Disruptive Literacy: A Roadmap for Urgent Global Action

DISRUPTIVE LITERACY

DISRUPTIVE LITERACY

A ROADMAP FOR URGENT GLOBAL ACTION

Dr Sunita Gandhi

Tom Delaney

Jonathan Hakim

Mashhood Alam Bhat

BLOOMSBURY INDIA

Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd

Second Floor, LSC Building No. 4, DDA Complex,

Pocket C – 6 & 7, Vasant Kunj,

New Delhi 110070

BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY INDIA and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in India 2022

This edition published 2022

Copyright © The Authors, 2022

Dr Sunita Gandhi has asserted her right under the Indian Copyright Act to be identified as the lead Author of this work

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the publishers

The book is solely the responsibility of the author and the publisher has had no role in creation of the content and does not have responsibility for anything defamatory or libellous or objectionable.

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internets addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes

ISBN: PB: 978-93-90513-51-2; eBook: 978-93-90513-65-9

Created By Manipal Technologies Limited

To find out more about our authors and books, visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters

This book is dedicated to everyone who has taught using the Global Dream Literacy Program.

Your service and dedication are incredible!

We also dedicate this to all of the learners who have walked with us on the path of literacy.

It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.

Praise for Disruptive Literacy

‘It is a matter of great satisfaction that an initiative has been taken for the literacy and enrichment of education of children and adults in India. Disruptive Literacy is not only a collection of ideas, but presents research-based practical solutions. I hope that the book will be a reminder to put literacy on the top agenda. I extend my best wishes for expanding literacy and numeracy of children and adults here in Uttar Pradesh, and across India.’

– Anandiben Patel

Honourable Governor, Uttar Pradesh, India

‘I am delighted that DEVI Sansthan is publishing a new book on the goal of increasing literacy in India. Literacy is a key that opens the gate to prosperity and progress. That’s why universal literacy is so crucial throughout the nation. I hope that this book will be a great aid in the efforts to build literacy.’ (Translated from Hindi original)

– Yogi Adityanath

Honourable Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh, India

‘Conventional school education and adult literacy programs in many Low and Middle Income Countries are quite ineffective in teaching literacy, and the literacy crisis has been exacerbated by COVID, causing millions to drop out of education. Drawing on examples of the literacy movements from around the world, Dr Sunita Gandhi outlines a broad roadmap for a literacy movement that combines mission mindedness (government leadership), mobilization (of all sectors of society) and methods (better pedagogy). I firmly believe that Disruptive Literacy is a must read for all who desire a world in which everyone is empowered with the key skills of literacy.’

– Vicky Colbert

Former Vice-Minister of Education, Colombia Executive Director of Escuela Nueva (The New School)

Awardee Yidan Prize and others

‘Sustainable Development Goal 4 is to Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. For this goal to be reached, literacy should be at the centre, starting at an early age. Literacy promotes the foundation of lifelong learning, equipping children and young people with fundamental skills for the future such as reading, writing, counting, the knowledge of their rights… That’s why I have decided to join the movement for universal literacy and numeracy founded by Dr Sunita Gandhi: Global Dream.’

– Aïcha Bah Diallo

Former Minister of Education, Guinea

Founding Member, Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE)

‘Sunita Gandhi has been incubating an approach to learning that can revolutionize education for everyone and become the new modus operandi. Her methods for literacy and education are truly pathbreaking.’

– Alok Ranjan

Ex-Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh

‘The very name of the book provokes us to rethink the role of literacy in our contemporary world. It helps us understand the challenges we are encountering worldwide, and describes concrete steps forward. I’m especially fascinated with the systemic approach of the book. It reminds me of my own experience as the Head of National Curriculum Development in Finland and the lessons we learned during our extensive curriculum reform, e.g. in involving the entire population in coming up with their inputs for change. This book examines the creation of a new educational ecosystem and covers all facets of education, starting from student agency and the work of every teacher up to assessment and governance systems as well as global literacy movement. Disruptive Literacy equips us with determination and hope.’

– Irmeli Halinen

Pedagogy and Curriculum Design Expert, Finland

‘The most remarkable feature of this book is that it provides a clear roadmap for policymakers on how to tackle the scourge of illiteracy that still besets a large segment of population all around the world. It is a must read for policymakers and all those associated with the campaign against illiteracy.’

– Anil Swarup

Former Secretary of Education, India

‘The ability to read is a fundamental right. Literacy is the rock upon which all of democratic society rests—and yet it is a freedom denied to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The tragedy starts with the individual then ripples out to their family, their community and their country—but it does not stop there. It is a global crisis requiring a global response. This book presents a powerful call to action worldwide.’

– Kyle Zimmer

Founder and CEO, FirstBook

‘Anyone interested in scalable, sustainable change in education and development must take this book seriously. Policymakers, government leaders and corporations can see strategic designs for maximum impact. School directors can benefit from systematic planning grounded in thorough research. Teachers in the formal and non-formal sectors can be assured of what works. Disruptive Literacy is provocative, inclusive, compelling, and accessible reading. I am filled with hope. Let’s get started!’

– Fred Mednick

Founder, Teachers Without Borders,

Professor of Education Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel

‘The book outlines in great simplicity and yet with great sophistication, the basic fundamental issues we need to solve. Policymakers would be highly negligent not to strongly consider putting this proposal into action as soon as possible. Not only would they do the community, their nation and humanity a service, but their actions would also surely be vote-winners!’

– Robert Thorn

Founder, Developing Real Learners NPO,

Director of Academy of Learner Development

‘Disruptive Literacy is a crucial piece… I truly believe this text offers guidance to student unions to serve as rallying points to bring about educational justice. I deeply appreciate the personalization of the statistics… putting a human face to numbers is a truly compassionate paradigm shift. Throughout history, students have always been the epicentre of social change—the COVID era has once again proven this to be true… Dr Sunita Gandhi reinforces the crucial roles students can play to support literacy programs to save us from losing a generation to COVID. It’s urgent! It’s a call to action!’

– Peter Kwasi Kodjie

Secretary-General, All-Africa Students Union

‘Enabling children and adults to read is the first essential step in the journey of education. Underlining the urgency of the problem around the world, this new book makes the case that this challenge must be tackled in a mission and movement mode. It is a forceful call to action for all.’

– Rukmini Banerji

CEO, Pratham Education Foundation Awardee, Yidan Prize and others

‘This book is an important voice in the education ecosystem to provide a roadmap to help reduce illiteracy globally. The concept of engaging all members of the community to promote literacy is novel and ancient at the same time.’

– Rana Dajani

Founder, We Love Reading, Jordan

Winner of 2017 UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize

‘Our goal is that every child should get an education. The Global Dream toolkit is a novel method for learning and teaching, which is highly commendable. I congratulate Dr Sunita Gandhi and the team at DEVI Sansthan for their work.’ (Translated from Hindi original)

– G.B. Pattanaik

Former Chair, India Literacy Board

‘The ability to read is not just the foundational skill for all future learning, but a critical life skill. Empirical and anecdotal narrative, including perspective on timeline of education reform in India, and across all stakeholders, makes this book a very engaging read. At a time when we are reeling under the COVID learning loss, this book is most timely & compelling read!’

– Ashish Dhawan & Shaveta Sharma-Kukreja

Founder & Managing Director, Central Square Foundation

‘Disruptive Literacy provides a thoughtful exposition on the global literacy crisis. Dr Sunita Gandhi and her co-authors outline a straightforward yet compelling roadmap for the world to achieve universal literacy, underscoring many of the common issues which require our immediate attention. Consideration of the ideas and proposals put forward in this book by policymakers at any level would greatly benefit our communities.

– Dame Janice M. Pereira

Chief Justice, Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

‘I’m delighted to see Disruptive Literacy disclosing a roadmap for global action. Dr. Sunita Gandhi is always contributing to achieving Global Literacy. I have seen her hard work and dedication from the initial days of Global Dream Project for Adult Literacy. I place my heartfelt appreciation for her zeal and extraordinary efforts.’

– Lalita Pradeep

Director, Literacy and Alternative Education,

Government of Uttar Pradesh

‘Foundational literacy and numeracy matters as it is the first essential step for children to explore their full potential. Yet, we are facing a huge learning crisis, aggravated by the pandemic. Business as usual will not deliver the outcomes. This book is therefore an essential read for policy makers and practitioners alike seeking disruptive solutions involving all stakeholders within the education ecosystem that can be scaled up, replicated and sustained. Drawing from national and international experiences and juxtaposing these with individual testimonies makes this a compelling read!’

– Girish Menon

CEO, STiR Education

‘Disruptive Literacy is action-provoking in its clarion call against literacy poverty. In simple language and drawing on landmark campaigns, it provides a 10-step roadmap for a mass people’s movement underpinned by government mission, societal mobilisation and disruptive teaching methods. Whether policymaker, school leader, corporation, community organisation or individual—there’s something in it for everyone!’

– Shankar Maruwada

CEO and Co-founder of Ek Step Foundation

Member, National Curriculum Framework Committee, India

Contents

Praise for Disruptive Literacy

Index of Boxes, Figures, and Tables

Foreword

Introduction: Fighting the Illiteracy Pandemic

PART A – A NEW MANDATE: LITERACY IS THE NEED OF THE AGE

1. The Literacy Octopus: One Measure, Multiple Benefits

2. The Illiteracy Time Bomb: Why can’t the Children Read?

3. The Forgotten Millions: Why can’t the Adults Read?

4. The Paradigm Shift: A Mass Movement for Literacy

PART B – A NEW MISSION: TRANSFORMING EDUCATION POLICY

5. Literacy as Top Priority: Creating a New Educational Ecosystem

6. Re-examining Exams: Structural Changes to the Assessment System

7. The Foundation of Good Governance: Holistic Accountability

8. Rethinking the Teaching Profession: Training and Motivation

PART C – A NEW MOBILISATION: ENERGISING THE CAMPAIGN

9. Harnessing the Power of One: Individuals on the Frontline

10. Capturing the Idealism of Youth: Students as Agents of Change

11. Unleashing the Potential of Community: Creating Scalable Models

12. Catalysing Transformation: The Critical Role of Voluntary Organisations

13. Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility: The World’s Best Investment

PART D – A NEW METHOD: REVOLUTIONISING PEDAGOGY

14. A Tale of Two Teachers: How to Teach in Three Months What Normally Takes Three Years

15. Literacy Acceleration: The Science of Learning to Read

16. Concrete to Abstract: The Art of Teaching Numeracy

PART E – THE ANATOMY OF A MASS MOVEMENT: LESSONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

17. As Simple as Hopscotch: Ten Steps of a Mass Movement

18. Laying the Foundation: Political Will and Planning

19. Launching the Campaign: Survey, Mobilisation and Training

20. Realising the Vision: The Teaching-Learning Process

21. Six Guides, One Road: A Global Literacy Movement in the 21 st Century

Conclusion: We Have a Dream: Vision of a Literate World

Policy Recommendations

If You Are A… How to be Part of the Movement

Petition for Literacy

Glossary of Acronyms

Acknowledgements

Disruptive Literacy Global Advisory Committee

Notes and References

Get Involved!

Index of Boxes, Figures, and Tables

BOXES

A Mass Movement for Literacy: Three Key Ingredients

Diving Deeper What is Literacy?

Diving Deeper Literacy Inequalities Around the World

Stories Behind the Statistics

A Tale of Three Literacy Learners

Stories Behind the Statistics

Danish: A Day in the Life of a Child Labourer

Stories Behind the Statistics

Bolu: Getting Literate Five Minutes at a Time

Policy Pro Conditional Cash Transfers

Stories Behind the Statistics

The Power of Progress

Policy Pro Singapore Invests in its Teachers

Stories behind the Statistics

The Power of a Motivated Teacher

Stories Behind the Statistics

City International School

Stories Behind the Statistics

Saniya: The Eight-Year-Old Teacher

Stories Behind the Statistics

Interviews with Student Mentors

Stories Behind the Statistics

Interview with Gargi Kumar, Grade 10 Student

Stories Behind the Statistics

Literacy Matters!

Stories Behind the Statistics

Reading Prowess of Tiny Tots Impresses All

Stories Behind the Statistics

Interview with Rosa Acosta, Cuban Student Volunteer

Stories Behind the Statistics

A Tale of Transformation from Nicaragua

Stories Behind the Statistics

Tanzania’s Neo-literates Speak

FIGURES AND PHOTOS

Figure 1.1 Literacy is Central to Human Wellbeing and Development

Figure 1.2 Literacy as an Octopus: How Reading and Writing Affects Many Spheres of Life

Figure 2.1 Reading and Arithmetic Levels of Indian Rural Primary and Upper Primary Students (ASER, 2018)

Figure 2.2 The Leaky Bucket of Indian Public Primary Schools

Figure 3.1 India vs Other Top 10 Countries for Number of Adults Who are Illiterate

Figure 3.2 China, India and Bangladesh Adult Literacy Rates Over Time

Figure 3.3 India’s Population of Illiterate Adults Over Time

Figure 3.4 Adult Literacy Rate as a Function of Number of Sociodemographic Disadvantage Factors

Photo 3.5 3,957 Government School and Anganwadi Teachers Receive Training Prior to Conducting the Global Dream Literacy Survey of Lucknow (2015)

Figure 4.1 The Interconnections between Three Key Elements of a Mass Movement

Figure 4.2 All Segments of Society Need to be Involved in a Mass Movement for Literacy

Figure 5.1 Ecosystem for Teacher Effectiveness

Figure 5.2 Educational Spending in Bihar, India (2017–18)

Figure 6.1 Sample Report of TargetPlus App, As Seen by the Learner, Showing Their Progress Between the Baseline and Endline

Figure 7.1 A Holistic Teacher Accountability Paradigm

Figure 8.1 Some Essential Practical Skills Every Teacher Needs

Figure 8.2 Mindsets that are a Hindrance to Teachers’ Professional Growth

Photo 8.3 Students in Ugrasen Verma’s School, Shravasti District, Engage in Peer Learning

Figure 9.1 Global Dream Literacy Now App

Photo 10.1 A ‘Summer Camp’ for Literacy at City International School, Lucknow

Photo 10.2 A Grade 8 Student of City Montessori School, Lucknow, Teaches a Child from a Nearby Slum Community

Photo 10.3 Students of Chandra Bhanu Agricultural Degree College Teach Women in a Slum Community

Photo 11.1 The First Batch of Volunteer Literacy Workers in Karauni Village, With Their Literacy Box Kits Containing Books, Slates and Chalk

Figure 13.1 The Costs of Illiteracy Far Outweigh the Costs of Becoming Literate

Figure 14.1 A Typical Classroom, 100 Years Ago and Today

Figure 14.2 The Six Principles/Practices of Global Dream ALfA

Figure 14.3 The Key Opening Questions for a Person Learning How to Read for the First Time

Photo 15.1 Name Literacy Challenge

Figure 15.2 Global Dream Literacy Lesson 1 (English)

Figure 15.3 Global Dream Literacy, English Book 2 Sample Lesson

Photo 15.4 Global Dream ALfA English Materials, Compare and Contrast Activities to Build Fluency

Photo 15.5 Children Help Each Other Learn to Read at a Literacy Centre on the Outskirts of Lucknow

Figure 16.1 Teaching Place Value

Figure 16.2