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    Protestant Reforms: An Overview
    Protestant Reforms: An Overview
    Protestant Reforms: An Overview
    Ebook711 pages11 hours

    Protestant Reforms: An Overview

    By Marilynn Hughes

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    PROTESTANT REFORMS: Understanding the major Protestant Reforms can require a lot of study. And even so, it’s hard to really get to the heart of the matter in finding out what are the creeds and confessions, why was there schism, by whom, in what year, what sacraments do they perform and what practices differ from other denominations. ‘Protestant Reforms’ sets out to make this study simple and easy to understand. Each denomination is listed with basic facts about what they believe and how they came to be. In the back of the book are included all the differing creeds and confessions of the original Catholic Church and the Denominations which sprung from it making for easy comparison and study.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherLulu.com
    Release dateNov 28, 2011
    ISBN9781105273735
    Protestant Reforms: An Overview

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      Book preview

      Protestant Reforms - Marilynn Hughes

      Protestant Reforms: An Overview

      Protestant Reforms: An Overview

      By Marilynn Hughes

      The Out-of-Body Travel Foundation!

      http://outofbodytravel.org

      Copyright © 2012, Marilynn Hughes, Mary Hughes

      All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this work or portions thereof in any form whatsoever without permission in writing from the publisher and author, except for brief passages in connection with a review. 

      All credits for quotations are included in the Bibliography.

      For information, write to:

      The Out-of-Body Travel Foundation!

      http://outofbodytravel.org

      [email protected]

      If this book is unavailable from your local bookseller, it may be obtained directly from the Out-of-Body Travel Foundation by going to www.outofbodytravel.org.

      Having worked primarily in radio broadcasting, Marilynn Hughes spent several years as a news reporter, producer and anchor before deciding to stay at home with her three children. She's experienced, researched, written, and taught about out-of-body travel since 1987. 

      Books by Marilynn Hughes:

      Come to Wisdom's Door

      How to Have an Out-of-Body Experience!

      The Mysteries of the Redemption

      A Treatise on Out-of-Body Travel and Mysticism

      The Mysteries of the Redemption Series in Five Volumes

      (Same Book - Choose Your Format!)

      Prelude to a Dream

      Passage to the Ancient

      Medicine Woman Within a Dream

      Absolute Dissolution of Body and Mind

      The Mystical Jesus

      GALACTICA

      A Treatise on Death, Dying and the Afterlife

      THE PALACE OF ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE

      A Treatise on Ancient Mysteries

      Touched by the Nails

      (Watch and Wait)

      A Karmic Journey Revealed!

      Principles of THE WORLD BEYOND Death

      Books of Terror

      Evil Exists, it's Closer than you Think

      Based on the Visions of Mary Hughes

      By Marilynn Hughes

      The Mystical Captive

      Evergreen

      The Autobiography of a mystic

      Michael Jackson:

      The Afterlife Experiences

      A Theology of Michael Jackson's Life and Lyrics

      Michael Jackson:

      The Afterlife Experiences II

      Michael Jackson’s American Dream to Heal the World

      Michael Jackson:

      The Afterlife Experiences III

      The Confessions of Michael Jackson

      Comparative Religious Mystical Theology

      Out-of-Body Travel in World Religion

      Forgotten Mystics in World Religions

      Lesser Known Out-of-Body Experiences

      Selfishness and Self-Will

      The Path to Selflessness in World Religions

      A Life of Cultivation

      Near Death and Out-of-Body Experiences

      (Auspicious Births and Deaths)

      Of the Prophets, Saints, Mystics and Sages in World Religions

      The Voice of the Prophets

      Wisdom of the Ages - Volumes 1 - 12

      At the Feet of the Masters

      Miraculous Images:

      Photographs Containing God’s Fingerprints

      Suffering:

      The Fruits of Utter Desolation

      We are all Shadows

      The Overview Series

      The Oral Transmissions of the 52 Soto Zen Buddhist Ancestors

      The Doctors of the Catholic ChurchThe General Councils of the Catholic Church

      Marian Apparitions in the Catholic Church

      Heresies in the Catholic Church

      Miraculous Phenomena in the Catholic Church

      Fascinating Figures in World Religion

      Practices, Prayer, Ritual, Liturgy, Sacraments and Theology in the Catholic Church

      Writers of the Philokalia

      Protestant Reforms

      Mystic Knowledge Series:

      Out-of-Body Travel

      Ghosts and Lost Souls

      Spirit Guides and Guardian Angels

      Reincarnation and Karma

      Spiritual Warfare, Angels and Demons

      Death, Dying and the Afterlife

      Heaven, Hell and Purgatory

      ExtraTerrestrials

      Destiny and Prophecy

      Initiations into the Mysteries

      Visions of Jesus and the Saints

      Ascension

      Suffering and Sickness

      Mystical Poetry

      CHILDREN'S BOOKS

      Teaching Stories of the Prophets in World Religions for Young People!

      (Ages 10 to Adult)

      World Religions and their Prophets for Little Children!

      (Ages 2 - 8)

      The Former Angel! - A Children’s Tale

      (Ages 2 - 8)

      The Mystery of the Key to Heaven!

      (Ages 2 - 10)

      Streams in the Willow

      The Story of One Family’s Transformation from Original Sin

      Compilations

      Out-of-Body Travel and Near Death Experiences: Compiled Works through 2006

      World Religions and Ancient Sacred Texts: Compiled Compiled Works through 2006

      The Voice of the Prophets:

      Abridged Lesser Known Texts

      The Out-of-Body Travel Foundation Journals

      Journal One:  The Importance of the Seven Virtues and Vices in Understanding the Practice of Out-of-Body Travel!

      Journal Two: My Out-of-Body Journey with Sai Baba, Hindu Avatar!

      Journal Three: The History of 'The Out-of-Body Travel Foundation!'

      Journal Four: A Menage of Wonderful Writers and Artists!

      Journal Five: The Stories of Cherokee Elder, Willy Whitefeather!

      Journal Six: Discerning your Vocation in Life by Learning the Difference Between Knowledge and Knowing!

      Journal Seven: When Tragedy Strikes

      Journal Eight: Comparing the Buddhist Avalokiteswara's Descent into Hell with that of Jesus Christ!

      Journal Nine: Huzur Maharaj Sawan Singh - Sant Mat  (Sikh)  Master Guru and Grandson Maharaj Charan Singh - Sant Mat  (Sikh)  Master Guru

      Journal Ten: The Great Beyond

      Journal Eleven: Ghosts and Lost Souls: Our Responsibility

      Journal Twelve: The 800th Anniversary of Jalalludin Rumi, and the True Spiritual Heritage of Afghanistan and the Middle East

      Journal Thirteen: Pensatia – Forgotten Rosicrucian Mystic

      Journal Fourteen: Reverend John Macgowan – Forgotten Protestant Mystic

      Journal Fifteen: A. Farnese – Forgotten Mystic Amanuensis (to Franchezzo)

      Journal Sixteen: Comte St. Germain – Forgotten Immortal Mystic of the Mystery Schools

      Journal Seventeen:  Franz Hartmann – Forgotten Mystical Adept

      Journal Eighteen:  SA’D UD DIN MAHMŪD SHABISTARĪ –Forgotten Islamic Sufi Mystic

      Journal Nineteen:  Dionysius - Forgotten Christian Mystic of the Early Church

      Issue Twenty: Acvaghosha - Forgotten Buddhist Mystic of the Mahayana Path

      Issue Twenty One: Bishop Shelemon of Armenia – Forgotten Nestorian Christian Mystic

      Issue Twenty Two: Abú Sa‘íd Ibn Abi ’l-Khayr– Forgotten Islamic Mystic

      Issue Twenty Three: Rev. G. Vale Owen - Forgotten Christian Mystic

      Issue Twenty Four: Swami Abhedânanda- Forgotten Hindu Mystic

      Issue Twenty Five: Moses Maimonides - Forgotten Jewish Mystic

      Issue Twenty Six: The Bab - Forgotten Baha’i Mystic

      Issue Twenty Seven: Shinran Shonin – Forgotten Mystic of Pure Land Buddhism

      Issue Twenty Eight: Bustan of Sadi – Forgotten Persian Islamic Mystic

      Issue Twenty Nine: John Bunyan – Forgotten Protestant Christian Mystic

      Issue Thirty:  Ixtlilxochitl and Nezahualcoyotl – Forgotten Aztec Mystics and Myth Bearers

      Mystics Magazine

      Issue One – Christian Mystical Theology, Conversations with Jacob Boehme

      Issue Two - Buddhist Mystical Theology, Conversations with Charaka and Acvagosha

      Issue Three – Islamic Mystical Theology, Conversations with Imam Ghazzali

      Issue Four – Egyptian Mystical Theology, Conversations with W. Marsham Adams

      Issue Five – Hindu Mystical Theology, Conversations with Sri Ramakrishna

      Issue Six – Jewish Mystical Theology, Conversations with Rabbi Simeon

      Issue Seven – Sikh Mystical Theology, Conversations with Guru Nanak

      Issue Eight – Zoroastrian Mystical Theology, Conversations with Charles William King

      Issue Nine – Bahai Mystical Theology, Conversations with Bahaullah

      Protestant Reforms

      An Overview

      By Marilynn Hughes

      CONTENTS

      INTRODUCTION

      Roman Catholic Church 33 A.D.

      DENOMINATIONS

      Moravian 800 A.D.

      Eastern Orthodox 1054 A.D.

      Lutheran 1513 A.D.

      Mennonite 1520 A.D.

      Presbyterian 1534 A.D.

      Episcopal/Anglican 1534 A.D.

      Reformed 1561 A.D.

      Brethren 1600 A.D.

      Baptist 1610 A.D.

      Quakers (Friends) 1650 A.D.

      Methodist 1738 A.D.

      Swedenborgian Church 1783 A.D.

      Mormon (Latter Day Saints) 1820 A.D.

      Christian Church 1832 A.D.

      Adventist 1830 A.D.

      Bible Fellowship Church 1858 A.D.

      Salvation Army 1865 A.D.

      Christian Science – 1866 A.D.

      Old Catholic 1871 A.D.

      Theosophy 1872 A.D.

      United Holy Church of America 1886 A.D.

      Unity School of Christianity 1886 A.D.

      Spiritualist 1893 A.D.

      Pentecostal 1900 A.D.

      Church of God and Church of God Holiness 1900 and 1914 A.D.

      Grace Gospel Fellowship 1943 A.D.

      Unitarian Universalist Association 1961 A.D.

      United Church of Christ 1961 A.D.

      Evangelical Church 1968 A.D.

      CATHOLIC CREEDS AND PROTESTANT CONFESSIONS

      Early Catholic Christian Creeds

      Apostles Creed

      Nicene Creed

      Athanasian Creed

      Chalcedonian Creed

      Canons on the Council of Orange

      Canons on the Council of Nicaea

      Canons on the Council of Constantinople

      Canons on the Council of Ephesus

      Statement of Faith of the Third Council of Constantinople

      Protestant Reformation Confessions -

      Westminster Confession

      Westminster Shorter Catechism

      John Calvin’s Brief Confession of Faith

      Augsburg Confession

      Articles of Religion of the Church of England

      Luther’s 95 Thesis

      Smalcald Articles of Faith

      Formula of Concord

      Belgic Confession

      Canons of Dort

      Waldensian Confession

      Heidelburg Catechism

      Dordrecht Confessions

      Mennonite Confession of Faith

      Conservative Mennonite Statement of Theology

      Waldenses Confession of 1544

      Bunyan’s Instructions for the Ignorant

      The Arminian Confession of 1621

      Discipline of the Church

      Apology of Robert Barclay

      Fourteen Theses of the Old Catholic Union at Bonn

      The Declaration of Utrecht

      John Wesley’s General Rules

      The Twenty Five Articles of Religion of the Methodist Faith

      General Convention of the New Jerusalem

      Articles of Faith of the Latter Day Saints

      William Miller’s Rules of Interpretation

      Bible Fellowship Church Articles of Faith

      Official Creed of the Unity School of Christianity

      The National Spiritual Alliance Declaration of Principles

      Pentecostal Statement of Fundamental and Essential Truths

      Grace Gospel Fellowship Doctrinal Statement

      Church of God Articles of Faith

      United Church of Christ Statement of Faith

      Protestant Reforms

      An Overview

      By Marilynn Hughes

      INTRODUCTION

      The first section of this book is an overview of the formation and dissemination of Christianity from the time of its instigation by Jesus Christ in 33 A.D. in the form of the Roman Catholic Church through the Protestant Reformations which for the most part began in the 16th Century (which the exception of the Moravian and Orthodox lines).

      Each denomination provides you with the year it was founded, by whom, based on the teachings of whom, main doctrinal focuses, creeds and confessions, practices, sacraments, reasons for the schism from the outer church and other names in which the particular denomination may go by. This is followed by a series of sub-denominations which were formed either before or after the primary denomination depending on the historical formation of that strain of belief and theology containing the dates of inception, by whom and primary reason for the schism from the primary denomination.

      You’ll notice that some of these sub-denominations will fall in sequence after the formation of the primary denomination, while others will have origination dates before the foundation of the primary denomination. This is because many of the denominational paths found their way through many years of trial and error with sub-denominations which were formed before the founding of the major denomination wherein they all eventually would fall.

      Finally, because the creeds and confessions of each denomination are so varied and fascinating, you’ll find them in the back of the book listed so that you may read the individual confessions of faith of each of these denominations in order to compare and contrast.

      It is a fascinating journey through faith, belief and history . . . enjoy!

      Roman Catholic

      33 A.D.

      About the Roman Catholic Church

      Year Founded: 33 A.D.

      By Whom: Jesus Christ

      Based on the Teachings of: Jesus Christ

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Catholics follow the teachings of the Bible as interpreted by the Holy Magisterium of the Church, the preserved Apostolic Traditions and the Seven Sacraments. Their faith centers on the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Holy Eucharist. The primary differences between Roman Catholicism and the Protestant Sects who followed are that Catholicism believes in the whole deposit of revelation given to the Apostles through Christ, which includes Scripture, Faith, Traditions and the practice of Good Works. Protestants believe in Scripture or Faith Alone, not Works and not Tradition. Catholicism thus also believes in the true and Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Holy Eucharist, Body, Blood and Divinity. Whereas, most Protestant denominations believe that the bread and wine are a symbol of Christ’s Spiritual Presence. 

      Creeds and Confessions: Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed, Chalcedonian Creed, Canons on the Council of Orange, Canons on the Council of Nicaea, Canons on the Council of Constantinople, Canons on the Council of Ephesus, Statement of Faith of the Third Council of Constantinople

      Practices: The Seven Sacraments including Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick. Catholics also participate in a number of devotions, including the Rosary, Adoration before the Blessed Sacrament, Divine Mercy, a variety of Novenas, the Stations of the Cross, etc.

      Most of the Protestant sects have not maintained all seven sacraments and utilize only the ones which fit into their particular system of belief.

      Sacraments: Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick

      Please note that Eucharist and Holy Communion mean different things to Catholics and Protestants. Catholics view the Holy Eucharist as transubstantiation which, in essence, means that Jesus Christ is present within the bread and wine offered at the Mass body, blood and divinity; truly present in a mysterious way. With the exception of the Orthodox Faith, all other Protestant sects view Holy Communion as consubstantiation which in essence means that they believe in the spiritual presence of Jesus Christ in the bread and wine at communion.

      When you read these terms as applied to Protestant denominations (with the exception of the Orthodox) these differences apply.

      DENOMINATIONS

      Moravian

      Ninth Century A.D.

      About the Moravian Sect

      Year Founded: Ninth Century A.D.

      By Whom: Slavic People of Bohemia and Moravia

      Based on the Teachings of: Constantine, Methodius and later John Hus ( 1415 A.D.) and Jerome of Prague (1416 A.D.)

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Doctrine was never unified or codified. But generally speaking, in essentials unity, in nonessentials liberty, and in all things charity. Scriptures are the inspired Word of God and provide a moral compass for life and faith, the love of God is manifested in the redemptive life and death of Jesus Christ. Essentials relate to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the Holy Trinity, the universal nature of sin, and the Bible as the sole standard for all Christian beliefs.

      Creeds and Confessions: Apostles Creed, Westminster and Augsburg Confessions, Articles of Religion of the Church of England

      Sacraments: Baptism, Holy Communion, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders

      Practices: Infant baptism by sprinkling or pouring, the Lord’s Supper is practiced six times a year, there is a custom of a ‘love feast’ and the singing of hymns.

      Reason for Schism: Struggle for political and religious freedom.

      Other Names for the Sect: The Union of Brethren, Unity of the Brethren, Jednota Bratrska, Unitas Fratrum

      Denominations within the Moravian Sect

      Moravian Church

      Year Founded: Ninth Century A.D.

      By Whom: Slavic People of Bohemia and Moravia.

      Reason for Schism: Struggle for political and religious freedom.

      Unity of the Brethren

      Year Founded: Late 19th Century

      By Whom: Immigrants arriving in Texas.

      Other Names for the Sect: Evangelic Unity of the Czech-Moravian Brethren in North America

      Eastern Orthodox

      1054 A.D.

      About the Eastern Orthodox Sect

      Year Founded: Claims direct descent from Christ and Apostles (33 A.D.), but official division occurred in 1054 A.D.

      By Whom: St. James and the Apostles.

      Based on the Teachings of: St. James and the Apostles.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Holy Eucharist (The Orthodox believe in the True Presence of Christ within the bread and wine offered at the holy altar.) Baptism, penance, holy orders (priests can be either married or unmarried), marriage, the anointing of the sick. Orthodox believers do not believe in purgatory, although they believe that the dead pray for those on the earth. Much like the Roman Catholic Churches must maintain the Pope as their central figurehead, Orthodox Churches must maintain a similar unity with the Patriarch of Constantinople.

      We worship God in Trinity, glorifying equally the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ is Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages; that He is truly God, of one essence with the Father and the Holy Spirit. We believe that Christ Incarnate is also truly man, like us in all respects except sin. We worship the Holy Spirit as Lord and Giver of Life Who proceeds from the Father. We honor and venerate the Saints as those who have grown unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ (Ephesians 4:13). We ask their intercession before God knowing that they live in Christ and that nothing, not even death, breaks the bond of love we share with them in Christ. Of the saints, the Ever-Virgin Mary, the Theotokos (Greek: Mother of God), holds a special place as more honorable than the Cherubim and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim (c.f. Luke 1:48). Holy Theophany Orthodox Church

      Creeds and Confessions: The Nicene Creed in original form without the addition of the word ‘Filioque.’

      Sacraments: Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick

      Practices: Shares prayers, litanies and Eucharistic forms with the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church utilizes a lot of icons for devotional purposes.

      Reason for Schism: Major conflict was over the addition of the word ‘Filioque’ at the Roman Catholic Council of St. Sophia. Eastern Church believes that the Holy Spirit proceeds directly from the Father. Roman Catholicism believes that it proceeds from the Father and the Son.

      Denominations within the Eastern Orthodox Sect

      Albanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America

      Year Founded: Spiritual descendant of the ancient ecclesiastical Western Illyricum from the early church.

      By Whom: The Holy Illyria, under the Byzantine umbrella. (The Illyria was a region in the west of the Balkan Peninsula.)

      Reason for Schism: Turkish rulers refused the Albanian’s right to worship in their own language. They were only allowed to worship in Greek.

      The Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch

      (Archdiocese of the U.S.A. and Canada)

      Year Founded: First Century A.D.

      By Whom: Origin is believed to go all the way back until St. Peter.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Doctrines of the First Three Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus

      The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the U.S.A.

      Year Founded: 862 A.D.

      By Whom: The belief is that St. Andrew preached the gospel in Kiev and that this eventually led to the establishment of the church in that location 800 or so years later.

      Russian Orthodox Church

      Year Founded: 988 A.D.

      By Whom: Prince Vladimir of Kiev

      Reason for Schism: Prince Vladimir of Kiev brought it to Russia when he was baptized.

      Serbian Eastern Orthodox Church in the U.S.A.

      Year Founded: 1219 A.D.

      By Whom: For 600 years (600 A.D. until 1200 A.D.) the church was under the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople. They wished to be under Serbian leadership.

      Reason for Schism: They wished to be under local leadership in Serbia.

      Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church

      Year Founded: 1872 A.D.

      By Whom: Bulgarian Immigrants

      Practices: Services in Bulgarian and English languages.

      Reason for Schism: Wanted freedom from Constantinople.

      American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church

      Year Founded: 1891 A.D.

      By Whom: Carpatho-Russian people of Eastern Czechoslovakia.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: They practice Eastern Rites and Customs, but acknowledge the Roman Catholic Pope of Rome although they are in a continuing struggle to separate from the Church of Rome.

      Reason for Schism: Originally, they held the supremacy of the Pope of Rome, although they are currently in struggle to separate.

      Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America

      Year Founded: 1922 A.D.

      By Whom: Greek Immigrants

      Reason for Schism: This denomination is in concert with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

      Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America

      Year Founded: 1929 A.D.

      By Whom: Clergy and lay people of Romanian Orthodox Parishes in the United States and Canada.

      Antiochan Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America

      Year Founded: 1975 A.D.

      By Whom: Three groups merged – the Antiochian  Christian Archdiocese of New York, the Syrian Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of New York and North America and the Antiochian Archdiocese of Toledo, Ohio and Dependencies in North America.

      Reason for Schism: Political conditions in Bucharest forced the separation.

      Lutheran

      1513 A.D.

      About the Lutheran Sect

      Year Founded: 1513 A.D

      By Whom: Martin Luther

      Based on the Teachings of: Martin Luther

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Scripture Alone, Faith Alone

      Martin Luther's emphasis on the claim that forgiveness of sin is entirely a gracious (free) gift from God, and that humans can do nothing to earn or even prompt this gift, sets Lutherans' narrative of salvation off from that of many other Christians. Lutherans believe in God, Jesus Christ, and angels. Some Lutherans continue to believe in angels, while for others they seem implausible or simply irrelevant. Human nature was created good, but is sinful, that is, fundamentally self-centered, as a result of the fall. The purpose of existence is to enter heaven, which is possible only through God's free forgiveness for sin.  The origin of suffering and evil for Luther was to be attributed solely to human sin, a result of the work of the devil. Martin Luther believed in a traditional idea of an immortal soul that spent eternity either in a literal place of blessedness called heaven or a literal place of torment called hell. Your destination depends on whether or not you are saved, that is, by God’s grace forgiven for sin. Ted Vial, Patheos.com

      Creeds and Confessions: Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed, Luther’s 95 Thesis, Smalcald Articles of Faith, Formula of Concord, Augsburg Confession

      Sacraments: Baptism, Holy Communion, Holy Absolution (Not Practiced in Many Lutheran Congregations Today), Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick

      Practices: Lutherans practice most of the sacraments but priests are allowed to get married and most churches don’t practice Holy Absolution with a pastor but privately between themselves and God, although that option is present.

      Reason for Schism: Martin Luther believed that it was impossible for human beings to earn their salvation through works, and thus instituted the idea of ‘Sola Scriptura’ or ‘Scripture Alone.’ Please also read the 95 Thesis of Martin Luther which were his principal complaints against the practices of the Catholic Church at the time of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther is considered the founder of all Protestant Reforms, as Lutheranism was the first of the major schisms in the church.

      Denominations within the Lutheran Sect

      Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod

      Year Founded: 1847 A.D.

      By Whom: German Immigrants in Missouri

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Confessional Lutheranism

      Reason for Schism: Differences in doctrine and practice between congregations.

      Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod

      Year Founded: 1850 A.D.

      By Whom: The German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Wisconsin joined together with groups from Minnesota and Michigan.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Orthodox Confessional Lutheranism.

      Reason for Schism: To create more unity between synods.

      Apostolic Lutheran Church of America

      Year Founded: Mid 19th Century

      By Whom: Lars Levi Laestadius

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: This denomination of Lutheranism places a stronger emphasis on the confession of sins and absolution.

      Practices: Parishioners must have experienced their own scriptural Christian experience in order to be a voting member of a congregation. One of the unique facets of this sect of Lutheranism is that it actually supports the public confession of some sins of greater gravity before the entire congregation.

      Reason for Schism: Political Differences

      Other Names for the Sect: Church of Laestadius, Solomon Korteneimi Lutheran Society

      Church of the Lutheran Brethren

      Year Founded: 1900 A.D.

      By Whom: Autonomous congregations scattered throughout the United States and Canada.

      Practices: Services are done non-liturgically.

      Reason for Schism: To better serve Christian Education in both home and world missions.

      Evangelical Lutheran Synod

      Year Founded:  1918 A.D.

      By Whom: Minority group who declined to join the former Evangelical Lutheran Church.

      Protestant Conference (Lutheran)

      Year Founded: 1927 A.D.

      By Whom: Forty Seven Pastors and Teachers who were expelled from the church after a protest against ‘pharisaical’ practices in the hierarchy of the church.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Orthodox Confessional Lutheranism

      Reason for Schism: A protest against legalism in the Lutheran Church.

      The American Lutheran Church

      Year Founded: 1960 A.D.

      By Whom: Three churches merged into one including the American Lutheran Church of German heritage, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norwegian descent and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Danish origin.

      Reason for Schism: They were trying to work out issues that had erupted over ethnic lines and successfully did so.

      Church of the Lutheran Confession

      Year Founded: 1960 A.D.

      By Whom: Clergy and laypeople who left the synods of the Lutheran Conference of North America.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: The doctrine of verbal inspiration  and the inerrancy of the Bible.

      The Association of Free Lutheran Congregations

      Year Founded: 1962 A.D.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Inerrancy and supreme authority of Word and Spirit of God. They are considered very conservative and independent of other congregations. They believe that the individual congregations represent the highest authority and the final and correct form of worship. They believe that each congregation should overcome all racial, national and individual synod boundaries.

      Reason for Schism: They are much more focused on the personal experience of Christ, and consider themselves more evangelical than other Lutheran congregations.

      Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

      Year Founded: 1988 A.D.

      By Whom: Union of the Lutheran Church in America, the American Lutheran Church and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches. Other congregations followed and joined, as well.

      Reason for Schism: To bring together many separate congregations.

      Lutheran Church in America

      Year Founded: 1988 A.D.

      By Whom: Consolidation of four Lutheran bodies in the United States, the United Lutheran Church in America, the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Lutheran Church, the American Evangelical Lutheran Church, and the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church.

      Mennonite

      1520 A.D.

      About the Mennonite Sect

      Year Founded: 1525 A.D.

      By Whom: Swiss Brethren, Menno Simons and Obbe Philips.

      Based on the Teachings of:  Swiss Brethren who disagreed with the union of Church and State, and also rejected Luther and Calvin’s reforms.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Godly living with no emphasis on theology, sacraments or liturgy. They do not support infant baptism.

      In keeping with their spiritual roots, Mennonites still believe in the close textual readings of the Scriptures and a personal spiritual responsibility as the basis of their faith. . . . Pacifism is one of the cornerstones of the Mennonite faith, prompting many young Mennonites to elect service to the church rather than military service. The Mennonite church emphasizes service to others as an important way of expressing one's faith. Professor John D. Roth

      Creeds and Confessions: Dordrecht Confessions

      Sacraments: Baptism, Communion, Foot washing, Holy Kiss*, Ordination

      Practices: Generally, their meetings are informal gatherings with talks and discussions. And most Mennonites disagree with armed conflict or war. They do celebrate the Lord ’s Supper twice a year and perform baptisms by the pouring of water. 

      Reason for Schism: They disagreed with uniting church and state and they rejected the Protestant Reforms of Luther and Calvin.

      *In the ancient Middle East, as well as in the Middle East today, it is customary to greet one another with a kiss.  This kiss was not on the lips, but a head-to-head, shoulder-to-shoulder greeting that bears little resemblance to kissing in the modern world.  It was a greeting that sometimes involved kissing the individual on the forehead, or the beard.  In the New Testament era this greeting was especially meaningful to new Jewish Christians who had become outcasts to their families because they identified with Jesus Christ and His followers.  It was always between men and never between a man and a woman.  The fact that the Bible calls it a holy kiss should guard against any mistaken notions as to its purpose and intent. What is a Holy Kiss?  Larry Spargimino, Bible In The News

      Denominations within the Mennonite Sect

      Unaffiliated Mennonite

      Year Founded: No official known date.

      By Whom: Random Congregations

      Reason for Schism: They choose to remain separated from the body of the larger church.

      Hutterian Brethren

      Year Founded: Early 1500’s

      By Whom: Jacob Hutter

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Communal living along with the same biblical concepts and nonconformity to the world  as other Mennonite sects.

      Reason for Schism: Jacob Hutter believed in the communal ownership of property and was burned as a heretic at the stake in 1536 A.D.

      Mennonite Church

      Year Founded: 1525 A.D.

      By Whom: Dutch and German Immigrants.

      Old Order Amish Church

      Year Founded: 1720 A.D.

      Reformed Mennonite Church

      Year Founded: 1812 A.D.

      By Whom: John Herr

      Reason for Schism: They believe there can be only one true church for all believers and are strict New Testament followers.

      Church of God in Christ, Mennonite

      Year Founded: 1859 A.D.

      By Whom: John Holeman

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Holy Ghost Baptism

      Reason for Schism: John Holeman believed there were numerous errors in the theology of the original Mennonite Church.

      Mennonite Brethren Churches, General Conference

      Year Founded: 1860 A.D.

      By Whom: Small Ukrainian Mennonite Group

      Reason for Schism: Small Ukrainian Mennonite Group withdrew from the larger church. Focused more on prayer and bible study. The Krimmer Mennonite Brethren merged with this group in 1960 A.D.

      General Conference Mennonite Church

      Year Founded: 1860 A.D.

      By Whom: Several Mennonite Organizations in a Missionary effort.

      Reason for Schism: They wished to give local congregations autonomy in order to make it easier to establish them through missionary efforts.

      Other Names for the Sect: This group is in the process of considering the merger with the Official Mennonite Church.

      Evangelical Mennonite Church

      Year Founded: 1865 A.D.

      By Whom: Henry Egly

      Reason for Schism: So that they could put an emphasis on the teachings of regeneration, separation from the world and a teaching of non-resistance.

      Other Names for the Sect: Formerly known as the Defenseless Mennonite Church.

      Old Order (Wisler) Mennonite Church

      Year Founded: 1872 A.D.

      By Whom: Jacob Wisler

      Reason for Schism: Jacob Wisler led a revolt against the main church in protest of the formation of Sunday Schools and the use of English in services.

      Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches

      Year Founded: 1889 A.D.

      By Whom: Russian Immigrants to the United States and Canada.

      Reason for Schism: To unite the Russian Mennonite Immigrants.

      Other Names for the Sect: Former Name was Evangelical Mennonite Brethren.

      Conservative Mennonite Conference

      Year Founded: 1910 A.D.

      By Whom: Amish Mennonite Leaders at Pigeon, Michigan

      Creeds and Confessions: Mennonite Confession of

      Faith, Conservative Mennonite Statement of Theology

      Reason for Schism: Concern that the church was getting too liberal and open.

      Beachy Amish Mennonite Churches

      Year Founded: 1927 A.D.

      By Whom: Bishop Moses M. Beachy

      Reason for Schism: They were originally Amish Mennonites who were separating from a more conservative older Amish sect.

      Presbyterian

      1534 A.D.

      About the Presbyterian Sect

      Year Founded: 1534 A.D.

      By Whom: John Knox

      Based on the Teachings of: John Calvin

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: God’s sovereignty over the world and the importance of the people responding properly to the will and authority of God.

      "The Authority of Scripture - Our knowledge of God and God's purpose for humanity comes from the Bible, particularly what is revealed in the New Testament through the life of Jesus Christ.

      Justification by Grace through Faith - Our salvation (justification) through Jesus is God's generous gift to us and not the result of our own accomplishments.

      The Priesthood of All Believers - It is everyone's job - ministers and lay people alike - to share this Good News with the whole world. The Presbyterian Church is governed at all levels by a combination of clergy and laity, men and women alike.

      The Sovereignty of God - God is the supreme authority throughout the universe." Mary Fairchild, About.com

      Creeds and Confessions: Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Westminster Confession, John Calvin’s Brief Confession of Faith

      Sacraments: Baptism, the Lord’s Supper

      Practices: The Church has a two-fold foundation. It is governed by Presbyters in a function similar to the manner in which the early churches were formed. And it follows the teachings of John Calvin at the time of the Reformation. Thereby, they blend these two factors into their practices.

      Reason for Schism: John Calvin’s doctrine of Unconditional Predestination. However, John Calvin did not found Presbyterian, but rather, laid the foundation upon which it emerged. And John Calvin did not originally believe in actual separation from the greater church. In fact, he was greatly opposed to it and spoke so very fervently in ‘The Institutes on Christian Religion.’

      Denominations within the Presbyterian Sect

      Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America

      Year Founded: 1752 A.D.

      By Whom:  A Minister from the Reformed Presbytery of Scotland.

      Reason for Schism: Main issues were over voting rights of members. This was not resolved until 1964 A.D. when church members were given permission to participate in public affairs and elections.

      Cumberland Presbyterian Church

      Year Founded: 1810 A.D.

      By Whom: Finis Ewing, Samuel King, and Samuel McAdow (Three Presbyterian Ministers).

      Reason for Schism: They object to the Doctrine of Predestination in the Westminster Confession of Faith.

      Second Cumberland Presbyterian Church in the United States

      Year Founded: 1869 A.D.

      By Whom: Black Members of the pre-Civil War Cumberland Presbyterian Church.

      Reason for Schism: The separated status of black people from whites in pre-Civil War America.

      Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church

      Year Founded: 1935 A.D.

      By Whom: Was created by the uniting of what are referred to as Covenanter and Seceder sects of the faith. They had branched off from one another and felt that they needed to bring the two groups back together and as a result formed one synod where many joined over a period as a gradual uniting of several synods from the time of 1822 A.D. until 1935 A.D. when it complete. 

      Reason for Schism: Was a gradual uniting of several synods of the church.

      Orthodox Presbyterian Church

      Year Founded: 1936 A.D.

      By Whom: Dissenters led by J. Gresham Machem.

      Reason for Schism: In protest against modernistic practices.

      Bible Presbyterian Church

      Year Founded: 1936 A.D.

      By Whom: J. Gresham Machen of Princeton Theological Seminary.

      Reason for Schism: Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy.

      Presbyterian Church in America

      Year Founded: 1973 A.D.

      By Whom: A Large Group of Dissenters.

      Reason for Schism: In opposition to theology which denied the deity of Jesus Christ and other liberal tendencies which were emerging in the church.

      Evangelical Presbyterian Church

      Year Founded: 1981 A.D.

      By Whom: Nine Conservative Presbyteries.

      Creeds and Confessions: The Westminster Confession – this congregation includes Chapter 34 ‘Of the Holy Spirit’ and Chapter 35 ‘Of the Love of God and Missions’ in their creed, whereas, many Presbyterian bodies do not.

      Reason for Schism: Placed a high importance on creating churches and formed World Outreach Missions.

      Other Names for the Sect: The National Association of Evangelicals, World Evangelical Fellowship, World Alliance of Reformed Churches.

      Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)

      Year Founded: 1983 A.D.

      By Whom: A large number of Presbyterian denominations.

      Reason for Schism: It actually was meant to bring back together several Presbyterian denominations which had been separated since the Civil War.

      Episcopal/Anglican

      1534 A.D.

      About the Episcopal/Anglican Sect

      Year Founded: 1534 A.D.

      By Whom: Henry VIII

      Based on the Teachings of: The Church received fuller definition later in that century under the leadership and doctrines of Richard Hooker.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Traditional Liturgy, Bible, Tradition and Reason.

      The Anglican approach to the Christian sacred narrative is distinctive in its doctrinal diversity, its theological method (scripture, tradition, reason), and its focus on the Church's visible unity. There is one God in a unity of three persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Son became incarnate, Jesus Christ, for the salvation of humankind. Good and fallen angels also exist. The purpose of human existence is to love and serve God. Original humanity did this naturally, but fallen humanity cannot, except (incompletely in this life) by grace through faith. God is all-powerful and all-good, and did not create evil. God granted freedom of choice to angels and humans, and evil entered creation through the rebellious use of that freedom. Salvation is given by God's grace and received through faith in Christ. At judgment day all people will be resurrected bodily, the faithful to eternal life, the unfaithful to eternal death. Russell P. Dawn, Patheos.com

      Creeds and Confessions: Articles of Religion of the Church of England

      Sacraments: Baptism, Holy Communion (Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders and Anointing of the Sick are not considered sacraments in the Anglican tradition, although they are celebrated outside of the sacramental veil.)

      Reason for Schism: The Church of Rome would not grant Henry VIII a divorce, so he made himself the head of the new Church of England in order to override this decision and marry another.

      Other Names for the Sect: Church of England

      Denominations within the Episcopal / Anglican Sect

      Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1578 A.D.

      By Whom: Sir Francis Drake

      Reason for Schism: Sir Francis Drake claimed the Americas for Elizabeth I. And in 1967 A.D. the Church of England in the United States was officially named the Episcopal Church.

      Reformed Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1873 A.D.

      By Whom: Eight New York City Clergy and Twenty Laypeople

      Reason for Schism: Debate over the ritual and ecclesiastical function of the church.

      African Orthodox Church

      Year Founded: 1919 A.D.

      By Whom: George Alexander McGuire

      Reason for Schism: To establish independent black churches in the United States, Canada and Cuba.

      Other Names for the Sect: Churches Independent Episcopal

      Anglican Orthodox Church

      Year Founded: 1963 A.D.

      By Whom: Rev. James Parker Dees

      Reason for Schism: A protest against what Parker Dees claimed was a failure to teach firm biblical teaching.

      Reformed

      1561 A.D.

      About the Reformed Sect

      Year Founded: 1561 A.D.

      By Whom: Calvin, Zwingli and Melanchthon

      Based on the Teachings of: John Calvin

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Reformed Theology embraces the fundamental common beliefs shared by all Christians (both Protestants and Catholics). Such beliefs would consist of the basic understandings of the nature of God as reveled through nature and (primarily) through scripture. Secondly, Reformed Theology also affirms all beliefs held by the group called ‘Evangelicals’.  So, what separates Reformed Theology from other Protestant belief systems? It is the understanding of the process of salvation that is unique to Reformed Theology: ‘Salvation is of the Lord.’ Doug Ledbetter

      There are five pillars they hold for their faith: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace and the Perseverance of the Saints.

      Their church life is practiced in a rational way focusing primarily on sermons and doctrinal teaching. They embrace a wide ranging systematic theology, rather than very organized beliefs.

      Creeds and Confessions: The Belgic Confession, The Canons of Dort, Heidelburg Catechism, Waldensian Confession, John Calvin’s Brief Confession of Faith

      Sacraments: Baptism, the Lord’s Supper

      Reason for Schism: The Reformed Churches came out of a long struggle with Catholic Spain.

      Other Names for the Sect: The Reformed Church in America, The Christian Reformed Church, The Reformed Church of the United States, Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Free Magyar Reformed Church in America.

      Denominations within the Reformed Sect

      Reformed Church in America

      Year Founded: 1614 A.D.

      By Whom: Reformed Church members who lived in the area of Albany, NY.

      Reason for Schism: Class Warfare resulted in complete separation.

      Reformed Church in the United States

      Year Founded: 1700’s A.D.

      By Whom: Swiss and German Immigrants into the United States.

      Reason for Schism: Originally operated under the Dutch Reformed Synod, but separated from them entirely in 1793 A.D.

      Christian Reformed Church in North America

      Year Founded: 1847 A.D.

      By Whom: Michigan Churchgoers.

      Reason for Schism: Disagreement with church in areas of doctrine and discipline.

      Netherlands Reformed Congregations

      Year Founded: 1907 A.D.

      By Whom: Reformed Church Members in the Netherlands.

      Reason for Schism: Couldn’t agree with other Reformed churches on doctrine.

      Other Names for the Sect: Gereformeerde Gemeenten

      Hungarian Reformed Church in America

      Year Founded: 1921 A.D.

      By Whom: Hungarian Immigrants.

      Reason for Schism: Unable to agree with other Reformed Churches on doctrine.

      Protestant Reformed Churches in America

      Year Founded: 1926 A.D.

      By Whom: Three consistories and the pastors of the churches of Grand Rapids, MI who were deposed.

      Reason for Schism: Disagreements over the doctrine of common grace.

      Brethren

      1600 A.D.

      About the Brethren Sect

      Year Founded: 1708 A.D.

      By Whom: Eight Believers baptized in Schwarzenau, Germany.

      Based on the Teachings of: Pietism

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: The central emphasis of the Church of the Brethren is not a creed, but a commitment to follow Christ in simple obedience, to be faithful disciples in the modern world. As do most other Christians, the Brethren believe in God as Creator and loving Sustainer. We confess the Lordship of Christ, and we seek to be guided by the Holy Spirit in every aspect of life, thought, and mission. We hold the New Testament as our guidebook for living, affirming with it the need for lifelong and faithful study of the Scriptures. Brethren believe that God has revealed an unfolding purpose for the human family and the universe through the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), and fully in the New Testament. We hold the New Testament as the record of the life, ministry, teaching, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and of the beginnings of the life and thought of the Christian church. Faithful following of Jesus Christ and obedience to the will of God as revealed in the Scriptures have led us to emphasize principles that we believe are central in true discipleship. Among these are peace and reconciliation, simple living, integrity of speech, family values, and service to neighbors near and far." The Brethren Heritage, Elizabethtown College

      Like many Protestant groups, they believe in separation from state and conventional churches. They also hold a devotion to purity and a lack of adornment in their dress and way of life.

      Creeds and Confessions: Westminster Confession of Faith,  Dordrecht Confessions, and they subscribe to Pietist beliefs which believed in personal purity. Generally, however, Brethren do not believe in Creeds or Confessions but the literal interpretation of the Word of God. In their view, such creeds and confessions are a distraction from the Bible. 

      Sacraments: Baptism, Communion, Anointing of the Sick

      Practices: Brethren are Pacifists and believe in plain and simple living. This often translates to requirements and restrictions on what they wear, how they wear their hair and adornments they can wear. They believe in triple immersion for baptism and this is where the word ‘Dunker’ originated in some of the sects names.

      Reason for Schism: They rejected formal worship and ritual demonstrated by Lutheranism and wished to put into practice their beliefs. They are known to be very detailed in their mode of living according to the bible.

      Other Names for the Sect: Church of the Brethren, Conservative Dunkers, Brethren Church, Progressive Dunkers, Old German Baptist Brethren, Old Order Dunkers, Church of God, New Dunkers, Fellowship of Grace Brethren Church, German Baptist Brethren

      Denominations within the Brethren Sect

      Church of the Brethren

      Year Founded: 1708 A.D.

      By Whom: Five men and three women under the leadership of Alexander Mack Sr.

      Reason for Schism: Severe political persecution and economic conditions. 

      Other Names for the Sect: Dunkers

      Church of the United Brethren in Christ

      Year Founded: 1767 A. D.

      By Whom: Members

      Reason for Schism: Opposed constitutional changes to the greater church.

      Brethren in Christ

      Year Founded: 1778 A.D.

      By Whom: Pennsylvania Members.

      Reason for Schism: Local organization

      Other Names for the Sect: Group River Brethren

      United Zion Church

      Year Founded: 1855 A.D.

      By Whom: Bishop Matthias Brinser

      Reason for Schism: Bishop Matthias Brinser was expelled from the larger church for building and holding services in a meetinghouse.

      Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches

      Year Founded: 1881 A.D.

      By Whom: Eighty three congregations in the United States split from the greater church.

      Reason for Schism: More Calvinist in their beliefs.

      Old German Baptist Brethren

      Year Founded: 1881 A.D.

      By Whom: Members

      Reason for Schism: Church was not conservative enough for their way of thinking.

      Brethren Church

      Year Founded: 1882 A.D.

      By Whom: A Division within the Church.

      Reason for Schism: Rejection of outmoded practices primarily in the way children were educated and the matter of dress.

      Other Names for the Sect: Progressive Dunkers

      Baptist

      1610 A.D.

      About the Baptist Sect

      Year Founded: 1610 A.D.

      By Whom: Third Generation Reformers.

      Based on the Teachings of: Third Generation Reformers who believed that Puritanism required further reform. They were also known to state that their goal was to take Protestantism to its logical conclusion.

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Baptists are the largest Protestant denomination in the world today. Primary beliefs include Biblical Authority, Autonomy of the local church, Priesthood of all believers, Two Ordinances (Believer’s Baptism and the Lord’s Supper), Individual soul liberty, Separation of Church and State, and the two offices of the church being pastor and deacon.

      They also profess four freedoms: soul, church, bible and religious freedom.

      Their doctrines are biblically based, they believe in self-professed believers and are very evangelical with a highly advanced missionary directive around the world.

      There is no central governing authority like most denominations and the beliefs from one congregation to another can vary widely.

      Creeds and Confessions: Dordrecht Confessions, Waldenses Confession of 1544, Bunyan’s Instructions for the Ignorant, Discipline of the Church. However, there are over thirty seven variations of the Baptist Confessions. Those Baptists who followed the teachings of Jacobius Arminius also utilized the Arminian Confession of 1621. 

      Sacraments: Believers Baptism, the Lords Supper

      Practices: They reject infant baptism.

      Reason for Schism: Third Generation Reformers sought to further reform the church by insisting on the literal interpretation of scripture. The Baptists are a continuation of the reform began by the Mennonites.

      Other Names for the Sect: Pedobaptists, Anti-Pedobaptists, Anabaptists

      Denominations within the Baptist Sect

      General Baptist

      Year Founded: 1611 A.D.

      By Whom: John Smyth and Thomas Helwys.

      Reason for Schism: Their doctrines were more focused on the teachings of Jacobius Arminius (Arminianism) than John Calvin. When they’d arrived in the New World, they found the prevalence of Calvinism overwhelming and formed their own Arminian sect.

      Other Names for the Sect: Liberty Baptist Church

      American Baptist Churches/U.S.A.

      Year Founded: 1638 A.D.

      By Whom: Rhode Island Baptists originated this sect, but they spread all through the states.

      Reason for Schism: They formed as part of the New World in the Americas as they emigrated to what would eventually become the United States.

      Seventh Day Baptist General Conference

      Year Founded: 1671 A.D.

      By Whom: Stephen Mumford

      Reason for Schism: They adhere to the Seventh Day as the Sabbath doctrine. They had a covenant relationship with a group called ‘Doctor John Clarke’s Baptist Church which held to the Saturday Sabbath ideal.

      Separate Baptists in Christ

      Year Founded: 1695 A.D.

      By Whom: Refugee Separatists from England

      Reason for Schism: They reject all Baptist creeds and confessions, but they submit an annual statement o belief.

      Other Names for the Sect: General Association of Separate Baptists

      Free Will Baptist

      Year Founded: 1727 A.D.

      By Whom: Paul Palmer and Benjamin Randall.

      Reason for Schism: Immigrants from England who followed the teachings of Jacobius Arminius (Arminianism) and his Reformed philosophy.

      United Baptist

      Year Founded: 1787 A.D.

      By Whom: Groups of Separate and Regular Baptists who followed both the views of both Jacobius Arminius and John Calvin.

      Reason for Schism: They wished to create a union which allowed for perfect freedom in preaching and complete autonomous individual denominations. 

      Baptist Bible Fellowship

      Year Founded:  1800’s A.D.

      By Whom: Independent members of Baptist Congregations.

      Reason for Schism: Evangelical independence.

      Unity of the Brethren

      Baptist Church of Christ

      Year Founded: 1825 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of the Elk River Association

      Reason for Schism: They were protesting against the views of the local churches which were not as strongly Calvinistic as they in views.  

      Other Names for the Sect: Duck River and Kindred Associations of Baptists

      Primitive Baptist

      Year Founded:  1827 A.D.

      By Whom: The Kehukee Association in North Carolina and other Baptists who objected to the way money was being used in the church.

      Reason for Schism: They are the most orthodox and strict of all Baptists and they opposed the money-based missions in the church.

      Southern Baptist Convention

      Year Founded: 1845 A.D.

      By Whom: Southern Baptist Church Members.

      Reason for Schism: Northern and Southern Baptists split over the question of slavery. There was also a disagreement between Northern and Southern Baptists regarding the organization of denominations.

      North American Baptist Conference

      Year Founded: 1851 A.D.

      By Whom: German Immigrants.

      Reason for Schism: Originally they joined the Quakers in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but eventually organized their own Baptist Church.

      Baptist General Conference

      Year Founded: 1852 A.D.

      By Whom: Gustaf Palmquist

      Reason for Schism: A Swedish Immigrant to Rock Island, Illinois began the conversion of people there to the Baptist faith.

      Landmark Baptist

      Year Founded: Late 19th Century

      By Whom: From the writings of James Madison Pendleton and James Robinson Graves.

      Reason for Schism: Differences regarding the detail of church practice and the nature of the church.

      National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.

      Year Founded: 1886 A.D.

      By Whom: Baptists of African American descent who had either been recently freed by the Civil War, or had been free for a long time before the Civil War.

      Reason for Schism: To create a Baptist organization for the Black population. 

      United Free Will Baptist

      Year Founded: 1901 A.D.

      By Whom: Members in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.

      Reason for Schism: They felt the local church should have a more limited autonomy than other Baptist bodies had allowed.

      American Baptist Association

      Year Founded: 1905 A.D.

      By Whom: Baptists who broke away from the larger Baptist Church.

      Reason for Schism: They believed that the ‘Great Commission of Christ’ was given to each local congregation. All local churches are completely autonomous.

      Other Names for the Sect: Landmarkers, Baptist General Association

      National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.

      Year Founded: 1907 A.D.

      By Whom: White and Black Members of the White Primitive Baptist Churches.

      Reason for Schism: White and Black members participated in the same denomination until the emancipation of the blacks. When this happened, the whites helped the blacks to establish their own denomination.

      Other Names for the Sect: Colored Primitive Baptist Church

      National Baptist Convention, U.S.A. Inc.

      Year Founded: 1915 A.D.

      By Whom: Black Baptists in the United States.

      Reason for Schism: Argument over control of a publishing house.

      General Association of Regular Baptist Churches

      Year Founded: 1932 A.D.

      By Whom: Twenty two Baptist Churches of the American Baptist Convention.

      Reason for Schism: Protest against modernist teachings.

      Bethel Ministerial Association

      Year Founded: 1934 A.D.

      By Whom: Baptists in Evansville, Indiana.

      Reason for Schism: It began as a fellowship of ministers. Now, it does claim laypeople as members also.

      Other Names for the Sect: Evangelical Ministerial Alliance

      General Conference of the Evangelical Baptist Church, Inc.

      Year Founded: 1935 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of several Free Will Baptist Churches.

      Reason for Schism: To practice a more Arminian and Wesleyan Baptist faith.

      Other Names for the Sect: Evangelical Baptist Church, Church of the Full Gospel

      Conservative Baptist Association of America

      Year Founded: 1947 A.D.

      By Whom: Members from the Fundamentalist Fellowship.

      Reason for Schism: An opposition to the infiltration of liberal and modern forces in the church. They remain wholly separate from all other Church organizations.

      Baptist Missionary Association of America

      Year Founded:  1950 A.D.

      By Whom: Baptists in Little Rock, Arkansas.

      Reason for Schism: A desire to focus on the cooperation with Missionary Assocations.

      Reformed Baptist

      Year Founded: 1954 A.D.

      By Whom: Baptists who opposed the general Calvinistic beliefs held by other Baptist bodies. 

      Reason for Schism: Disagreement over many of the doctrines of the Baptist doctrines outlined within their confessions.

      Central Baptist Association

      Year Founded: 1956 A.D.

      By Whom: Churches in Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana and South Carolina.

      Reason for Schism: To unite churches in several states.

      Other Names for the Sect: Primitive Baptist Faith

      Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.

      Year Founded: 1961 A.D.

      By Whom: Group of Baptists who opposed the disengagement policy during the Civil Rights movement.

      Reason for Schism: Civil Rights and other social justice issues that caused tension between the governing Baptist bodies and those who broke away.

      National Missionary Baptist Convention of America

      Year Founded: 1988 A.D.

      By Whom: Black Baptists from the National Baptist Convention.

      Reason for Schism: Control over denominational publications.

      Quakers (Friends)

      1650 A.D.

      About the Quaker Sect

      Year Founded: 1650 A.D.

      By Whom: George Fox

      Based on the Teachings of: George Fox

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: Quakers believe in the possibility for every human being to experience direct and unmediated communion with God. George Fox expressed this belief in his statement, Christ is come to teach his people himself. Quakers make a commitment to live their lives outwardly according to this inner experience.

      Creeds and Confessions: Apology of Robert Barclay

      Sacraments: Quakers do not believe in outward sacraments and they consider any meal to have the potential to be a communion.

      Practices: They believed that God spoke to the individual believer through ‘the inner light’ in the tradition of St. John.

      Reason for Schism: They rebelled against both church and state, and the taxes imposed for both clergymen and the state needs. They believed that both theology and dogma were pointless. They condemned slavery and the maltreatment of prisoners and the mentally insane.

      Other Names for the Sect: Children of Truth, Children of Light, Friends of Truth, the Friends

      Denominations within the Quaker Sect

      Religious Society of the Friends

      Year Founded: 1837 A.D.

      By Whom: Joseph John Gurney, a British Evangelical Quaker.

      Reason for Schism: He wished to teach the final authority as the bible. He also stressed atonement, justification and sanctification.

      Friends General Conference

      Year Founded: 1900 A.D.

      By Whom: By members of the Quakers, also known as Friends.

      Reason for Schism: No schism was involved, but rather, an effort to keep communication going between Quaker congregations from far and wide.

      Friends United Meeting

      Year Founded: 1902 A.D.

      By Whom: Member of the Friends in Africa, Cuba and Jamaica.

      Reason for Schism: To implement a unity between different Friends organizations into a ‘classic peace church.’

      Methodist

      1738 A.D.

      About the Methodist Sect

      Year Founded: 1738 A.D.

      By Whom: John and Charles Wesley

      Based on the Teachings of: John and Charles Wesley

      Main Doctrinal Focuses: John Wesley taught a system of practical divinity which has remained the guiding post to Methodists throughout their history. This emphasis is on putting faith and love into practice and action in the daily life of the Methodist Christian.

      Though the Methodists never claimed that a perfect, sinless life was ever attained, they taught that it was attainable.   The Methodists taught that every Christian must strive for perfection and should evidence some progress in that direction. The universal redemption proclaims that Jesus Christ died for all people and that all people can be saved - not just a select few.  It also declares that acceptance by Jesus Christ has nothing to do with one's status in life or with one's position or possessions.  The belief that one is saved by faith in the saving grace of Jesus Christ alone is central to Methodist Doctrine.   The service of the Christian life is an expression of one's faith - not the faith.   It is because of the grace, the unmerited love of God in Jesus Christ, that men and women are saved - not because of anything they do. The inner certainty which each Christian can have that he/she is a child of God as well as the conviction that God is at work in the world and in the life of the believer bringing about His Kingdom gives credence to the witness of the Holy Spirit in the believer's life. Emphasis upon the real possibility that a Christian can live in such a way that he/she will reject God's grace even though it was once accepted. Roots of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, cm-e.org

      Creeds and Confessions: John Wesley’s General Rules, Articles of Religion of the Church of England, The Twenty Five Articles of Faith of the Methodist Religion

      Sacraments: Baptism, Holy Communion

      Practices:

      Reason for Schism: The Wesley’s had a unique gift of being able to bring about a ‘conviction in the holy spirit’ amongst their hearers and were very on fire in their faith. Eventually, that fire got them thrown out of the Church of England because they were too on fire for God. And this led to the formation of a new denomination.

      Other Names for the Sect: The Wesleyan Church, Wesleyan Methodist

      Denominations within the Methodist Sect

      African Methodist Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1787 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of St. George’s Methodist Church

      Reason for Schism: Protest against racial discrimination.

      African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

      Year Founded: 1796 A.D

      By Whom: James Varick

      Reason for Schism: James Varick led a protest against John’s Street Church in New York City.

      Union American Methodist Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1805 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of the Asbury Methodist Church in Wilmington, Delaware.

      Reason for Schism: Membership defections caused the need for another body.

      Other Names for the Sect: African Union Church

      Primitive Methodist Church, U.S.A.

      Year Founded: 1807 A.D.

      By Whom: Hugh Bourne and William Clowes

      Reason for Schism: There was a camp meeting movement wherein open air meetings were held and many people experienced conversion. The formal church rejected this practice by Hugh Bourne and William Clowes.

      Congregational Methodist Church

      Year Founded: 1852 A.D.

      By Whom: A group that withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

      Reason for Schism: Objections to certain forms contained within the episcopacy and itinerancy.

      Free Methodist Church of North America

      Year Founded: 1860 A.D.

      By Whom: Reverend B.T. Roberts and Associates.

      Reason for Schism: Objected to new thinking in Methodism.

      Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1870 A.D.

      By Whom: White and Black Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

      Reason for Schism: Amicable agreement after the Emancipation Proclamation.

      Reformed Methodist Union Episcopal Church

      Year Founded: 1885 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

      Reason for Schism: An election dispute over ministerial delegates.

      Southern Methodist Church

      Year Founded: 1939 A.D.

      By Whom: Members of the Southern Methodist Church and the Northern Methodist Episcopal Church.

      Reason for Schism: The Southern group did not wish to merge with the Northern group due to Alarming infidelity and apostasy found therein.

      United Methodist Church

      Year Founded: 1939 A.D.

      By Whom: Groups from the Methodist

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