5 G Technologies

5 G Technologies

Copyrighted Material

Copyright © 2019 by Ajit Singh. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.

For information about this title or to order other books and/or electronic media, contact the publisher:

Ajit Singh

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http://www.ajitvoice.in

Cover and Interior design: Ajit Singh.

Preface

The fifth generation of wireless access technology (5G) is facing a daunting task of meeting constant demands for higher data rates and system capacity, as well as wide range of applications and users’ quality of experience (QoE) requirements. Although not standardized yet, 5G technology is expected to offer significantly higher throughput than long-term evolution (LTE), have a latency in the low milliseconds and be able to accommodate and support the anticipated explosion in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. New device types (e.g. probes, meters, sensors, actuators) will significantly contribute to traffic increase and new market sectors will bring new priorities (e.g. critical infrastructures).

Tentative timeline for 5G standardization is around 2018–2019 (i.e. release 14 or 15 of the 3GPP standards) with anticipated roll-outs in 2020 time frame. Use of millimetre wave (mmWave) technology is expected to be a significant part of the 5G innovations, and according to its advocates, the spectrum has the potential to initiate new businesses and use cases once appropriate regulatory agencies make it available. Massive multiple-input multiple output (MIMO), Software Defined/Cognitive Radios, Cloud-based Networks, Self-Organized Cells, Device to Device Communications are among other technologies that could potentially be used in 5G systems. Breakthrough energy-efficient hardware and software will most likely be employed to make 5G systems “green”.

This book is a comprehensive overview of the present state of 5G. Explaining everything from the most likely use cases, spectrum aspects, and a wide range of technology options to potential 5G system architectures, it is an indispensable reference for academics and professionals involved in wireless and mobile communications.

Global research efforts are summarised, and key component technologies including D2D, mm-wave communications, massive MIMO, coordinated multi-point, wireless network coding, interference management and spectrum issues are described and explained. The significance of 5G for the automotive, manufacturing, energy, retail and healthcare sectors is addressed, as is the relationship between IoT, machine type communications, and cyber-physical systems.

This book equips you with a solid insight into the evolution, architecture, network stack protocol, application, and of course, the challenges and future scope and prospect of 5G.

"5G - Technologies.......

Dedication

To my Mother and Father, it's impossible to thank you adequately for everything you've done, from loving me unconditionally to raising me in a stable household, where you instilled traditional values and taught me to celebrate and embrace life.

And to my wife Mrs Rajyashree Singh thanks for all of the consistent support  of growing up, and for your continued cooperation and encouragement.

A special thank you to my elder brother Er Ranbir Singh, for showing me that anything is possible with faith, hard work and determination.

Finally, this dedication would not be complete without a very special thank you to my dear students, across the world who have gone up to a better life.

God bless you!

About the book

In 5G Technologies is the vision and definition of 5G Technology is introduced, as well as several key techniques that enable 5G Technology.

This book provides an overview of the key features of the 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks, discussing the motivation for 5G, architecture, implementation,  references model, challenges in developing this new technology. This book provides an insight into the key areas of research that will define this new system technology paving the path towards future research and development. The book aims to cover 5G landscape, including Future Internet, cloud computing, small cells and self-organizing networks (SONs), cooperative communications, and cognitive radio, Broadcast-Broadband convergence, 5G security challenge.

Key features:

• Addresses the fundamentals of 5G mobile networks serving as a useful study guide for mobile researchers and system engineers aiming to position their research in this fast evolving arena.

• Develops the Small cells story together with next generation SON (self-organizing networks) systems as solutions for addressing the unprecedented traffic demand and variations across cells.

• Explains Mobile Cloud technology and Services for future communication platforms.

• Discusses the open issues facing broad scale commercial deployment of white space networks, including the potential for applications towards the future 5G standard.

• Describes the key components, trends and challenges, as well as the system requirements for 5G transceivers to support multi-standard radio, a source of inspiration for RF engineers.

This book would serve as an ideal guide for B.E., B.Tech., B.S., B.Sc, B.C.A., undergraduate students of Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering who wish to get the knowledgeon 5G Technology. Students pursuing postgraduate course in Science and Engineering, M.E., M.Tech., M.S., M.Sc., M.C.A. students will find this book useful for their projects related to 5G Technology. Research Scholars working in the area of 5G Technology,  Edge Computing and Internet of Things will find this book as a handy reference guide for their M.Phil., Ph.D. D.Sc., and other post-doctoral research works. Software and Hardware Engineers working in IT and ITES sector specifically on 4G/5G Technology and IoT domains, would find this book as a useful resource.

As a word of conclusion, I believe that the reader will find this book as a helpful guide and a valuable source of information about principles of 5G Technology.

I hope it will provide clarity about 5G, and am looking forward to your feedback and comments! I – the authors – would be happy to get your feedback and comments.

Chapter 1 - 5G Introduction

Why 5G

One of the main benefits of 5G technology over 4G will not be its speed of delivery – which admittedly could be between 10Gbps and 100Gbps – but the latency. At present, 4G is capable of between 40ms and 60ms, which is low-latency, but not enough to provide real-time response. Multiplayer gaming, for example, requires a lower latency than that to ensure that when you hit a button, the remote server responds instantly.

Another example was given to us by EE’s Sutton, who said that 5G’s prospective ultra-low-latency could range between 1ms and 10ms. This would allow, he said, a spectator in a football stadium to watch a live stream of an alternative camera angle of the action that matches the action on the pitch with no perceivable delay.

The capacity is an important factor too. With the Internet of Things becoming more and more important over time, where gadgets and objects employ smart, connected features that they have never had before, the strain on bandwidth will continue to grow.

It will be more adaptive to the user’s needs and demands and therefore, be able to allocate more or less bandwidth based on the application.

Figure 1: The future of 5g (Self Drawn)

The Internet of Things

By the year 2020, it is predicted by analysts that each person in the UK will own and use 27 internet connected devices. There will be 50 billion connected devices worldwide. These can range from existing technology, such as smartphones, tablets and smart watches, to fridges, cars, augmented reality specs and even smart clothes. Some of these will require significant data to be shifted back and forth, while others might just need tiny packets of information sent and received. The 5G system itself will understand and recognize this and allocate bandwidth respectively, thereby not putting unnecessary strain on individual connection points.

The work has already begun for 4G implementation, but will become even more vital to a 5G future. As part of a “heterogeneous network", the points, or cells, will be used for LTE-A and the technology will be increased and refined to adapt to 5G too. Cells will automatically talk to each device to provide the best and most efficient service no matter where the user is.

Larger cells will be used in the same way as they are now, with broad coverage, but urban areas, for example, will also be covered by multiple smaller cells, fitted in lampposts, on the roofs of shops and homes, and even inside bricks in new buildings. Each of these will ensure that the connection will be regulated and seemingly standard across the board.

Algorithms will even know how fast a device is travelling, so can adapt to which cell it is connected to. For example, a connected car might require connection to a macro-cell, such as a large network mast, in order to maintain its connection without having to re-establish continuously over distance, while a person’s smartphone can connect to smaller cells with less area coverage as the next cell can be picked up easily and automatically in enough time to prevent the user noticing.

4K video streaming

Capacity will also be important for the future of video streaming. By 2030, EE predicts that 76 per cent of its data traffic will be used for streaming video. And a large amount of that will be at 4K or even 8K resolutions.

The data rates of 4G can cope with that – it is expected that a 14Mbps connection should cope with streaming 4K video, 18Mbps for 8K – but if everybody was to do that at the same time, like statistics suggest, the network would have difficulty keeping up with demand.

Other, non-consumer sectors will also be served better with 5G, but as EE itself admits, some of the applications of a low-latency, high capacity network are yet to even be thought of. You kind of need the technology in place to figure out much of what to do with it.

And finally, another major benefit of 5G technology is that standards and which spectrum bands will be reserved for its deployment will have been agreed globally, by members during the World Radio communications conferences. Your 5G phone in the UK, for example, will work on the exact same system and spectrum band as in the US, South Korea and wherever else.

Well, that’s the idea anyway.

When is it coming?

It is expected that standards for 5G will be agreed upon and set by 2020 and that business applications for the technology will start to appear in 2022/23. It could take another two to three years for consumer access to the tech.

It is expected to utilize higher radio frequencies than currently, as well as existing spectrum held by mobile networks. But it is in just the fundamental research stage