A Black Hawk War Guide: Landmarks, Battlefields, Museums & Firsthand Accounts

Published by The History Press

Charleston, SC

www.historypress.com

Copyright © 2021 by Ben Strand

All rights reserved

Front cover images: Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, Black Hawk, Prominent Sac Chief, George Catlin, 1832, oil on canvas. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison Jr., 1985.66.2. When I painted this chief, he was dressed in a plain suit of buckskin, with strings of wampum in his ears and on his neck, and held in his hand, his medicine-bag, which was the skin of a black hawk, from which he had taken his name, and the tail of which made him a fan, which he was almost constantly using. From Catlin’s Letters and Notes, vol. 2, no. 56, 1841; Indian Campaign of 1832: Map of the Country, by Colonel Edwin Rose, 1832. Courtesy of the Map Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

All images courtesy of Ben Strand unless otherwise noted.

First published 2021

e-book edition 2021

ISBN 978.1.43967.199.3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020945750

print edition ISBN 978.1.46714.609.8

Notice: The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. It is offered without guarantee on the part of the author or The History Press. The author and The History Press disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this book.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form whatsoever without prior written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

CONTENTS

Foreword, by Kealan Hamilton-Youngbird

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

First Nations of the Old Northwest Territory

President Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act of 1830

The Lead Rush: Gray Gold in the Midwest

Frontier Forts, Indian Agents and Agencies

The Northwest Territory Wilderness

Effigy and Conical Mounds

Rivers and Waterways

Geographic Mounds and High Points

Bike Paths, the Old Military Road and Roadside Markers

Saukenuk and Rock Island

A White Flag and the Conflict Begins

Abraham Lincoln’s Service in the Black Hawk War

The Trembling Lands to the Four Lakes: From Fort Atkinson to Madison

Lead Region Raids

Chicago and Cholera: Winfield Scott Takes Command

Battle of Wisconsin Heights

Massacre at the Bad Axe: From Sauk Prairie to De Soto, Wisconsin

Black Hawk’s Capture and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin

Black Hawkiana and Black Hawk’s Tour of America

Jefferson Finis Davis and Fort Monroe, Virginia

Appendix A: Battlefields, American Indian Communities, Villages, Forts

Appendix B: Museums, Parks and Historic Sites

Appendix C: Black Hawk War Timelines

Appendix D: Historic Markers and Plaques

Resources and Further Reading

About the Author

FOREWORD

The Forceful Displacement of the Sauk and Fox Tribes from the Great Lakes to Indian Territory

My Sauk name is Sékito, which translates as The Thunder that Scares You. My English name is Kealan Hamilton-Youngbird. I am a registered member of the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma. The U.S. government used multiple treaties that were forced, unjust compromises and created conflicts to ensure the spread of European settlers into the West, forcing my people onto unsettled lands west of the Mississippi.

At the time of European contact, my people lived near Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron and Green Bay of Lake Michigan. The Sauk tribe built the large village of Saukenuk in Rock Island, Illinois. The Fox tribe built smaller villages along the western shore of the Mississippi River. The Sauk and Fox tribes were originally two separate tribes during the 1700s. A French attack on the Fox tribe caused the two tribes to band together. The U.S. government merged the Sauk and Fox tribes as one beginning with the Treaty of St. Louis in 1804. This treaty was the first of many that would push my people from their homelands in Rock Island. There was no compromise. My people were tricked and manipulated into ceding away all of our land east of the Mississippi. This treaty was protested by my people due to the fact that the signatories did not have authority to make any agreements on our behalf. The Treaty of 1804 stated that the Sauk and Fox could remain on the land as long as they kept peace with the settlers. This, too, was a promise that was not kept and amended in other treaties that followed.

Between the years 1828 and 1831, the Sauk and Fox were forced to share land with the settlers, who continued to move into our villages. The settlers demanded that my people should be removed from our village. Can you imagine that? Your people have lived on these lands and in their lodges for more than a century and people from a foreign country who have invaded your home demand that you leave everything you have ever known—everything you worked for. Our ancestors were buried on these lands. It is sacred to us. It is a part of our culture to take care of the graves and keep a connection to our history. This didn’t sit well with our war leader, Black Hawk. He refused to leave. Our people and the settlers lived side by side for some time. This didn’t go well. Problems continued to grow as settlers pushed more and more of our people from their lands and lodges.

On May 28, 1830, President Andrew Jackson was empowered by the Indian Removal Act to send commissioners to negotiate removal treaties. What is the Indian Removal Act, you ask? It was a bill advocated by President Jackson, who believed that any eastern tribe members who wanted to remain a part of their tribe and practice their culture should move west of the Mississippi.

By 1831, the governor of Illinois, backed by the Indian Removal Act, was demanding that U.S. authorities remove Black Hawk and our people from our village of Saukenuk to Iowa. The ordered attack lead by General Gaines pushed my people to the western side of the Mississippi River. Then came the Corn Treaty of 1831. General Gaines called a meeting at Rock River to forge a new treaty that would require that we could not return to the eastern side of the Mississippi without government permission. It also allowed for roads and forts to be built on Sauk and Fox territory. If we agreed, we were promised to be supplied with enough food and corn that would equal what we were to leave behind. This did not happen. We were removed to western banks of the Mississippi River (present-day Iowa).

After the U.S. government had left my people displaced and starving, Black Hawk began a campaign to return to our homelands and our village of Saukenuk. Black Hawk—followed by some of our men, women, children and elders—tried to return to Rock Island to reclaim the crops we left behind. To the authorities, this was seen as an act of war and began what would later be known as the Black Hawk War of 1832. A militia was sent to hunt us down. Even though our return to Saukenuk wasn’t an act of war, Black Hawk and our people had to flee. Black Hawk later sent some of our men with a white flag of peace, but they were fired upon, and one of them was killed. The hunt for Black Hawk and his followers went on for fifteen weeks. On August 2, 1832, my people were massacred at what was labeled as the Battle at Bad Axe. Black Hawk and the remaining survivors surrendered. Black Hawk, our respected war leader, was imprisoned.

With Black Hawk out of the way, the U.S. government leaned heavily on the cooperation of the Fox chief Keyokuk to persuade the Sauk and Fox people to relocate to Iowa. He signed treaties in 1836, 1837 and 1842 that ceded away a total of 12 million acres of our lands in Iowa to the United States. In the treaty of 1842, Keyokuk agreed to move our people to a reservation in present-day Kansas. Keyokuk and the Sauk and Fox departed Iowa for Kansas in 1845.

By the spring of 1846, we were trying to adjust to life on the headwaters of the Osage River. The land and territory proved extremely challenging in our pursuit of the way of life we had lived for generations. Many of the Fox people left Iowa under protest. They had no interest in adapting to life on the plains. In the winter of 1851, an estimated one hundred of our people (mainly of the Fox tribe) returned to Iowa. In 1856, the State of Iowa enacted a law allowing the Foxes to reside in the state. In 1857, the Sauk and Fox of Iowa purchased eighty acres in Tama County, Iowa. More of our people were to follow them to their return to Iowa. For the remaining tribal members, more settlers moving into the Kansas reservation meant yet another treaty negotiation to remove the Sauk and Fox into Indian Territory.

On February 18, 1867, five of our chiefs affixed their mark to the treaty that would cede away any of our land in Kansas and remove all remaining tribal members to the Indian Territory. One of our chiefs, Mokohoko, was not there to sign this treaty. Almost two years passed before our people were removed from Kansas. The trip from Kansas to Indian Territory took nineteen days. Mokohoko and more than two hundred of his followers stayed behind. He was not in favor of being removed once again, and in 1875, he secured permission for the band to remain in Kansas.

By the time my people arrived in Indian Territory, the years that passed from the time of European contact to our removal to Oklahoma, the Sauk and Fox people that once thrived and numbered in the thousands were close to dissipated. Our language, our dances, our feasts, our ceremonies, our culture, our way of life—these were all viewed as barriers to Indian progress. We were being acculturated, and in hopes to avoid erasing all signs of our history, we were forced to go along with all of it.

But through any uncertainty and adversity, my people are still here. We have managed to hold on to our traditional ways. We still feast and have ceremonies. We still know our history. We still dance.

Kealan Hamilton-Youngbird. Mark E. Lawson.

The U.S. government used multiple treaties, little compromise and much conflict to ensure the spread of European settlers into the West, pushing my people onto unsettled lands west of the Mississippi and ultimately splitting my people into three separate bands: Meskwaki (the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa), Ne ma ha ha ki (the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska) and Sa ki wa ki (the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma).

My name is Sékito. I am a descendant of survivors. I have been assimilated, but I am not defeated. I will carry on my way of life in the two worlds I currently reside in. To tell my story is to share the stories of all the indigenous people of this continent. We are living, breathing history. WE ARE STILL HERE!

Thank you.

KEALAN HAMILTON-YOUNGBIRD

PREFACE

Abe Lincoln passed this way and had his horse stolen. Honest Abe was right here, in 1832, serving as a soldier in the Black Hawk War. At this spot he was honorably discharged from the U.S. militia. Since he had no horse, he walked back to his home in Illinois with George Harrison.

George Harrison the Beatle? Abe Lincoln in Wisconsin? Honest Abe, a soldier?

The battered sign outside a Wisconsin tavern seemed to be a prank posted by locals tired of Illinois tourists. When you are traveling through the state that birthed the satirical newspaper The Onion, one can never be too careful. But the faded wooden sign outside of Cold Spring, Wisconsin, was accurate. Close to two hundred years ago, America’s most examined and lauded president, Abraham Lincoln, had been a young militia member engaged against a group of Sauk and Fox and unaffiliated tribal members. Abraham Lincoln evokes many images in the minds of American, but frontier soldier is not one of them.

I was born in and grew up in Dodgeville, Wisconsin, the small town named after Henry Dodge, the state’s first governor, a slave owner and a central figure in the Black Hawk War of 1832. The stories of Native Americans in Wisconsin were not shared during my primary education. While copies of the Frontier Dan series and works by Louis L’Amour were widely popular in the public library, any mention of Native Americans or frontier living were relegated to the far far West—the West of Wyoming, Nevada and New Mexico, rather than the 1820s Northwest Territory of Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois. The more seedy details of Henry Dodge’s role as a slaveholder and land squatter weren’t widely shared in the public elementary curriculum in the 1980s. Henry Dodge is remembered more as a genial frontiersman, not a bullying slave owner who led the regional effort to impose President Jackson’s American Indian removal policy of 1830.

The two largest swimming holes near Dodgeville are the Black Hawk Recreational Area in Highland (established on July 4, 1972) and the Governor Dodge State Park (named in honor of Dodge in 1955), a few miles north of Dodgeville. These dueling parks advertised the recreational benefits of the man-made lakes created by impounding small creeks. The lakes provide a refuge for tourists to fish and swim in and were named after two of the preeminent figures of the early 1800s in the Northwest Territory. I spent a fair number of days at each of these parks while growing up, but the significance of their namesakes and the cultural history each represented didn’t occur to me. While I grew up in the middle of the Old Northwest Territory, I was a stranger to its history.

For generations, the legacy of Native Americans in the Midwest was politely omitted. When I asked one old-timer at a small-town museum about the First Nations that had been in the area, he confessed that they were all Out West and that this area was pretty well clear of any civilization when Americans and Europeans began arriving. Another historic site volunteer strenuously noted that none of the massacres of the Black Hawk War occurred in their county. By the time settlers arrived, she assured me, there were only old paths and Indian arrowheads left.

Today, the stories, cultures and legacy of the numerous communities that lived in the Midwest for thousands of years before European immigrants arrived are slowly becoming more discoverable. Small business owners who had named their products or companies after the Kickapoos or Winnebagos have decided to alter their branding to be more conscious of cultural appropriation. Universities and K–12 educators are working closer with First Nation communities to ensure that their history is part of the narrative taught in the classroom.

This guide provides a local’s insight and tips in accessing sites researched and preserved in the old Northwest Territory. It builds on the work of generations of historians and archivists and, when possible, highlights the inspiration and strength the First Nations spread—and still advocate for.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This guide provides a local’s insight and tips in accessing sites researched and preserved by academic