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    Autism: An Anthology of Essays
    Autism: An Anthology of Essays
    Autism: An Anthology of Essays
    Ebook95 pages1 hour

    Autism: An Anthology of Essays

    By C.L. Williams

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    About this ebook

    A comprehensive set of essays based on peer-reviewed literature, ideal for clinicians, parents and students alike. From transitioning to high school to selecting evidence-based therapies and learning the ins and outs of an autism diagnosis, this book is for you.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherClaire Williams
    Release dateApr 28, 2022
    ISBN9780645410532
    Autism: An Anthology of Essays
    Author

    C.L. Williams

    Looking to learn more about mental health? This book is for you. Learn about diagnosis, experience and perceptions, assessment and therapeutic skillsets, inlcuding several case studies. Plus free access to digital presentations.

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      Book preview

      Autism - C.L. Williams

      Autism

      Autism

      Autism

      An Anthology of Essays

      C.L. Williams

      CLW Consulting

      Contents

      Dedication

      1 Characteristics of Autism

      2 Perspectives of Autism

      3 Evidence Supported Practice

      4 Decision Making in Practice

      5 Transitioning to High School with ASD

      6 Autism Individual Profile

      7 Autism Learning Profile

      About The Author

      Copyright © 2022 by C.L. Williams

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

       The author, editor and publisher cannot take responsibility for information provided in this book. We make no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the results obtained from the use of the information provided. We shall have no liability for the accuracy of the information and cannot be held liable for any third-party claims or losses of any damages. 

      First Printing, 2022

      For Michelle and Petria who always tried to help me. 

      1

      Characteristics of Autism

      Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychological disorder, meaning that such a diagnosis must be based on an individual’s behaviour and the impact upon their level of functioning (Bargiela et al. 2016). Although 3 theories have been developed to account for autism, the DSM-5 instead focuses on a set of diagnostic criteria which an individual must meet in order to receive an ASD diagnosis (Kuriki et al. 2016). To meet the diagnostic criteria required for a diagnosis of ASD, an individual must have deficits in 3 clearly identified areas of social communication and interaction and a minimum of 2 classes of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours or Interests (RRBIs) in line with the requirements of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, commonly referred to as the DSM-5 (CDC 2013; APA 2000; Maye, Kiss & Carter 2017; Lord & Bishop 2015; Rauminger-Zviely 2014).

      The reason for the change in criteria in the new DSM, was to better account for differing symptom presentation among individuals of different ages, language levels and cognition ability (Lord & Bishop 2015). These characteristics must impact social, occupational or other areas of daily functioning for a diagnosis to be made (Lord & Bishop 2015). This single diagnosis supersedes the suite of diagnoses including Autistic Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder which were previously diagnosed under the fourth edition of the DSM (CDC 2013; APA 2000; Maye, Kiss & Carter 2017; Lord & Bishop 2015; Rauminger-Zviely 2014). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also provides for diagnosis of ASD; however, it is not commonly used in Australia (Rauminger-Zviely 2014).

      The core characteristics used to diagnose ASD include differences in social communication, and the presence of restricted and RRBIs (CDC 2013; Maye, Kiss & Carter 2017).  Thus, a diagnostic evaluation takes place across a range of settings and contexts in a strengths-focused holistic assessment of the individuals to rule an ASD diagnosis in or out (Brisendine 2018). Following which, a level of severity can be assigned based on the individuals support needs (Lord & Bishop 2015). Assessments must conform with the National Guidelines for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Australia (Autism CRC 2018). A range of co-morbidities may also be observed, including an intellectual and/or language impairment, another neurological, mental or behavioural disorder or catatonia, or known medical, genetic condition or environmental factor, however, these are not part of the diagnostic criteria for ASD (Brisendine 2018; Turner 1999).

      The DSM-5 focuses on a dyad of symptom domains based on the characterisation impairments to social communication (CDC 2013; APA 2013; Autism CRC 2018). The first domain focuses on an impairment in social communication skills (CDC 2013; APA 2013; Autism CRC 2018). Social communication includes social reciprocity, non-verbal communication, and relationships and could include aspects such as a failure to initiate or respond to social interactions, abnormalities in eye contact or body language, a lack of non-verbal communication or difficulties in adjusting behaviour to suit various social contexts or making friends (Maye, Kiss & Carter 2017). Abnormal social-emotional responses begin at a young age but may not be recognised until later in a child’s life (Lord & Bishop 2015). For verbal and non-verbal communication to be effective, it must be a two-way street with interaction being undertaken between two people as messages are sent, received and responded to (CDC 2013; Autism CRC 2018). An ASD diagnosis requires that differences in use or pragmatics of language be observed in all 3 areas of social communication, regardless of whether the individual has language acquisition (APA 2013; Martin & McDonald 2004).

      Most individuals with an ASD diagnosis have deficits in both expressive and receptive language, however, this is not a requirement (CDC 2013; Autism CRC 2018). An expressive language impairment may include the use of single words, simple phrase speech or a lack of intelligible speech, whereas a receptive language impairment is typically a delay when compared to peers (CDC 2013). It is important to note that differences between individual symptoms exist due to developmental age, gender, culture, ethnicity, IQ and language ability (Kuroki et al. 2016). A level of severity is assigned to each of the three categories of social communication as shown in table 1.

      Table 1: Communication Skills domain levels of severity based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Data from Kuroki et al. (2016), CDC (2013), APA (2013) & Brisendine (2018).

      Individuals with a diagnosis of ASD tend to use less gestures, offer reduced eye contact, use a more pedantic speech with inappropriate formality, be overly

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