Euphorion: An ancient story of love and war, murder and betrayal

EUPHORION THE YOUNGER

BY

STAVROS STESOPOULOS

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK

BY

OLIVER THOMSON

PREFACE

This remarkable novel, written by the young Greek writer Stavros Stesopoulos who died tragically in the Smyrna massacre of 1922, has now been translated into English for the first time. Though first published in Athens in 1920 it still has that youthful freshness which brought to life the events of 2500 years ago. So Stesopoulos may have seen a copy of a contemporary document, fragments from the memoirs of Euphorion, which were lost during the siege of Smyrna, but provided unique insight into some of the most dramatic events that form the background to this tale of war, love, crime and political intrigue

Nearly all the characters in this book were real people and all the main events are true or at least vouched for by contemporary historians like Thucydides. The hero’s life and adventures coincide with the most glorious episodes of ancient Athens but sadly also with its arrogance and eventual defeat. They also provide the solution to one of history’s great unsolved murder mysteries.

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE

To make life easier for the reader I have taken a few liberties in my spelling of Greek names. Where a name is already quite well known like Piraeus, Sophocles or Aeschylus I have stuck to the conventional English spelling, but for the less well-known I have been more authentic, making them end in -os not -us or -on not -um (e.g. gymnasion)and so on.

For the assistance of readers I have included at the back of the book a list of all the characters who make an appearance and indicated whether they were real people (the vast majority) or fictional (just a few of the main characters, but even they are based on historical evidence - for example the parents of the two principal characters certainly did exist). For each character I have appended a brief cv and dates.

FOOTNOTES

Readers can ignore the translator’s footnotes if they wish, but they are often quite amusing, and for the benefit of travellers to Greece and Turkey they clarify the real places mentioned in the book which may now have different names, identifying the location and the modern name if they have changed. They tell you if the buildings featured have survived and can be visited.

CHAPTER ONE - THE FIRST ONSLAUGHT

‘Your father was a real hero, Phori,’ my grandfather used to say to me from a very early age and I suppose much of my life has been dominated by the idea that I must live up to that image. My name is Euphorion, Phori for short, and my father was Kynegiros, the man who won everlasting fame by grabbing the prow of a Persian galley on the beach at Marathon, then holding on till his arm was hacked off.

That was five years before I was born. And though I have had my full share of adventures in both war and peace I have never, at least in my own opinion, done anything quite so obviously heroic. So I am not, I hope, writing this out of personal vanity, but as a warning to future generations, for people like myself who had some modest success in warfare often became so addicted to it that there were dire results for our glorious city. But perhaps you should be the judge of that.

To start at the beginning, I was born seventy years ago in Eleusis,¹ the small town fourteen miles from Athens along the Sacred Way. It was the same year that King Darius of Persia died, and as I’ve said, five years after his unexpected defeat by the Athenians at Marathon, where my father had fought so bravely. My grandfather, Old Euphorion, had a small estate near Eleusis, mainly planted with olive trees and vines, although the area is mostly flat and therefore more famous for its corn.

This great fertility was probably the reason why Eleusis was a great centre for pilgrimage and the Mysteries performed in its great temple were respected throughout Greece, even by the Spartans. I must confess, however, that in my young days I just took it for granted that crops would come up in the spring and parents would have children, never dreaming that gods would step in to make matters better or worse or that we should express our gratitude to them when the harvests of any kind were good.

Though this book is primarily meant as a record of my own modest exploits, my friends, my enemies and my loved-ones, I must, if you don’t mind, give a brief explanation of the events five years before my birth which had a huge influence on my own career and the lives of my fellow Athenians. For my life has coincided with both the greatest successes and some of the worst disasters of our wonderful city. And to understand this I need to start with the Persian Wars and some of the political in-fighting that followed.

Unfortunately the success of General Miltiades, who was the real architect of our victory at Marathon, led to a great deal of jealousy and the old guard were reluctant to give him too much credit. This was one of the reasons why they made so much fuss of my father, who by that time, had lost his arm and was no threat to the establishment. In fact, according to the historian Herodotus², who was a great admirer of Miltiades, my father actually died of his wounds, but my birth five years later shows that at least that part of his account is inaccurate.

The trouble with Miltiades was that he came from an extremely ambitious family; his father, Cimon senior, had been a champion chariot driver at the Olympic Games and he himself as a young man had served as a mercenary in the Persian army, making himself offensively rich in the process. He had also learned new-fangled military tricks which horrified the old guard, especially the idea of our bold troops pretending to retreat so that the enemy would rush into our trap. That sort of thing was simply not done.

But even worse, Miltiades had acquired certain traits of oriental luxury and sexual liberalism that horrified the old guard even more. Shortly before the war he had made himself dictator of the Greek colonies of Kallipolis³ near the entrance of the Black Sea, so he was used to getting his own way and had a huge grudge against the Persians for driving him out.

Consider the dire position that Athens faced in that fateful year. Our own army was about nine thousand strong at the most and pretty amateurish. We were faced with an onslaught from a Persian army at least five times that size, much more professional and much better equipped. Of the other cities that might have come to our aid most of them were so frightened that they would rather surrender than fight. The only city that should have helped was Sparta, which did have an excellent army, but the Spartans disapproved of our style of government and were probably quite happy to let us be destroyed. The only thing that might persuade them to help us was if there was something in it for them.

So as a forlorn gesture Miltiades sent a messenger Phidippides⁴, a cousin of my father’s noted for his stamina, to run all the way to Sparta to ask for help. His run there and back was around a hundred and fifty miles and he managed it in two days, so it just about killed the poor man, but in vain for the Spartans wouldn’t make a move till the full moon was over and by then, as it turned out, it was too late.

On top of all this we had other problems to make our position even more dangerous. For a start the city in those days did not have fortified walls, so there was no question of us surviving a siege. Then there were our generals, most of whom had little front-line experience, particularly the top one, Kallimachos, who was a decent enough man but old-fashioned and lacking initiative.

His one big idea was for our soldiers to march out of the city and die gloriously with no expectation of victory. We had one more problem, the fact that we were supposedly a democracy, the first one in the world, and committees are never very good at running wars. But, as it happened on this occasion it turned out surprisingly to be a blessing. Miltiades was one of those rare generals who could also talk. So the old guard could not prevent him making a speech at the assembly, in fact they probably never expected him to come up with a plan that would win support. But he did. Basically he told the old guard that they were all very brave, but it was just plain stupid to commit mass suicide by marching out of the city against a much bigger army. Nor would that save the lives of their wives and children.

His idea was not to sit and wait for the Persians to arrive at the city gates, but for our entire army to head off eastwards and lie in wait for them in the hills above Marathon. Naturally the old guard thought it was far too risky leaving the city undefended, but Miltiades was a smooth talker and could speak from personal experience about the Persian mentality, for he had spent so long as a mercenary in their pay. So, amazingly, he won the vote.

Thus for four days and nights our army waited quietly in the hills and watched as the huge fleet of Persian ships packed with soldiers anchored in the bay at Marathon. On Miltiades’ orders they made no move as the gorgeously dressed Persian troops disembarked, so confident in their ability to defeat us that they left half their army on board the ships. Even with only half their troops they hugely outnumbered us, though you have to take the statistics of Herodotus with a pinch of salt. Certainly their cavalry must have looked very forbidding, but Miltiades used all his powers of persuasion to dissuade Kallimachos from launching a suicidal attack and abandoning our strong position in the hills.

My father often talked of the feelings of the ordinary infantrymen as they watched the mass of gold-trousered Persians forming up on the beach below as they prepared to attack. Though the Athenians cracked jokes about them being soft and effeminate this was just to boost their own confidence, for although this may have been true of some of the leaders the ordinary Persian soldiers were seasoned fighters and by no means cowardly.

Eventually they were ready with a mass of mounted archers to charge up the hill against us. Miltiades’ strategy was to let them do this and for our centre to fall back pretending to be in a panic, which as father said was not too difficult. Thus the Persians would be lured into a trap and our two wings could then close in behind them as they pushed recklessly forward. Then we could cut them off from their companions and kill off fair numbers as they became disorientated in the rough terrain.

The plan worked perfectly and the Persians lost five thousand men hampered by the rough ground, whereas no more than a couple of hundred of ours were hit by their arrows.⁵ Then the surviving Persians surged back down to the beach in disarray and got in the way of their own reinforcements. One of the stories that emerged from this was of the mountain god Pan,⁶ the one with goat's feet, well-known for giving people a fright in lonely bits of countryside. He scared the Persians witless and caused a stampede. Up to that time Pan hadn’t received much attention in Athens, but afterwards there was a grotto built for him on the north side of the Acropolis in gratitude for his assistance at Marathon.

The Persian high command was little concerned with casualties and did not take this initial mishap too seriously. Mystified by the tactics of Miltiades and more concerned about the anger of their short-tempered King Darius, they dithered and let their cavalry re-embark, perhaps intending to attack our undefended city before our victorious army could get back. It was at this point that my father committed his legendary act of gallantry, clinging to the ornamental prow of a beached Persian galley in spectacular fashion, though in all honesty it can have had little tactical value. Even if he had managed to hold back the ship for another minute or so, our men, by the sound of it, were too exhausted to try storming a fully manned ship. Besides we had already won an unexpected victory which, if not conclusive, had achieved a huge moral advantage.

In addition Miltiades had the foresight to send our infantry back to Athens at double time in case it was attacked. Thus, when the Persian fleet headed round to Athens and their leaders saw our troops back near the city and ready for another fight,they decided enough was enough and headed home.

Thus it was that my father became for a few years one of the most famous citizens of Athens, and certainly of Eleusis, a role later taken over by his brother, my uncle Aeschylus⁷ when his plays became popular. The Persian invasion had been halted and their king lost interest in the campaign, so the huge army turned back to base, boasting it had given us all a good fright.

It was in this atmosphere that the people of small towns like Eleusis started to refer to themselves as Athenians. And I was born into a community where fighting the Persians was the highest calling to which a young man could aspire. Athena, our city’s own special goddess had many years ago helped kill the Gorgons, had given us the sacred olive tree and the skill to build ships. Now, with the help of Miltiades, she had helped us to survive an onslaught from the biggest army in the world. But we still had many dangers to overcome and in that I was eventually to play a part.

Meanwhile the old guard did their best to minimise the contribution of Miltiades to our unexpected victory. General Kallimachos had died gloriously on the field of battle and even though he had been reluctant to accept Miltiades’ strategy he was given all the credit. Miltiades, on the other hand, was too clever and unscrupulous to be popular with his fellow officers, too rich, dissolute and arrogant to please the city fathers. Disgusted by their lack of appreciation of his remarkable victory, he headed off on a personal whim with a fleet of seventy ships to conquer the island of Paros⁸ in revenge for it having taken the side of the Persians. After a twenty five day siege he gave up trying to capture the city and ravaged the hinterland instead.

Soon afterwards he was accused of attempting to rape one of the virgin priestesses and was wounded in the leg while trying to escape. Rightly or wrongly he was taken back to Athens in disgrace, flung into prison and died when his leg-wound went septic. Nevertheless his memory and his children lived on and were to play a significant role in my life years later. It was a tragic end for a great man and, after all, molesting priestesses in captured cities was not normally seen as a heinous offence, especially in a place like Paros that had sided with the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.

However, it seems to be a fact of life that great men like Miltiades always seem to take a step too far, and the temptations of untold wealth when fighting the Persians were to prove too much for several other fine leaders over the next few years. Some people say it’s because the gods get jealous if a mere mortal is too successful. But why should gods be jealous? Now that I am old I realise that some of the less talented and more cautious of our generals tended to be envious of those who took risks and pulled off unexpected victories. So they got the gods involved in taking sides, just like they used to play off the exceptionally beautiful goddess Aphrodite against the less beautiful but more sensible goddesses like Hera.

1. Eleusis, now known as Elefsina, is these days a suburb of Athens reached by a freeway and dominated by oil refineries, but the ruins of the temple precinct survive next to the Archaeological Museum. Translator.

2. Luckily copies of the History of Herodotus written soon after these events have survived to the present day and give a very readable account of this exciting period.

3. Kallipolis is now known by its Turkish spelling as Gorbolu or Gallipoli and in 1915 was the scene of the campaign conceived by Winston Churchill to attack Turkey. Unfortunately Turkish opposition was stronger than expected and Allied losses were considerable, including many Australians and New Zealanders. The old Greek city was destroyed by an earthquake but the whole peninsula is now a historic park.

4. There was a later legend that Phidippides also ran back from Marathon to Athens with news of the victory, a distance of twenty-six miles, so when the Olympic Games were revived in 1898 it was decided to run a race to celebrate this feat, The first marathon was won by an Athenian water-carrier called Spyros Louis who ran it in 2 hrs, 50 mins, 50 secs.

5. The official figure was 192 as recorded on the Funeral Mound or Tymbos, which still stands on the site of the battle famous for its crops of wild fennel. The date of the battle is now recorded as 490BC so Euphorion was born five years later, in 485.

6. The god Pan had goat’s horns and goat’s legs, and was the patron of shepherds and the mountains. He created the concept of panic that was named after him. He was also a great player of flutes or pipes and later patronised theatre critics, hence 'panning'. He was also a part-time sex god best known for his seduction of the Moon goddess Selene.

7. Aeschylus, the son of Euphorion Senior wrote some ninety plays of which seven have survived and are still performed. He is regarded as the father of tragic drama.

8. The island of Paros lies around a hundred miles south east of Athens, near Naxos. It sent troops to help the Persians both during the Marathon campaign and the Salamis one ten years later. It became famous for its marble, much prized by sculptors and it is now a popular holiday resort.

CHAPTER TWO - THE SECOND ONSLAUGHT

I was only five years old when the Persians mounted their second big invasion of Greece, but I still have vivid memories of the ordeal which my family and many others suffered at the time. It is also important for my story because yet again the politics of the period were to have an impact on my later life. Just as before Marathon ten years earlier, the old guard in Athens had their own cautious ideas for defence, but it was an upstart nobody who came up with the idea that was to save all our lives. And this new upstart, Themistocles, along with his family, was to play a part in several of my later adventures.

‘He’s a rogue, Phori,’ said my father, referring to Themistocles, who had fought near him at Marathon. ‘He’s spent all the family’s money, but he knows how to line his pockets with more.’

At that time I was too young to be told of Themistocles’ other rakish activities but in due course heard the rumours of his many youthful escapades. This was all in stark contrast to the favourite general of the old guard, Aristides.

‘Now there’s a real man,’ my grandfather old Euphorion would say. ‘He always puts his country first and never has anything to show for it.’ At this point my father would wink at me but nod in agreement with the old man.

Later I came to appreciate these two rival leaders, each remarkable in his own way, yet complete opposites. Themistocles was to all appearances idle, pleasure-loving, sly about his sources of cash, self-indulgent but occasionally brilliant, whereas Aristides was hard-working, conscientious, ostentatiously prudent about money, austere to the point of being martyrish but totally lacking in humour and new ideas.

‘The only thing they both have in common is Stesileus of Kos,’ my father would say mysteriously, and in those days I had no idea what he meant. Only later did I learn that it was common gossip that the two men both fancied this handsome youth from the island of Kos. It wasn’t so much their interest in this lad that caused any shock as the fact that two such important men should have this element of jealousy to add to their political rivalry.

Their other great disagreement was over their contrasting preferences for fighting on land or sea. Aristides was typical of the old guard; he had led his clan at Marathon and had the sort of dogged mind that you expect from an infantryman. He admired the Spartans, despised fancy tactics and instead preferred straightforward slogging it out on land, even allowing the Persians to have a fair fight rather than trying to beat them by guile. Themistocles on the other hand only cared about winning and would cheat if it meant fewer casualties. He also preferred fighting at sea where devious tactics were more common and a psychological victory could sometimes be achieved before the real fighting began.

So about the time I was born Themistocles became chief magistrate and began pushing for a huge expansion of the Athenian fleet with extra dock facilities to be built at the Piraeus. To pay for this he used up the extra silver that had been found recently in the new seam at Mount Laurion. According to gossip he also sold the timber from his own estates to the shipbuilders at a handsome profit. As some cheeky poet commented,

‘Well known he was an able man to be

But with his fingers apt to be too free.’

Themistocles even picked a spot in the new docks to build a temple for the goddess Aphrodite for she’s the one sailors love best, especially the men at the oars. For what can they think about all day but a real or imaginary sweetheart, and Aphrodite always has the figure to keep sailors happy.

Of course Themistocles was a former pupil of the Kynosarges Gymnasion, a school for boys who did not have pure Athenian blood in their veins, where I later became a pupil myself. There he had made a feature of his unwillingness to learn music and his general lack of discipline.

However, he did make a point of learning a few tricks from the philosophers, and he was one of the first politicians to get the knack of fancy talking to the assembly, so that he could score points off Aristides and win support for his new fleet. In fact Aristides seemed such a bore by comparison and suffered so much from a smear campaign that he was sent into exile. Everyone remembers the famous story of the Athenian voter who was so tired of hearing how virtuous Aristides was that he voted¹ for his exile just to relieve the tedium.

So with his rival out of the way for a year Themistocles was able to pursue his master-plan for expanding the navy. Within three years he had built up a fleet of two hundred triremes, fitted out all three harbours at the Piraeus to provide berthing for them and trained the crews. What’s more his triremes were state-of-the-art with eighty one oars each side, three rows of twenty seven. With their reinforced waterline rams they could do considerable damage, but also carried around twenty soldiers, including half a dozen bowmen to pick off the enemy officers. Now for the first time it became fashionable for the Athenian toffs to join up as trireme captains. Even Miltiades’ son Cimon, another tearaway like his father, decided life as a trierarch² was more glamorous than the cavalry. So he left his favourite tavern, tossed his saddle off the Acropolis in a ceremonial act of resignation and learned to thrash his crew across the Aegean.

Thus, even as a five year old, I was aware both of the excitement and sense of impending doom as we heard at last that King Xerxes, the new ruler of Persia, was on his way to attack us with a massive army. It was so big, they said, that he had to build massive floating bridges across the rivers and used up the granaries of several cities every time he stopped for the night. He even dug a new canal to get his ships safely past the stormy coast at Athos.

All Persians had a reputation for cruelty, but Xerxes had already shown special talents in this direction. Amongst the gossip picked up by Herodotus there was the story of a rich man called Pythios. He had entertained King Xerxes very lavishly on his way through Sardis but then had the effrontery to ask for one of his favourite sons to be excused military service. Next morning the boy concerned was to be seen neatly cut in half, with one piece of his body left on either side of the gates of Sardis as the great army marched out. No wonder my nurse Psyche, a silly but rather loving slave girl from Thrace, would say to me, ‘Don’t be naughty, Phori, or I’ll send you to Xerxes,’ and this was enough to ensure my obedience for a good half hour.

All this time the huge invading army came nearer and nearer to us and soon there was not a grain of food left north of Thebes. As the Persians approached each city they demanded earth and water as a token of surrender, which none of the cities were brave enough to refuse. Thebes and Tanagra both gave up without a fight and still the Persians kept coming.

Meanwhile Themistocles and his fleet had sailed north to join up with the Spartans who were, for once, in a cooperative mood, but not for long. My one-armed father was to his disgust assigned as a guard for the Mount Laurion silver mines and his brother, my uncle Aeschylus, was part of a small shore detachment in the Pentelikos mountains. The rest of our family, including my brother and myself, were taken by our mother across to the island of Salamis, clutching the eight drachmas provided by the state for each family. Since neither Athens itself nor townships like Eleusis had defensive ramparts, Themistocles had ordered the entire populations to be evacuated to the relative safety of hills or islands. So we left our yellow corn-fields and camped in the rocky creeks of Salamis waiting for disaster.

Many things I didn’t then understand but learned later from my father or heard them from Herodotus himself. At about this time King Leonidas of Sparta was the first person to stand his ground against Xerxes and for me that was the start of a lifelong admiration for the Spartans, though it was to be sorely tried in later years.

When I grew up it was fashionable to be cynical about Leonidas, to imply that he was a narcissist desperate to prove his own heroism, letting three hundred of his followers be killed in the process. But it has always fired my imagination as it did then to think of those gallant troops holding the narrow pass of Thermopylae³ against such a huge army. That was until they were betrayed by the wretched Phocians who showed the Persians a track round to the rear of the pass so that they could attack the Spartans from behind. After that he stood no chance.

My other boyhood hero was Scyllias,