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    Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire
    Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire
    Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire
    Ebook127 pages1 hour

    Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire

    By Clive M. Countryman

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    About this ebook

    "Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire" by Clive M. Countryman. Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices. Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGood Press
    Release dateDec 8, 2020
    ISBN4064066424749
    Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire

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      Book preview

      Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire - Clive M. Countryman

      Clive M. Countryman

      Heat-Its Role in Wildland Fire

      Published by Good Press, 2022

      [email protected]

      EAN 4064066424749

      Table of Contents

      The Nature of Heat

      The science of heat is relatively new

      Heat is energy

      The joule is the standard unit of heat

      Molecular structure affects temperature change

      Heat capacity varies with density and specific heat

      Much energy is involved in changes of state

      Heat transfer is needed for a fire to burn and spread

      Summary

      Heat Conduction

      Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular activity

      Heat conduction and fluid flow are alike

      Temperature gradient affects conduction rate

      Quantity of heat conducted varies with area

      Fuel density affects thermal conductivity

      Summary

      Heat conduction and wildland fire

      Heat conduction and combustion

      Wildland fuels do not burn directly

      Burning wood has four zones

      The combustion process

      Ignition depends on temperature and heat quantity

      Ignition and combustion take longer in dense fuels

      Moisture affects pyrolysis and ignition

      Char slows pyrolysis

      Heat Conduction and Fire Control

      Small fuels are most important

      To stop the fire, stop pyrolysis

      Summary

      Radiation

      Radiation is energy in the form of electromagnetic waves

      Radiation varies in wavelength

      Radiation intensity and wavelength change with temperature

      Radiation intensity changes with distance and angle

      Substances differ in ability to emit and absorb radiation

      Not all thermal radiation is absorbed

      Some radiation is reflected

      Substances tend to attain a common temperature

      Summary

      Radiation and wildland fire

      Radiation and Weather

      Heat reaches the earth through radiation

      Surface and air temperatures follow radiation intensity

      Variation in radiative heating controls weather

      Radiation and Fuels

      Radiation helps create fuels

      Radiation intensity affects fuel moisture

      Radiation and fire behavior

      Fire is a high-temperature heat source

      Radiation influences fire spread

      Radiation creates problems in fire behavior and fire control

      Some radiation problems can be alleviated

      RADIATION AND FIREFIGHTING SAFETY

      The body's ability to withstand heat is limited

      Proper clothing will reduce heating by radiation

      Survival in wildland fires is possible

      The main flame wave is the greatest hazard

      Motor vehicles can provide shelter

      Buildings can sometimes be used

      Escape from the fire if possible

      Summary

      Part 1: The Nature of Heat (1975)

      Part 2: Heating Conduction (1975)

      Part 3: Heat Conduction and Wildland Fire (1976)

      Part 4: Radiation (1976)

      Part 5: Radiation and Wildland Fire (1976)

      The cover page of The Nature of Heat in the book titled "Heat- Its Role in Wildland Fire."

      The Nature of Heat

      Table of Contents

      The three essential ingredients to start a fire.

      Three ingredients are essential for a wildland fire to start and to burn. First, there must be burnable fuel available. Then enough heat must be applied to the fuel to raise its temperature to the ignition point. And finally, there must be enough air to supply oxygen needed to keep the combustion process going and thus maintain the heat supply for ignition of unburned fuel. These three indispensable ingredients—fuel, heat, and oxygen—make up the fire triangle. All must be present if there is to be fire. In the following discussion, we will examine some of the basic characteristics of the heat segment of the fire triangle—the nature of heat itself.

      The science of heat is relatively new

      Table of Contents

      Chemist.png

      Everyone knows how heat feels, and is well aware of its many applications in daily life. Heat from the sun is the basic control of our weather, and this heat is also essential in the growing of food crops and other vegetation. Without the sun's heat, life could not exist on the earth.

      Through the science of thermodynamics, heat has a place in many of the industrial processes that bring us the conveniences of modern life. But as recently as 200 years ago, the true nature of heat was not understood. In the early days of science the phenomena associated with heat were ascribed to a mystical and intangible fluid called caloric. This fluid was believed to have the power of penetrating and expanding materials, sometimes melting or dissolving them, and converting some substances to vapor. Heat produced by friction or the compression of gases was attributed to stored caloric that was squeezed or ground out of the material. The caloric fluid was considered intangible, since even the most careful experiments in adding or subtracting heat by nondestructive heating or cooling of a substance failed to produce any changes in its weight.

      Heat is energy

      Table of Contents

      We know now that heat is not a fluid, nor a substance at all, but is really one of the several forms of energy. Other common forms are electrical energy, radiant energy, chemical energy, and the mechanical or kinetic energy possessed by moving materials and objects, such as falling water or a rotating wheel. Atomic and nuclear energy are still other forms. Heat is often labeled

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