING.

Section 67.—RESERVOIRS OF POWER. ACCUMULATORS.

Section 68.—RECIPROCATING AND CIRCULAR MOTION, CONVERTING ONE INTO THE OTHER.

Section 69.—RAISING AND LOWERING.

(3.) HYDRAULIC GEAR. See .

Section 70.—RELIEVING PRESSURE ON BEARINGS. ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS.

Section 71.—ROPE, BELT, AND CHAIN PULLEYS.

Section 72.—RIDDLING AND SCREENING.

Section 73.—RAIL AND TRAM ROADS.

Section 74.—REVERSING GEAR.

Section 75.—ROTARY ENGINES, PUMPS, &c.

Section 76.—SHAFTING.

Section 77.—SPINDLES AND CENTRES.

Section 78.—SCREW GEAR, BOLTS, &c.

Section 79.—SLIDE AND OTHER VALVE GEAR.

Section 80.—SPRINGS.

Section 81.—SAFETY APPLIANCES FOR VARIOUS USES.

Section 82.—STEAM TRAPS.

Section 83.—STARTING VALVES.

Section 84.—TOOTHED GEARING.

Section 85.—TRANSMISSION OF POWER.

Section 86.—TANKS AND CISTERNS.

Section 87.—THROWING IN AND OUT OF GEAR.

Section 88.—VARIABLE MOTION AND VARIABLE POWER.

Section 89.—VALVES AND COCKS.

Section 90.—WATER WHEELS AND TURBINES.

Section 91.—WHEELS IN SEGMENTS.

Section 92.—WEIGHING, MEASURING, INDICATING PRESSURES, etc.

Section 93.—WATER-PRESSURE ENGINES.

Section 94.—WASHING.

Section 95.—WINDMILLS AND FEATHERING WHEELS.

Section 96.—WINDING APPARATUS.

Section 97.—HANDLES, &c., FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES.

Section 98.—APPARATUS FOR DRAWING CURVES.

Section 99.—MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION

Section 100.—HEATING APPARATUS.

Section 101.—DRAWING AND ROLLING METALS, &c.

Section 102.—STRUTS AND TIES.

Section 103.—MARINE ENGINES (TYPES OF) .

Section 104.—STRIKING AND HAMMERING: IMPACT.

Section 105.—SOUND.

Section 106.—DOORS, MANHOLES AND COVERS.

PART II. ADDITIONS TO SECTIONS 1-106.

Section 1.—ANCHORING.

Section 2.—ADJUSTING DEVICES.

Section 3.—BELT GEARING.

Section 4.—BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS.

Section 5.—BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES.

Section 6.—BOILERS, TYPES OF.

Section 7.—BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING.

Section 8.—BED-PLATES, FOUNDATIONS AND FRAMING OF MACHINES.

Section 9.—CAM, TAPPET AND WIPER GEAR.

Section 10.—CRANK AND ECCENTRIC GEAR.

Section 11.—CHAIN GEAR.

Section 12.—CARRIAGES AND CARS.

Section 13.—CRUSHING, GRINDING & DISINTEGRATING.

Section 15.—CLUTCHES.

Section 16.—COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTING.

Section 17.—CONNECTING RODS AND LINKS.

Section 18.—CRANES, TYPES OF.

Section 20.—COMPENSATING AND BALANCE WEIGHTS.

Section 21.—CIRCULAR AND RECIPROCATING MOTION.

Section 22.—CONCENTRATED POWER.

Section 23.—CONVEYING MOTION TO MOVABLE PARTS OF MACHINERY.

Section 24.—CUTTING TOOLS.

Section 25.—CONDENSING AND COOLING.

Section 26.—CONCENTRATING AND SEPARATING.

Section 27.—CHOPPING, SLICING AND MINCING.

Section 28.—CHUCKS, GRIPS AND HOLDERS.

Section 29.—CUSHIONING.

Section 30.—DRILLING, BORING, &c.

Section 31.—DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.

Section 32.—ENGINES, TYPES OF.

Section 34.—ELLIPTICAL MOTION.

Section 36.—EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING DEVICES.

Section 37.—FASTENING WHEELS, &c., TO SHAFTS.

Section 38.—FRICTION GEAR.

Section 39.—GUIDES, SLIDES, &c.

Section 40.—GEARING, VARIOUS DEVICES IN.

Section 41.—GOVERNING AND REGULATING SPEED, &c.

Section 43.—HOOKS, SWIVELS, &c.

Section 44.—INDICATING SPEEDS, &c.

Section 45.—JETS, NOZZLES AND INJECTORS.

Section 46.—JOURNALS, BEARINGS, PIVOTS, &c.

Section 47.—PLATE WORK.

Section 48.—LEVERS.

Section 49.—LOCKING DEVICES.

Section 50.—HINGES AND JOINTS.

Section 51.—LUBRICATORS.

Section 54.—MIXING AND INCORPORATING.

Section 55.—PARALLEL MOTIONS.

Section 56.—PUMPING AND RAISING WATER.

Section 57.—PIPES AND CONVEYORS.

Section 58.—PACKINGS, JOINTS, STUFFING-BOXES AND PISTONS.

Section 59.—PROPULSION.

Section 60.—MOTIVE POWER. MOTORS.

Section 62.—PAWL AND RATCHET MOTIONS.

Section 63.—PRESSING.

Section 66.—ROPE GEAR.

Section 69.—RAISING AND LOWERING.

Section 70.—ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS.

Section 71.—ROPE, BELT AND CHAIN PULLEYS.

Section 73.—RAIL AND TRAM ROADS.

Section 74.—REVERSING GEAR.

Section 75.—ROTARY MOTORS.

Section 76.—SHAFTING.

Section 77.—SPINDLES AND CENTRES.

Section 78.—SCREW GEAR, BOLTS, &c.

Section 79.—SLIDE AND OTHER VALVE GEAR.

Section 80.—SPRINGS.

Section 81.—SAFETY APPLIANCES.

Section 82.—STEAM TRAPS.

Section 84.—TOOTHED GEARING.

Section 85.—TRANSMISSION OF POWER.

Section 86.—TANKS, CISTERNS AND RESERVOIRS.

Section 87.—THROWING IN AND OUT OF GEAR.

Section 88.—VARIABLE MOTION AND POWER.

Section 89.—VALVES AND COCKS.

Section 90.—WATER WHEELS AND TURBINES.

Section 91.—WHEELS IN SEGMENTS.

Section 92.—WEIGHING AND MEASURING.

Section 94.—WASHING.

Section 95.—WINDMILLS AND FEATHERING WHEELS.

Section 96.—WINDING APPARATUS.

Section 97.—HANDLES, HANDWHEELS, KEYS AND SPANNERS.

Section 98.—APPARATUS FOR DRAWING CURVES.

Section 99.—MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION.

Section 101.—DRAWING AND ROLLING METALS, &c.

Section 106.—DOORS, MANHOLES AND COVERS.

Section 107.—FEED GEAR.

Section 108.—FILTERING.

PREFACE.

Table of Contents

Every successful engineer is a born inventor; indeed the daily work of an engineer in practice largely consists in scheming and devising from previous experience new and improved processes, methods, and details for accomplishing them, and for simplifying or cheapening old forms of machinery and the work they produce, to enable him to successfully compete with others, who are perhaps as ingenious and enterprising as himself.

In the work of designing machinery the draughtsman has to rely mainly on his memory for inspiration; and, for lack of an idea, has frequently to wade through numerous volumes to find a detail or movement to effect a particular purpose. Hence, as a rule, every man’s work runs in a groove, his productions generally having the stamp of his particular experience and training clearly marked upon them.

In the course of twenty-five years of such experience, I have found the want of such a volume as the present, and endeavoured to supply the deficiency in my own practice by private notes and sketches, gathered promiscuously, until the difficulty of selection and arrangement became so apparent that I began to classify them, as they exist in the following pages. A few weeks of unusual leisure have enabled me to complete this work and amplify it by numerous additions, and it is now presented in the hope that it will be found of equal service to others engaged in the head-splitting, exhausting work of scheming and devising machinery, than which I can conceive of no head-work more wearing and anxious, Several valuable works have already found numerous users, and there is no lack of admirable collections of memoranda, rules, and data for designing and proportioning the various constructive details of machinery; but, as far as I am aware, there is no work in existence which aims at the same purpose as is attempted in the following pages, viz. to provide side by side suggestive sketches of the various methods in use for accomplishing any particular mechanical movement or work, in a form easily referred to, and devoid of needless detail and elaboration. A sketch, properly executed, is—to a practical man—worth a folio of description; and it is to such that these pages are addressed. For the same reason it has been deemed undesirable to add to the various sketches any rules or tables relating to strengths or dimensions, which may be found in numerous well-known volumes.

Any suggestions or additions will be entertained and gratefully acknowledged.

THOMAS WALTER BARBER.

PART I.

SECTIONS 1-106.

Table of Contents

(For

Additions

see pages 245-335.)

Section 1.—ANCHORING.

Table of Contents

1. Rope pulley anchor—a car which grips by sinking its wheels in the soil; employed for ploughing tackle.

2. Anchor plate—buried in the ground below a mass of masonry—for attaching guys, tie rods, &c. Sometimes a frame, or plate, laid on the ground and ballasted, is the method used.

3. Screw mooring, screwed into the ground.

4. Heavy stone sunk in the ground and having a ring attached; or a mass of concrete, similarly placed, used for guy ropes, tie rods, and foundation bolt attachments.

5. Grapnel.

6. Mushroom anchor.

7. Double fluke anchor.

8. Martin’s patent anchor, with swivelling flukes. Several other patent anchors are modifications of this.

Stakes, with or without flanges, vertical or horizontal, are sometimes employed, the flanges taking the cross strain of the ties, &c. Fencing posts, gate posts, tree stakes, and tennis poles are of this class.

Section 2.—ADJUSTING DEVICES.

Table of Contents

For adjustment by Screws, see Section 78, and by Wedges, see Section 36, These are the commonest appliances employed. For Cams also, see Section 9. For adjusting Pedestal Brasses, see Section 46.

For adjustments by keys, cotters, &c., see Section 37. See also Nos. 251, 269, and 297.

9. Split cone sleeves and set screw adjustment for a revolving standard, or similar detail, where there is much wear or great accuracy is required in the revolving bearing.

10. Centre-line adjustment for lathe headstocks, &c.

11. Variable curve adjustment; used in compass planes, instruments for drawing arcs of circles, &c.

12. Vertical shaft footstep adjustment; employed on millstones, horizontal grinding mills, &c., to regulate the space between the grinding surfaces. See No. 261.

Larger plate.

13. Side screw adjustment for injectors, jet pumps, &c.

14. Levelling adjustment; can be used with either 3 or 4 screws: for telescope and level stands, theodolites, &c.

15. Horizontal central adjustment for footsteps, &c.

16. Slotted link and lock nut for adjusting angle of a lever.

17. Disc and ring with partial angular adjustment by a screw and nut; used for screwing dies, self-centering chucks, &c. The nut and bearing of the screw have allowance for swivelling.

18. Pin and hole adjustment for a lever or similar detail.

19. Wedge bearing for locomotive horn plate guides, slide bars, and similar parts subject to wear.

20. Right and left-hand screw and wedge adjustment for roller bearings, &c.

21. Adjustment for wear used