The Universe

The Universe

Laurentiu Mihaescu

Absolute and Relative

www.1theory.com

Fourth edition, March 2020

English translation: Laurentiu Mihaescu

Copyright © 2016 by Laurentiu Mihaescu. All rights reserved.

The copyright law protects this digital book, which is intended for personal use only. You may display its content on a computer screen or on a compatible reading device. Any reproduction, printing, lending, exchanging, or trading, including distribution in any form over the Internet or in print is strictly forbidden.

Premius Publishing, 2016, www.premius.ro

ISBN 978-606-93843-5-0

1. Introduction

The scientific knowledge helps us to decipher the secrets of all things in this Universe, to solve the mysteries of their emergence and of their interactions. Better or less good explanations were given across the ages, using different terms and means. Democritus has tried to show that all objects are composed of very small, indivisible particles called atoms; he also said that the connections between atoms made all things possible and allowed the diversity of matter. It was a logical, pure rational explanation, highly advanced for those times, which has opened the gates of the true scientific approach.

Science and philosophy progressed a lot since then; now, after more than two thousand years, we have a fairly complete picture of atoms. Many scientific experiments have led to the development of some quantum physics theories that all suggested the existence of an internal structure of atoms; thus, the atoms proved to be formed of smaller things, later called particles. These new entities, elementary or composite, are all interacting due to a few different forces that are generated by some special fields. Currently, the Standard Model of particle physics explains quite satisfactorily all interactions of these matter constituents, at quantum level. Along with the Theory of Relativity, it succeeded to provide an almost perfect model of reality; the connections between time, space, energy and mass were transposed in simple and general equations, at both quantum and macroscopic scales. However, with all the scientific development over the last hundred years, there are still many unanswered questions. For example, this universal force called gravity, which links all the bodies from the outer space, does not have yet a complete physical and theoretical explanation, unanimously accepted by scientists. The equations giving the magnitude of the gravitational forces have all been written, and the 'curvature' of space around massive bodies has been well quantified. However, a clear explanation about what causes the gravity, about the true nature of this field (and even of the other ones) is still expected. A couple of new theories have appeared lately, Quantum Gravity and String Theory; despite their exotic beauty, the expected enlightenment is not brought yet upon this subject. Gravity still remains a very difficult topic, and its mystery seems to deepen over time.

As some objective limitations are present in the experimental field, matter cannot be probed below a certain dimensional scale, regardless of technology; therefore, a great opportunity arises for physicists and mathematicians, namely to develop new theories that may be based more on imagination instead on concrete aspects. The same thing is also happening at cosmic scale, where we have already reached some limits of observation.

In order to overcome many of these obstacles, my recent decision was to add one more layer to the description of all things, at a truly fundamental, sub-quantum level. The related theory of physics was widely presented in a book that has been published a year ago, Prime Theory [6]. Space was considered as having a granular structure, which means that matter, at any level, is actually made of a unique raw material; in addition, all characteristics of this granular constituent have been described in great detail. Therefore, logically and unequivocally, rational explanations have been easily shaped for all the subjects remained in question, such as gravity, mass, electric charge and fields. The mechanisms of granular interaction have offered a common ground for all known fields, including the gravitational one; it also allowed detailed explanations over the genesis, shape and stability of any elementary particle. And we are not going back in time this way, to the 19st or 20th century, when the problem of spatial graininess was seriously taken into account; we rather make an important progress by inserting this necessary corollary of new principles into the Quantum Physics. All the quantum mechanisms will therefore have a surplus of determinism and rational, while many of the basic principles remain unchanged. At the fundamental level of matter, however, the elementary rules of interactions have all been extended and adapted, and this will lead eventually to reasonable and causal explanations for any known phenomenon.

If we detach ourselves a little from the usual, these things would seem normal and no one should be surprised. It is natural that, once the scale is reduced to the granular level, the complexity decreases and all the interaction laws become simpler, reaching an absolute elementary. Also, it seems natural that the matter of any kind has a common and unique factor, a minimal ingredient that only operates on a basic set of rules. The initial granular fluxes (very strong) have generated the first stable rotational structures and then imposed their interaction rules; the most part of the particles existing in our Universe were produced in this way. It also seems normal that there is a minimal level of energy, the granular level, which determines the conservative interactions between granules or those between fields and particles. These are the natural explanations for a deterministic and causal reality, which all were given in detail by the Prime Theory for a presumed closed, perpetual moving and forever expanding Universe; they also include a profound relativization of all the nature's laws, starting from the lowest possible level of matter - the granular one. However, a new reference point will be added to this deeply relative Universe, especially by the Theory of the Absolute chapter. As far as it is possible, the connection with the actual formulas and theories of physics (in particular with the Theory of Relativity) will be closely maintained. This is my personal attempt to put the cornerstone of a new construction that is intended to succeed describing the physical reality in an exhaustive manner. My approach is clearly deterministic, entirely based on the concrete nature of things; as we come to really understand their working mechanisms, we may write all the mathematical equations that could describe them precisely. There are causes and there are effects for any phenomenon. The mathematical equations, which are trying to express the rules by using a certain formalism, are not revealing the true meanings of things and phenomena, only the understanding of their objective nature might do that! Also, some limits and solutions of these equations do not always have a physical equivalent in the real world! Consequently, the natural order of steps a scientist should make is this: first, he must get to the basic meanings of reality, then he must analyze and understand them, and finally, he may try to elaborate the appropriate theories. Even this kind of theories, sometimes excessively abstract, must be corrected and improved all the time, as we are continuously gaining more and more concrete knowledge of the physical phenomena.

2. Absolute and Relative

2.1. Universe - Time Zero

Let's analyze now all things in a temporal and causal context, in which the Primary Universe would have been born through the First Bang, then it evolved, transformed, its matter aggregates and then compresses, and new universes were finally generated through other Big Bangs. PT made a detailed description of the creation of the Primary Universe: it all has started from an undefined nothingness, which through an essentially mechanical process (like a fluctuation) has been separated