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    A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    Ebook155 pages1 hour

    A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

    The sternum is a flat bone that is sited in the center of the anterior thoracic wall.
    It consists of three segments;
    1. Manubrium (uppermost part)
    2. Body (middle part) and
    3. Xiphoid process (lowest part).

    The manubrium attaches to the clavicles, the first ribs and the superior part of the second costal cartilages.

    The manubrium is quadrangular in shape and lies at the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae.

    The jugular (suprasternal) notch is the thickest piece of the manubrium and is convex when views anteriorly and concave posteriorly.

    The body of the sternum is elongated and is thinner than the manubrium.

    Its margins attach with the inferior part of the 2nd costal cartilages, the 3rd to 6th costal cartilages and the superior part of the 7th costal cartilage.

    The xiphoid process is the lowest and tiniest part of the sternum.

    It attaches with the inferior part of the 7th costal cartilage and supplies attachment for rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis aponeurosis, transversus thoracis and the abdominal diaphragm.

    Sternum Disorders are a group of congenital diseases that span a broad spectrum of disorders.

    These can manifest as isolated disorders or can relate with extra-thoracic anomalies and genetic syndromes.

    Detrimental effects can happen from birth to adolescence, varying from life-threatening disorders to psychosocial cosmetic concerns.

    Some of the most frequent causes of sternum disorders are:
    Costochondritis
    Tietze Syndrome
    Pectus Excavatum
    Pectus Carinatum
    Collarbone injuries
    Sternoclavicular joint injury
    Sternum fracture
    Muscular strain or bruise

    Musculoskeletal Causes
    Stress fractures of the sternum
    Clavicle fractures
    Stress fractures of the rib
    Joint Sub-luxations

    Sternoclavicular joint disorders
    Costochondritis
    Tietze syndrome
    Inflammatory joint disease

    Fibromyalgia
    General myalgia
    Xiphodynia (or painful/hypersensitive xiphoid syndrome)
    Pectoral muscle rupture
    Injuries to muscles other than pectoris

    Slipping rib syndrome

    Post-surgery injuries

    Osteomyelitis

    Causes of Sternum Pain:

    Cardiovascular Causes
    Heart valve disease
    Hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy
    Coronary artery disease
    Myocarditis
    Pericarditis
    Aortic dissection

    Respiratory Causes
    Asthma
    Exercise-induced Asthma/Bronchoconstriction
    Bronchitis
    Bronchiectasis
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
    Tracheitis
    Tuberculosis
    Pulmonary embolism
    Pleurisy
    Pneumothorax
    Pulmonary hypertension
    Pulmonary sarcoidosis

    Abdominal and Gastrointestinal Causes
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
    Pancreatitis
    Referred pain from the esophagus
    Boerhaave's Syndrome

    Referred Pain
    Shoulders
    Cervical spine
    Thoracic spine

    Cancer
    Breast cancer
    Lung cancer
    Lymphoma
    Bone cancer

    Diagnosis
    X-rays are also conducted to rule in/out fractures
    CT scans and MRIs may be indicated for suspected bony injury and neoplasms
    Nuclear scintigraphy (organ scanning) may be positive with costochondritis

    Treatment

    The main treatment is with medical treatment, surgical repair, and genetic counseling
    Reassurance, pain control (e.g. analgesics, heat) and avoidance of aggravating activities
    Conservative treatment involving joint manipulation
    Surgical debridement may be indicated
    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Sternal Disorders
    Chapter 2 Costochondritis
    Chapter 3 Tietze Syndrome
    Chapter 4 Pectus Carinatum
    Chapter 5 Pectus Excavatum
    Chapter 6 Pectus Arcuate
    Chapter 7 Poland Syndrome
    Chapter 8 Jeune Syndrome
    Epilogue

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateMar 23, 2022
    ISBN9781005482022
    A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      A Simple Guide to Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      Sternum Disorders,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2022 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Sternum Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Sternum Disorders)

      This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      My diagnosis and treatment capability has improved tremendously from my continued education.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Sternal Disorders

      The sternum is a flat bone that is sited in the center of the anterior thoracic wall.

      It consists of three segments;

      1. Manubrium (uppermost part)

      2. Body (middle part) and

      3. Xiphoid process (lowest part).

      The manubrium attaches to the clavicles, the first ribs and the superior part of the second costal cartilages.

      The manubrium is quadrangular in shape and lies at the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae.

      The jugular (suprasternal) notch is the thickest piece of the manubrium and is convex when views anteriorly and concave posteriorly.

      The body of the sternum is elongated and is thinner than the manubrium.

      Its margins attach with the inferior part of the 2nd costal cartilages, the 3rd to 6th costal cartilages and the superior part of the 7th costal cartilage.

      The xiphoid process is the lowest and tiniest part of the sternum.

      It attaches with the inferior part of the 7th costal cartilage and supplies attachment for rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis aponeurosis, transversus thoracis and the abdominal diaphragm.

      Sternum pain is the pain or discomfort in the region of the chest that surrounds the sternum and the cartilage connecting it to the ribs.

      The sternum is sited near the heart; so many people having sternum pain may confuse it with more general chest pain.

      Most cases of sternum pain is not related to the heart and produced primarily by disorders with the sternum itself or the nearby cartilage

      About 1-3% of yearly visits to a primary care doctor in the USA are related to chest pain and 20-30% of hospital admissions are for pain in this region.

      What are Sternal Disorders?

      Sternum Disorders are a group of congenital diseases that span a broad spectrum of disorders.

      These can manifest as isolated disorders or can relate with extra-thoracic anomalies and genetic syndromes.

      Detrimental effects can happen from birth to adolescence, varying from life-threatening disorders to psychosocial cosmetic concerns.

      The main treatment is with medical treatment, surgical repair, and genetic counseling.

      What are the Causes of Sternal Disorders?

      Causes

      Some of the most frequent causes of sternum disorders and sternal pain are:

      1. Costochondritis

      2, Tietze Syndrome

      3. Pectus Excavatum

      4. Pectus Carinatum

      5. Collarbone injuries

      6. Sternoclavicular joint injury

      7. Sternum fracture

      8. Muscular strain or bruise

      Musculoskeletal Causes

      Stress fractures

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