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    The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence
    The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence
    The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence
    Ebook94 pages59 minutes

    The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence

    By Harry Katzan Jr.

    ()

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    About this ebook

    This book is a brief introduction to artificial intelligence. It is intended for readers, in business, education, government, and self-edification.
    The author would like to thank his wife Margaret for helping with the manuscript. As in most disciplines, some of the subject matter is new and some of the subject matter is not so new, especially to persons trained in the subject of computers. A person with a degree in computer science should know it already. Artificial intelligence is an important subject to the modern world, and some disciplines have already benefitted greatly from it.
    The reader can survey the subject matter in any order he or she pleases. The busy executive can benefit greatly from it their parent organization. Executives in finance and banking can use to understand what is going on in their endeavors.
    Artificial intelligence is not only software but uses specially prepared software to take intellectual benefit in understanding what his or her data systems are doing.
    Artificial intelligence is something for the future from self-driving vehicles to self-managed business.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisheriUniverse
    Release dateNov 2, 2021
    ISBN9781663231185
    The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence
    Author

    Harry Katzan Jr.

    Harry Katzan, Jr. is a professor and consultant who has written several books and papers. He has been an advisor to the executive board of a major bank and has worked for Boeing, Oak Ridge National Lab, and IBM. He and his wife have lived in Switzerland where he was a banking consultant and a professor of Artificial Intelligence. He is an avid runner and has completed 94 marathons including Boston 13 times and New York 14 times. He holds bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees.

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      Book preview

      The Little Book of Artificial Intelligence - Harry Katzan Jr.

      Copyright © 2021 Harry Katzan Jr.

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

      iUniverse

      1663 Liberty Drive

      Bloomington, IN 47403

      www.iuniverse.com

      844-349-9409

      Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

      Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

      Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.

      ISBN: 978-1-6632-3116-1 (sc)

      ISBN: 978-1-6632-3117-8 (hc)

      ISBN: 978-1-6632-3118-5 (e)

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2021922342

      iUniverse rev. date: 10/29/2021

      CONTENTS

      1 Principia Cybernetica, Metaphysics, and Alan Turing

      2 Philosophical Basis of Artificial Intelligence

      3 Natural Systems

      4 Connectionism and the Brain

      5 AI Tools and Technologies

      6 AI Applications

      7 AI Topics

      8 Automata

      General References

      For Margaret, as always

      INTRODUCTION

      The question, Can a machine think? is one that has been debated for some time now and the question is not likely to be answered in this book. However, the subject is fruitful when considering what a computer can do.

      There are various opinions on the subject. Some say that thinking is an activity that is peculiar to human beings. Accordingly, machines cannot think. Although thought as something unique to humans may have been in the minds of early philosophers when they first considered the subject of thinking and intelligence, this does not really define the activity. Others maintain that a machine is thinking when it is performing activities that normally require thought when performed by human beings. Thus, adding 2+3 must be a form of thinking. To continue, some psychologists have defined have defined intelligence in the following simple way: intelligence is what an intelligence test measures. In light of the preceding section on information systems, all that needs to be done is to feed enough information into an information system and to develop an appropriate query language, and the result is an intelligent machine. This line of reasoning also skirts a clear definition. Perhaps, it is a waste of time to worry about precise definitions, but the fact remains that computers are doing some amazing things - such as playing chess, guiding robots, controlling space vehicles, recognizing patterns, proving theorems, and answering questions - and that these applications require much more than the conventional computer program. Richard Hamming, developer of the prestigious Hamming code for error detection and correction in computers, gives a definition of intelligent behavior that may be useful here:

      The ability to act in subtle ways when presented with a class of situations that have not been exhaustively analyzed in advance, but which require rather different combinations of responses if the result in many specific cases is to be acceptable.

      Artificial Intelligence is an important subject because it may indicate the direction in which society is moving. Currently, machines are used for two reasons: (1) The job cannot be done by a human being, and (2) The job can be performed more economically by a machine. To this list, another reason must be added: some jobs are simply too dull to be d one by humans, and it is desirable from a social point of view to have such jobs done by machine. This requires a greater number of intelligent machines, since people seem to be finding more and more work they consider to be dull and routine.

      Here are two items of before you get started with the book:

      Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a primary goal of some AI research and is a common topic in science fiction and future studies. (Author unknown.)

      The singularity is the hypothesis that the invention of artificial super intelligence (ASI) will abruptly trigger runaway technical growth, resulting in unfathomable change to human civilization. (Author unknown,)

      The Author

      October 25, 2021

      Chapter 1

      Principia Cybernetica,

      Metaphysics, and Alan Turing

      More will be said about Artificial Intelligence in ensuing pages, but the notion that a computer and appropriate software can emulate human thought is indeed an intriguing concept. By the way, a computer is sometimes regarded as hardware, and software are the programs that run on a hardware device. Engineers design and build hardware and computer programmers

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