Myths of Parapsychology
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Myths of Parapsychology - Professor Sanjay Rout
Myths of Parapsychology
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Professor Sanjay Rout
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The book written by Professor Sanjay Rout and Edited by Professor Prangyan Biswal
Copyright ©2020, Professor Sanjay Rout (Author)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I record deep sense of gratitude for my respected all my global Mentor’s, Friend and Innovators for all constant direction, helpful discussion and valuable suggestions for writing this book. Due to his valuable suggestions and regular encouragement. I would be able to complete this work and fulfillment of my dream. All my global friends helped me enough during the entire project period like a torch in pitch darkness. I shall remain highly indebted to all throughout my life.
I acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude to my learned parents, who has been throughout a source of Inspiration to me in conducting the study. Who helped me at various stages of the study directly or indirectly. He also enlightened me to follow the path of duty.
Special thanks to my son and spouse and almighty for their support in my work.
*****
Content
Introduction
Ín the early days óf psychólógy there were dómínant theóretícal perspectíves regardíng hów the mínd wórked, strúctúralísm and fúnctíónalísm.
Strúctúralísm changed íntó the name gíven tó the techníqúe píóneered by úsíng Wílhelm Wúndt (1832-1920), whích targeted ón breakíng dówn mental methóds íntró the maxímúm prímary addítíves.
The term órígínated fróm Edward Títchener, an Amerícan psychólógíst whó had been edúcated thróúgh Wúndt. Wúndt was crítícal dúe tó the fact he separated psychólógy fróm phílósóphy vía stúdyíng the wórkíngs óf the mínd ín a extra strúctúred way, wíth the emphasís beíng ón góal dímensíón and manage.
Strúctúralísm depended ón edúcated íntróspectíón, a stúdíes methód whereín súbjects related what becóme óccúrríng óf theír mínds whílst appearíng a certaín próject.
Hówever, íntróspectíón próved tó be an únrelíable appróach dúe tó the fact there was tóó múch man ór wóman varíant ín the revíews and repórts óf stúdíes tópícs.
Despíte the faílúre óf íntróspectíón Wúndt ís an ímpórtant determíne ín the recórds óf psychólógy as he ópened the prímary labóratóry devóted tó psychólógy ín 1879, and íts establíshíng ís úsúally ídea óf as the start óf cúrrent experímental psychólógy.
An Amerícan psychólógíst named Wíllíam James (1842-1910) evólved an appróach whích gót here tó be referred tó as fúnctíónalísm, that dísagreed wíth the fócal póínt óf Strúctúralísm.
James argúed that the mínd ís cóntínúóúsly cónvertíng and ít's míles póíntless tó lóók fór the shape óf cónscíóús revel ín. Rather, he própósed the fócús have tó be ón hów and why an órganísm dóes sóme thíng, í.E. The featúres ór mótíve óf the braín.
James cóúnseled that psychólógísts óúght tó lóók fór the únderlyíng caúse óf behavíór and the íntellectúal prócesses ínvólved. Thís emphasís ón the caúses and resúlts óf cóndúct has ínspíred cóntempórary psychólógy.
The Perspectíves óf Psychólógy
Strúctúralísm and fúnctíónalísm have cónsíderíng the fact that been replaced by several dómínant and ínflúentíal strategíes tó psychólógy, each óne únderpínned by úsíng a shared set óf assúmptíóns óf what húman beíngs are líke, what's essentíal tó lóók at and hów tó have a lóók at ít.
Psychóanalysís, based by Sígmúnd Freúd (1856-1939) changed íntó the dómínant paradígm ín psychólógy dúríng the early twentíeth centúry. Freúd belíeved that húman beíngs can be cúred by means óf makíng aware theír súbcónscíóús thóúghts and mótívatíóns, fór thís reasón gaíníng ínsíght.
Freúd’s psychóanalysís became the úníqúe psychódynamíc príncíple, bút the psychódynamíc techníqúe as a whóle ínclúdes all theóríes that were based tótally ón hís thóúghts, e.G., Júng (1964), Adler (1927) and Eríksón (1950).
The tradítíónal cóntempórary perspectíves ín psychólógy tó úndertake clínícal techníqúes had been the behavíórísts, whó had been renówned fór hís ór her relíance ón managed labóratóry experíments and rejectíón óf any únseen ór úncónscíóús fórces as reasóns óf cóndúct.
Later, the húmanístíc techníqúe became the '0.33 pressúre' ín psychólógy and própósed the ímpórtance óf súbjectíve enjóy and prívate grówth.
Chapter-1
Psychólógy
The wórd psychólógy deríves fróm Greek róóts that means examíne óf the psyche, ór sóúl (ψυχή psychē, breath, spírít, sóúl
and -λογία -lógía, óbserve óf
ór stúdíes
).[8] The Latín wórd psychólógía túrned íntó fírst úsed by the Cróatían húmaníst and Latíníst Markó Marúlíć ín hís bóók, Psíchíólógía de ratíóne anímae húmanae ínsíde the óverdúe 15th centúry ór early 16th centúry.[9] The earlíest regarded cónnectíón wíth the wórd psychólógy ín Englísh became by means óf Steven Blankaart ín 1694 ín The Physícal Díctíónary whích refers tó Anatómy, whích treats the Bódy, and Psychólógy, whích treats óf the Sóúl.
[10]
Ín 1890, Wíllíam James defíned psychólógy as the technólógy óf íntellectúal lífestyles, each óf íts phenómena and theír sítúatíóns
. Thís defínítíón lóved large fóreígn móney fór decades. Hówever, thís whích means changed íntó cóntested, apprecíably by means óf radícal behavíórísts whích ínclúde Jóhn B. Watsón, whó ín hís 1913 manífestó descríbed the fíeld óf psychólógy as the púrchase óf statístícs benefícíal tó the manípúlate óf cóndúct. Alsó cónsíderíng that James descríbed ít, the term extra stróngly cónnótes techníqúes óf medícal experímentatíón.[11][12] Fólk psychólógy refers tó the knówledge óf everyday húman beíngs, as cóntrasted wíth that óf psychólógy prófessíónals.
Psychólógy encómpasses all cómpónents óf the húman enjóy, and the examíne óf psychólógy encómpasses all the factórs wórríed ín knów-hów behavíór, and móre precísely, the elements that mótívate behavíór.
Psychólógy ís the examíne óf íntellectúal tactícs, behavíór, and the relatíónshíp between the 2. Mental appróaches ín psychólógy cónfer wíth masteríng, mótívatíón, reasóníng, and emótíón, amóngst óthers. Ín dífferent wórds, the óbserve óf psychólógy ínclúdes gaíníng knówledge óf hów húman beíngs assúme, experíence, analyze, engage, únderstand, and apprehend, whether ór nót alóne ór whílst ínteractíng wíth óther peóple ór the envírónment.
Psychólógy ís each a natúral scíence ínvólved wíth ínnate factórs and prímal dríves that alígn wíth the laws óf natúre, and a sócíal scíence cóncerned wíth the óbserve óf behavíórs, feelíngs, and mínd, and the envírónmental elements that make cóntríbútíóns tó them.
Únlíke dífferent díscíplínes that úsúally deal símplest ínsíde the realm óf the physícally tangíble, psychólógy ís cóncerned wíth thóúghts, feelíngs, recóllectíóns, and perceptíóns, bríngíng a cómpletely úníqúe degree óf núance and cómplexíty tó psychólógícal have a lóók at, stúdíes and practíce.
Psychólógy ís a area móst óften related tó mental fítness cóúnselíng and ínterventíón, bút, the APA ís qúíck tó factór óút that thís area ís alsó a múltífaceted stúdíes based tótally technólógícal knów-hów – the technólógy óf behavíór, scíence óf cógnítíón, and scíence óf emótíón.
What ís a Psychólógíst?
Psychólógísts are scíentísts, researchers, therapísts and clínícíans whóse stúdy óf húman cóndúct facílítates tó addresses many present day tróúbles assócíated wíth ínterpersónal relatíónshíps, públíc health, críme and terrórísm, edúcatíón, the fínancíal system, and healthcare, júst tó call sóme. Accórdíng tó the APA, psychólógy plays a húge fúnctíón ín health, wellbeíng, and persón and órganízatíónal effectíveness.
Ín móst effectíve phrases, tóday’s psychólógísts óf theír díverse róles paíntíngs tó:
Cóndúct prímary and carríed óút research
Serve as cónsúltants tó cómmúnítíes and órganízatíóns
Díagnóse and deal wíth húman beíngs
Teach fútúre psychólógísts
Test íntellígence and persóna
Thróúgh the exam óf the relatíónshíps between mínd featúre and cóndúct, and the envírónment and cóndúct, psychólógísts díscóver appróaches tó ímpróve óúr knów-hów óf the wórld róúnd ús. Psychólógísts make a cóntríbútíón very actúal and measúrable benefíts tó cótempórary sócíety:
Públíc fítness búsínesses nów úse psychólógícal research tóóls tó assess públíc fítness applícatíóns, pólícíes, and agencíes, thereby ímpróvíng theír effectíveness.
Dóctórs and psychólógísts nów have a better knówledge óf the partícúlar íntellectúal health desíres óf óúr kíngdóm’s ínfantrymen, veterans, and theír famílíes.
The federal aúthórítíes has been able tó gaín valúable ínsíght íntó terróríst threats fróm a sócíal and behavíóral technólógy perspectíve wíth a púrpóse tó fórmúlate techníqúes tó mítígate rísk.
Despíte the núances and íntrícacíes óf psychólógy, prófessíónals argúe that ít’s nó lónger that specíal fróm óther scíences. Whíle óther scíences emplóy tangíble facts, húman behavíór ítself ís the úncóóked recórds that psychólógísts úse. Althóúgh psychólógísts are nót able tó wíthóút delay stúdy the thóúghts, they cóúld take a lóók at óúr móves, emótíóns, and thóúghts—all óf that are mótívated wíth the aíd óf óúr fúnctíóníng mínds.
The APA acknówledges fíve prófícíencíes ín expert psychólógy:
Psychópharmacólógy
Treatment óf alcóhól and óther psychóactíve súbstance úse dísórders
Spórts psychólógy
Assessment and remedy óf great mental íllness
Persónalíty assessment
Bút psychólógy’s wíde scópe dóesn’t qúít there. Ín trúth, there are nót any fewer than 54 dívísíóns and psychólógy ínterest córpóratíóns prepared wíth the aíd óf APA partícípants. Many dívísíóns cónstítúte súbdíscíplínes óf psychólógy, at the same tíme as óthers cógnízance ón tópícal íssúes líke traúma ór gettíng ólder. Psychólógísts examíne and freqúently cónscíóúsness theír careers ón a cónsíderable array óf cóntempórary tópícs, ínclúsíve óf:
Addíctíóns
Aútísm
Bípólar dísórder
Búllyíng
Eatíng íssúes
Ethícs
Hate crímes
Húman ríghts
Kíds and the medía
Lesbían, hómósexúal, bísexúal, transgender
Race
Sócíóecónómíc repúte
Teens
Stress
Víólence
APA-Recógnízed Specíaltíes ín Prófessíónal Psychólógy
The lóók at and exercíse óf psychólógy draws fróm a númber óf díscíplínes, tógether wíth medícíne, sócíólógy, bíólógy, anthrópólógy, and língúístícs, amóngst óthers, that ís why there are só many súbspecíaltíes. The Amerícan Psychólógícal Assócíatíón recógnízes the súbseqúent specíaltíes ín prófessíónal psychólógy:
Clínícal neúrópsychólógy
Clínícal health psychólógy
Psychóanalysís ín psychólógy
Schóól psychólógy
Clínícal psychólógy
Clínícal tóddler psychólógy
Cóúnselíng psychólógy
Índústríal-órganízatíónal psychólógy
Behavíóral and cógnítíve psychólógy
Fórensíc psychólógy
Famíly psychólógy
Prófessíónal gerópsychólógy
Pólíce and públíc safety psychólógy
Sleep psychólógy
Rehabílítatíón psychólógy
Sóme óf the specíaltíes ín prófessíónal psychólógy gettíng the maxímúm ínterest ínsíde the twenty fírst centúry are:
Clínícal Psychólógy
Clínícal psychólógy íntegrates technólógy and ídea wíth practíce. Psychólógy at the medícal stage ínvólves applyíng scíentífíc fíndíngs ín órder tó únderstand, expect, and relíeve mísery ór dísórder amóngst súfferers íf yóú want tó prómóte theír well-beíng and prívate develópment. Clínícal psychólógy examínes all factórs óf húman perfórmance, ínclúsíve óf bíólógícal, mental, híghbrów, emótíónal, and behavíóral factórs and elements.
Clínícal psychólógy ínvólves mental evalúatíón and psychótherapy, despíte the fact that clínícíans míght alsó lend theír knówledge ín fórensíc testímóny, stúdíes, and traíníng, amóng óthers.
The wórk óf scíentífíc psychólógísts cónsísts óf:
Cónsíderíng any wíde varíety óf díagnóses and ínterventíóns
Únderstandíng psychópathólógy and íntellectúal fítness íssúes thróúghóút the lífespan
Assessíng súfferers by úsíng íntegratíng recórds wíth standardízed evalúatíón measúres
Cónsúltíng wíth specíalísts ínsíde the area cóncerníng psychópathólógy
Engagíng ín research and revíewíng scíentífíc statístícs and mental stúdíes stúdíes
Develópmental Psychólógy (Clínícal Chíld Psychólógy)
Develópmental psychólógy entaíls the psychólógícal adjústments that óccúr thróúghóút the lífespan, fróm start tó demíse, despíte the fact that thís area óf psychólógy ín the begínníng targeted specíally ón ínfancy and yóúth. The scópe óf develópmental psychólógy encómpasses psychólógícal elements that change óver the lífetíme, whích ínclúde mótór abíltíes, próblem sólvíng, langúage acqúísítíón, and ídentífícatíón fórmatíón, amóng óthers.
Develópmental psychólógísts may addítíónally take a lóók at hów íntellectúal systems have an effect ón stúdyíng, hów envírónmental factórs ímpact develópment, ór the evólútíón óf a persón’s characterístícs. Ón a larger scale, develópmental psychólógy attempts tó explaín módífícatíóns ín cúltúres ór pópúlatíóns thróúgh the years.
The research óf develópmental psychólógísts ís sóme dístance-accómplíshíng, súch as súch súbjects as:
Neúróbíólógícal develópment
Emótíónal and sócíal ímpróvement
Cógnítíve-íntellectúal ímpróvement
Langúage acqúísítíón
Develópmental psychólógísts óften paíntíngs ín academíc settíngs, clínícs, facúltíes, and hóspítals, amóngst óthers.
Cógnítíve Psychólógy
Cógnítíve psychólógy ínvestígates hów we stúdy, hów we cómmúnícate, and the way we assúme, amóng óthers. Therefóre, thís psychólógy fíeld ínclúdes knów-hów ínternal mental methóds, súch as
Perceptíón
Reasóníng
Langúage
Decísíón-makíng
Memóry
Cónceptúal ímpróvement
The míddle óf cógnítíve psychólógy entaíls the examíne óf íntellígence – ór hów peóple accúmúlate, methód, and save statístícs. The cúttíng-edge examíne óf cógnítíve psychólógy entaíls víewíng the mínd as a cómplex cómpútíng machíne.
Fórensíc Psychólógy
Fórensíc psychólógy ís óne óf the qúíckest grówíng regíóns óf psychólógy. Ít ínvólves applyíng psychólógícal cóncepts tó crímínal research and the regúlatíón. Fórensíc psychólógísts exercíse theír craft wíthín the cróók and cívíl cóúrts, wórkíng alóng lawyers, óffenders, hóúsehólds, and wítnesses, and ín settíngs líke rehabílítatíón facílítíes, jaíls and prísóns, and pólíce departments.
Fórensíc psychólógísts may recógnítíón theír wórk ón research, wórkíng fór schóóls, úníversítíes, and aúthórítíes cómpaníes whereín they have a lóók at the ínterplay óf húman cóndúct ín crímínólógy and the felóny devíce.
The paíntíngs óf fórensíc psychólógísts freqúently entaíls:
Próvídíng cóúrtróóm testímóny
Perfórmíng psychólógícal assessments
Perfórmíng cóúrtróóm-órdered ópíníóns
Attendíng tó the íntellectúal health wíshes óf ínmates (screeníng, therapy gróúps, ínpatíent róúnds, and só ón.)
Cónsúltíng wíth prísón gróúp óf wórkers, ínmate attórneys, cóúrt dócket systems, and cóúrt advócates
Próvídíng cóúnselíng ór crísís management servíces fór pólíce departments
Óccúpatíónal Psychólógy (Índústríal-Órganízatíónal Psychólógy)
Óccúpatíónal psychólógy (freqúently called búsíness-órganízatíónal (Í-Ó) psychólógy) research hów búsínesses featúre and the way húmans ín thóse cómpaníes behave and wórk. The last aím óf óccúpatíónal psychólógy ís tó ensúre chóícest perfórmance and delíght amóng wórkers ór córpóratíóns óf peóple.
Óccúpatíónal psychólógísts generally próvíde theír servíces tó bíg agencíes ór cómpaníes. Cómpany ówners and excessíve-stage admínístratórs regúlarly call ínsíde the assíst óf óccúpatíónal psychólógísts, cómmónly as experts, tó resólve partícúlar ór bróad íssúes assócíated wíth emplóyee retentíón, agency mórale, ór general perfórmance.
Búsíness leaders míght alsó are searchíng fór help cóncerníng any númber óf relevant búsíness próblems, whích ínclúdes órganízatíónal ímpróvement ór management schóólíng, ór they wíll úse the expertíse óf óccúpatíónal psychólógísts dúríng períóds óf alternate, whích ínclúde dúríng a merger ór acqúísítíón.
Clínícal Neúrópsychólógy
Neúrópsychólógy specíalízes wíthín the evalúatíón and remedy óf súfferers wíth braín íllnesses ór ínjúríes. Neúrópsychólógísts have a deep únderstandíng óf the mínd, súch as the anatómy óf the braín and neúrólógícal sícknesses. Thís has made neúrópsychólógy maínly relevant tó únderstandíng and attemptíng tó deal wíth the psychó-behavíóral effects óf demandíng head ínjúríes, whích have end úp the all tóó cómmón amóng sqúaddíes and fíght veterans. Neúrópsychólógísts have addítíónally been at the vangúard óf research assócíated wíth CTE (cóntínúal annóyíng encephalópathy) ín fóótball players and dífferent athletes that súffer fróm repetítíve head traúma.
Clínícal neúrópsychólógísts úse neúrópsychólógícal assessments tó assess, manípúlate, and treat cógnítívely ímpaíred patíents. Óútsíde óf clínícal exercíse, neúrópsychólógísts carry óút research ín massíve cómpaníes and evalúate peóple wíth cógnítíve ímpaírments wíth thóse whó've healthy braíns. Neúrópsychólógísts may match wíth precíse pópúlatíóns (e.G., yóúngsters, the elderly, precíse cúltúres, and só fórth.), ín pólícy makíng plans, and ín any númber óf rehabílítatíve settíngs, where they wórk alóng a múltídíscíplínary health gróúp that cónsísts óf physícal therapísts, óccúpatíónal therapísts, and speech pathólógísts
Chapter-2
Hístóry óf Psychólógy
Many cúltúres ín the cóúrse óf hístóry have specúlated ón the natúre óf the thóúghts, heart, sóúl, spírít, braín, and many óthers. Fór ínstance, ín Ancíent Egypt, the Edwín Smíth Papyrús carríes