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    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action
    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action
    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action
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    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action

    By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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    The 2020 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture has a particular focus on sustainability. This reflects a number of specific considerations. First, 2020 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code). Second, several Sustainable Development Goal indicators mature in 2020. Third, FAO hosted the International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability in late 2019, and fourth, 2020 sees the finalization of specific FAO guidelines on sustainable aquaculture growth, and on social sustainability along value chains.

    While Part 1 retains the format of previous editions, the structure of the rest of the publication has been revised. Part 2 opens with a special section marking the twenty fifth anniversary of the Code. It also focuses on issues coming to the fore, in particular, those related to Sustainable Development Goal 14 and its indicators for which FAO is the “custodian” agency. In addition, Part 2 covers various aspects of fisheries and aquaculture sustainability. The topics discussed range widely, from data and information systems to ocean pollution, product legality, user rights and climate change adaptation. Part 3 now forms the final part of the publication, covering projections and emerging issues such as new technologies and aquaculture biosecurity. It concludes by outlining steps towards a new vision for capture fisheries. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture aims to provide objective, reliable and up-to-date information to a wide audience – policymakers, managers, scientists, stakeholders and indeed everyone interested in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Release dateJul 24, 2020
    ISBN9789251327975
    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action
    Author

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.

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      The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

      Recommended citation:

      FAO. 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome.

      https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en

      The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

      ISSN 1020-5489 [PRINT]

      ISSN 2410-5902 [ONLINE]

      ISBN 978-92-5-132797-5

      © FAO 2020

      Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

      Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.

      Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force.

      Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

      Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected].

      COVER PHOTOGRAPH ©FAO/Kyle LaFerriere

      GHANA. Fishing canoes and gear in the Canoe Basin, Tema.

      CONTENTS

      FOREWORD

      METHODOLOGY

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

      PART 1

      WORLD REVIEW

      Overview

      Capture fisheries production

      Aquaculture production

      Fishers and fish farmers

      The status of the fishing fleet

      The status of fishery resources

      Fish utilization and processing

      Fish consumption

      Fish trade and products

      PART 2

      SUSTAINABILITY IN ACTION

      The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

      Monitoring fisheries and aquaculture sustainability

      Securing fisheries and aquaculture sustainability

      Reporting on fisheries and aquaculture sustainability

      Fisheries and aquaculture sustainability in context

      PART 3

      OUTLOOK AND EMERGING ISSUES

      Fisheries and aquaculture projections

      Illuminating Hidden Harvests: the contribution of small-scale fisheries to sustainable development

      Improving the assessment of global inland fisheries

      New and disruptive technologies for innovative data systems and practices

      Aquaculture biosecurity

      Towards a new vision for capture fisheries in the twenty-first century

      REFERENCES

      TABLES

      1. World fisheries and aquaculture production, utilization and trade

      2. Marine capture production: major producing countries and territories

      3. Marine capture production: major species and genera

      4. Capture production: FAO Major Fishing Areas

      5. Inland waters capture production: major producing countries

      6. Aquaculture production of main species groups by continent in 2018

      7. Aquaculture production of aquatic algae by major producers

      8. Major species produced in world aquaculture

      9. World aquaculture production of aquatic algae

      10. Aquaculture fish production in regions, and by selected major producers

      11. Major global and regional aquaculture producers with relatively high percentage of bivalves in total aquaculture production of aquatic animals

      12. World employment for fishers and fish farmers, by region

      13. Reported number of motorized and non-motorized vessels by LOA class in fishing fleets from selected countries and territories, 2018

      14. Percentage of global fish catch allocated to major hydrological/river basin

      15. Production trends and the relative contribution to the global catch

      16. Total and per capita apparent fish consumption by region and economic grouping, 2017

      17. Projected fish production, 2030

      18. Projected fish trade for human consumption

      19. Snapshot of data the Illuminating Hidden Harvests study is exploring

      20. Variables used in the threat assessment for inland fisheries

      21. Threat scores of basin areas that support inland fisheries

      22. Fish supply chain supported by blockchain

      FIGURES

      1. World capture fisheries and aquaculture production

      2. World fish utilization and apparent consumption

      3. Regional contribution to world fisheries and aquaculture production

      4. Trends in global captures

      5. Top ten global capture producers, 2108

      6. Trends in three main categories of fishing areas

      7. Top five inland waters capture producers

      8. World aquaculture production of aquatic animals and algae, 1990–2018

      9. Annual growth rate of aquaculture fish production quantity in the new millennium

      10. Contribution of aquaculture in total production of aquatic animals

      11. Fed and non-fed aquaculture production, 2000–2018

      12. Aquaculture production of major producing regions and major producers of main species groups, 2003–2018

      13. Regional share of employment in fisheries and aquaculture

      14. Sex-disaggregated data on employment in fisheries and aquaculture, 2018

      15. Distribution of motorized and non-motorized fishing vessels by region, 2018

      16. Proportion of motorized and non-motorized fishing vessels by region, 2018

      17. Distribution of motorized fishing vessels by region, 2018

      18. Size distribution of motorized fishing vessels by region, 2018

      19. Global trends in the state of the world’s marine fish stocks, 1974–2017

      20. Percentages of stocks fished at biologically sustainable and unsustainable levels, by FAO statistical area, 2017

      21. The three temporal patterns in fish landings, 1950–2017

      22. Estimated inland fishery catch allocated to major hydrologic regions and the river basins in which it was produced, expressed as a percentage of the global total inland catch

      23. Utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture production, 1962–2018

      24. Utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture production: developed versus developing countries, 2018

      25. Contribution of fish to animal protein supply, average 2015–2017

      26. Apparent fish consumption per capita, average 2015–2017

      27. Relative contribution of aquaculture and capture fisheries to fish available for human consumption

      28. World fisheries and aquaculture production and quantities destined for export

      29. Top exporters and importers of fish and fish products in terms of value, 2018

      30. Trade of fish and fish products

      31. Trade flows of fish and fish products by continent (share of total imports, in terms of value), 2018

      32. Import and export values of fish products for different regions, indicating net deficit or surplus

      33. Share of main groups of species in fish trade in terms of value, 2018

      34. FAO Fish Price Index

      35. Groundfish prices in Norway

      36. Skipjack tuna prices in Ecuador and Thailand

      37. Fishmeal and soybean meal prices in Germany and the Netherlands

      38. Fish oil and soybean oil prices in the Netherlands

      39. International legal framework for fisheries

      40. Response by Members to the FAO Questionnaire on the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Related Instruments, by region

      41. Number of fish management plans developed for marine and inland capture fisheries in accordance with the Code, as reported by Members

      42. Percentage of fisheries management plans implemented for marine and inland capture fisheries in accordance with the Code, as reported by Members

      43. Number of countries that have a legal framework for the development of responsible aquaculture in line with the Code, as reported by Members

      44. Proposed information system with a registry of farmed types of aquatic genetic resources at its core

      45. The process of the Sustainable Aquaculture Guidelines and the content for their development

      46. Average level of implementation of international instruments to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, SDG regional groupings, 2018

      47. Implementation of instruments for access to resources and markets for small-scale fisheries, SDG regional groupings, 2018

      48. The SSF Guidelines and the Sustainable Development Goals

      49. Adaptation planning cycle

      50. Development of international legal, environmental and management instruments

      51. World capture fisheries and aquaculture production, 1980–2030

      52. Annual growth rate of world aquaculture, 1980–2030

      53. World global capture fisheries and aquaculture production, 1980–2030

      54. Contribution of aquaculture to regional fish production

      55. World fishmeal production, 1990–2030

      56. Increasing role of aquaculture

      57. Global status map based on the interaction of 20 pressures at basin level for the 34 indicative basins that support inland fisheries

      58. Basin-level threat maps for important inland fisheries

      BOXES

      1. Revision of FAO fisheries and aquaculture production statistics

      2. Relevance of sex-disaggregated data: a focus on women in post-harvest activities

      3. AIS-based fishing data

      4. Fishery management demonstrably instrumental in improving stock status

      5. FAO Food Balance Sheets of fish and fish products

      6. The FAO fisheries and aquaculture knowledge base in numbers

      7. FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles

      8. How components of FAO’s fisheries and aquaculture knowledge base will contribute to an aquatic genetic resources information system

      9. Standardizing the nomenclature for aquatic genetic resources

      10. Global Record of Fishing Vessels

      11. FAO Global Programme to Support the Implementation of the PSMA and Complementary International Instruments

      12. International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022

      13. Ensuring access to secure livelihoods and sustainable development: the Volta River clam fishery in Ghana

      14. Tailoring safety-at-sea training to small-scale fisheries in the Pacific and Caribbean

      15. Managing bycatch more sustainably in Latin America and the Caribbean

      16. FAO’s aquaculture–horticulture approach in remote areas in West Africa

      17. Securing sustainable small-scale fisheries in North Africa: supporting strong subregional momentum

      18. Determining risk and management needs for vulnerable resources in marine systems

      19. Adaptation to climate change: Chile takes action

      20. Addressing extreme events: FAO’s damage and loss methodology

      21. Not leaving fisheries and aquaculture behind in multisectoral policies for food security and nutrition

      22. Vulnerability of countries to climate change impacts on capture fisheries

      23. SmartForms and Calipseo – FAO’s new tools to help address weaknesses in national data systems

      FOREWORD

      In September 2015, the United Nations launched the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a beautiful blueprint for global peace and prosperity. In adopting the 2030 Agenda, countries demonstrated a remarkable determination to take bold and transformative steps to shift the world onto a more sustainable and resilient path.

      However, after 5 years of uneven progress and with less than 10 years to go, and despite progress in many areas, it is clear that action to meet the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is not yet advancing at the speed or scale required. In response, at the SDG summit in September 2019, the United Nations Secretary-General called on all sectors of society to mobilize for a Decade of Action to accelerate the development of sustainable solutions for the world’s biggest challenges – ranging from poverty and inequality to climate change and closing the finance gap.

      It is therefore necessary and timely that the 2020 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture is devoted to the topic of Sustainability in Action. The fisheries and aquaculture sector has much to contribute to securing all the SDGs, but is at the core of SDG 14 – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. As custodian of four out of ten indicators of SDG 14 progress, FAO has an obligation to accelerate the global momentum to secure healthy and productive oceans, a momentum whose pace will receive further impetus at the second United Nations Ocean Conference.

      The 2020 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture continues to demonstrate the significant and growing role of fisheries and aquaculture in providing food, nutrition and employment. It also shows the major challenges ahead despite the progress made on a number of fronts. For example, there is growing evidence that when fisheries are properly managed, stocks are consistently above target levels or rebuilding, giving credibility to the fishery managers and governments around the world that are willing to take strong action. However, the report also demonstrates that the successes achieved in some countries and regions have not been sufficient to reverse the global trend of overfished stocks, indicating that in places where fisheries management is not in place, or is ineffective, the status of fish stocks is poor and deteriorating. This unequal progress highlights the urgent need to replicate and re-adapt successful policies and measures in the light of the realities and needs of specific fisheries. It calls for new mechanisms to support the effective implementation of policy and management regulations for sustainable fisheries and ecosystems, as the only solution to ensure fisheries around the world are sustainable.

      FAO is a technical agency created to fight hunger and poverty. Yet, as we approach a world of 10 billion people, we face the fact that since 2015 the numbers of undernourished and malnourished people have been growing. While there is no silver bullet to fix this problem, there is little doubt that we will need to use innovative solutions to produce more food, ensure access to it, and improve nutrition. While capture fisheries will remain relevant, aquaculture has already demonstrated its crucial role in global food security, with its production growing at 7.5 percent per year since 1970. Recognizing the capacity of aquaculture for further growth, but also the enormity of the environmental challenges the sector must face as it intensifies production, demands new sustainable aquaculture development strategies. Such strategies need to harness technical developments in, for example, feeds, genetic selection, biosecurity and disease control, and digital innovation, with business developments in investment and trade. The priority should be to further develop aquaculture in Africa and in other regions where population growth will challenge food systems most.

      The FAO Hand-in-Hand Initiative is an ideal framework for efforts that combine fisheries and aquaculture trends and challenges in the context of blue growth. The Hand-in-Hand Initiative aims to accelerate food systems transformation through matching donors with recipients, using the best data and information available. This evidence-based, country-led and country-owned initiative prioritizes countries where infrastructure, national capacities and international support are most limited, and where efficient collaboration and partnerships to transfer skills and technology can be of particular benefit. For example, climate change impacts on marine capture fisheries are projected to be more significant in tropical regions of Africa and Asia, where warming is expected to decrease productivity. Targeted fisheries and aquaculture development interventions in these regions, addressing their specific needs for food, trade and livelihoods, can provide the transformational change we need to feed everyone, everywhere.

      Part of these targeted interventions is the recognition that most food systems affect the environment, but that there are trade-offs to ensure we improve food and nutrition security while minimizing the impacts on their supportive ecosystems. Fish and fisheries products are actually recognized not only as some of the healthiest foods on the planet, but also as some of the less impactful on the natural environment. For these reasons, they must be better considered in national, regional and global food security and nutrition strategies, and contribute to the ongoing transformation of food systems to ensure we eliminate hunger and malnutrition.

      For FAO, 2020 is an important year in its history. It is the seventy-fifth anniversary of its creation – FAO is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations. It is also the twenty-fifth anniversary of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the blueprint that has guided fisheries and aquaculture policy development around the world. However, there is no time for celebrations. These anniversaries remind us of the reason for our existence, they are calls to action, springboards for change, for a rapidly changing world in need of innovative and transformative solutions to old as well as new problems. As this report was being prepared, COVID-19 emerged as one of the greatest challenges that we have faced together since the creation of FAO. The deep socio-economic consequences of this pandemic will make our fight to defeat hunger and poverty harder and more challenging. As fisheries and aquaculture is one of the sectors most impacted by the pandemic, the baseline information provided in this report is already helping FAO respond with technical solutions and targeted interventions.

      The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture is the only publication of its kind, which for years has provided technical insight and factual information on a sector crucial for societal success. Among other things, the report highlights major trends and patterns observed in global fisheries and aquaculture and scans the horizon for new and emerging areas that need to be considered if we are to manage aquatic resources sustainably into the future. I hope this edition will have even greater quantitative and qualitative impact than previous editions, making valuable contributions in helping us meet the challenges of the twenty-first century.

      Qu Dongyu

      FAO Director-General

      METHODOLOGY

      The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 is the product of a 15-month process that began in March 2019. An editorial board was formed, made up of staff from the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, supported by a core executive team including the Director of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FIA), five staff and consultants of the department’s Statistics and Information Branch, and a representative of the FAO Office of Corporate Communication. Chaired by the FIA Director, the editorial board met at regular intervals to plan the structure and content, refine terminology, review progress and address issues.

      The editorial board decided to modify the structure of the 2020 edition, and to retain the format and process of previous years only Part 1, World Review. Part 2 would be renamed Sustainability in Action, and focus on issues coming to the fore in 2019–2020. In particular, it would examine issues related to Sustainable Development Goal 14 and its indicators for which FAO is the custodian United Nations agency. Sections would cover various aspects of fisheries and aquaculture sustainability: assessing, monitoring, developing policies, securing, reporting and context. The editorial board also decided that Part 2 should open with a special section marking the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code) and reporting on the progress made since the Code’s adoption. Part 3 would form the final part of the publication, covering projections (outlook) and emerging issues.

      This decision for a revised structure was based on feedback received from internal and external reviewers on the previous edition, including an on-line questionnaire. The revision was guided by the management of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, and benefited from inputs from the department’s different branches. This structure was approved by the department’s senior management.

      Between April and May 2019, department staff were invited to identify suitable topics and contributors for Parts 2 and 3, and the editorial board compiled and refined an outline of the publication. The process from planning through to review involved virtually all officers in the department at headquarters, while decentralized staff were invited to contribute regional stories. The revised structure was accompanied by a change in the authoring leadership for Part 2 – various editorial board members were each assigned responsibility for a theme containing at least two sections. Many FAO authors contributed (some to multiple sections), as did several authors external to FAO (see Acknowledgements).

      In June 2019, a summary of Parts 2 and 3 was prepared with the inputs of all lead authors, and revised based on feedback from the editorial board. The summary document was submitted to the department’s management and the FAO Deputy Director-General, Climate and Natural Resources, for approval in June 2019. This document then formed the blueprint guiding authors in the drafting of the publication.

      Parts 2 and 3 were drafted between September and December 2019, edited for technical and language content, and submitted in January 2020 for review by FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department management, by external experts and by the editorial board.

      The world review in Part 1 is based on FAO’s official fishery and aquaculture statistics. To reflect the most up-to-date statistics available, this part was drafted in February–March 2020 upon annual closure of the various thematic databases in which the data are structured. The statistics are the outcome of an established programme to ensure the best possible information, including assistance to enhance countries’ capacity to collect and submit data according to international standards. The process is one of careful collation, revision and validation. In the absence of national reporting, FAO may make estimates based on the best data available from other sources or through standard methodologies.

      A draft of the publication was sent for comments to other FAO departments and regional offices, and a final draft was submitted to the Office of the FAO Deputy Director-General, Climate and Natural Resources, and to the Office of the FAO Director-General for approval.

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 was prepared under the overall direction of Manuel Barange and an editorial board under his leadership, comprising Vera Agostini, Marcio Castro de Souza, Nicole Franz, Kim Friedman, Graham Mair, Julian Plummer, Marc Taconet, Raymon van Anrooy and Kiran Viparthi.

      Main authors (all affiliated with FAO, unless otherwise stated) were:

      Part 1

      Capture fisheries production: James Geehan (lead author)

      Aquaculture production: Xiaowei Zhou (lead author)

      Fishers and fish farmers; Fishing fleet: Jennifer Gee (lead author)

      Status of fishery resources: Yimin Ye (lead author), Tarûb Bahri, Pedro Barros, Simon Funge-Smith, Nicolas Gutierrez, Jeremy Mendoza-Hill, Hassan Moustahfid, Yukio Takeuchi, Merete Tandstad, Marcelo Vasconcellos

      Fish utilization and processing: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Ansen Ward, Molly Ahern, Omar Riego Penarubia, Pierre Ami Maudoux

      Fish consumption: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Felix Dent, Gabriella Laurenti

      Fish trade and products: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Felix Dent

      Part 2

      How has the Code supported the adoption of sustainable practices?: Rebecca Metzner (lead author), Alexander Ford, Joseph Zelasney, Nicole Franz

      Progress on the road to sustainability – what the Code questionnaire reveals: Joseph Zelasney (lead author), Alexander Ford, Rebecca Metzner, Nicole Franz

      FAO fisheries and aquaculture data and information systems: Marc Taconet (lead author), Aureliano Gentile, Stefania Savore, Riccardo Fortuna

      An aquatic genetic resources information system to support sustainable growth in aquaculture: Graham Mair (lead author), Daniela Lucente, Marc Taconet, Stefania Savore, Tamsin Vicary, Xiaowei Zhou

      Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing: Eszter Hidas (lead author), Matthew Camilleri, Giuliano Carrara, Alicia Mosteiro

      Product legality and origin: John Ryder and Nianjun Shen (lead authors)

      Sustainability, tenure, access and user rights: Rebecca Metzner (lead author), Amber Himes Cornell, Nicole Franz, Juan Lechuga Sanchez, Lena Westlund, Kwang Suk Oh, Ruben Sanchez Daroqui

      Social sustainability along value chains: Marcio Castro de Souza (lead author), Mariana Toussaint

      Responsible fishing practices: Raymon van Anrooy (lead author), Mariaeleonora D’Andrea, Carlos Fuentevilla, Amparo Perez Roda

      Guidelines and best practices for sustainable aquaculture: Lionel Dabbadie (lead author), Rodrigo Roubach

      Fisheries, aquaculture and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Audun Lem (lead author), William Griffin

      Stock sustainability: Yimin Ye (lead author)

      Progress in implementing international instruments to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing: Matthew Camilleri (lead author), Giuliano Carrara, Eszter Hidas

      Providing access for small-scale fishers to marine resources and markets: Nicole Franz (lead author), Jennifer Gee, Joseph Zelasney, Valerio Crespi, Sofiane Mahjoub

      Economic benefits from sustainable fisheries: Marcio Castro de Souza (lead author), Weiwei Wang

      Mainstreaming biodiversity in fisheries and aquaculture: Kim Friedman (lead author), Raymon van Anrooy, Amber Himes-Cornell, Pedro Barros, Simon Funge-Smith, Matthias Halwart, Graham Mair, Piero Mannini, Rodrigo Roubach, Vera Agostini

      Sustainability in areas beyond national jurisdiction: Piero Mannini (lead author), Alejandro Anganuzzi, William Emerson

      Climate change adaptation strategies: Florence Poulain (lead author), Tarûb Bahri, Felix Inostroza Cortés, Alessandro Lovatelli, Stefania Savore

      Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear and its pollution of the marine environment: Raymon van Anrooy (lead author), Ingrid Giskes, Pingguo He

      Fish in food systems strategies for food security and nutrition: Molly Ahern (lead author), John Ryder

      Blue growth achievements: Lahsen Ababouch (international expert on fisheries and aquaculture; lead author), Henry De Bey, Vera Agostini

      Part 3

      Fisheries and aquaculture projections: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Pierre Maudoux, Felix Dentand Adrienne Egger

      Illuminating Hidden Harvests: Kate Bevitt (WorldFish) (lead author), Nicole Franz, Giulia Gorelli, Xavier Basurto (Duke University)

      Improving the assessment of global inland fisheries: Simon Funge-Smith (lead author)

      New and disruptive technologies for innovative data systems and practices: Marc Taconet (lead author), Nada Bougouss, Anton Ellenbroek, Aureliano Gentile, Yann Laurent, Nianjun Shen

      Aquaculture Biosecurity: Melba Reantaso (lead author), Xiaowei Zhou

      Towards a new vision for capture fisheries in the twenty-first century: Manuel Barange

      The publication also benefited from external review by Professor Massimo Spagnolo (Institute for Economic Research in Fishery and Aquaculture) and Kevern Cochrane (Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, South Africa). They are acknowledged for their significant contributions. The report was reviewed internally by Vera Agostini, Manuel Barange and the editorial board, as well as by colleagues in other technical divisions of FAO beyond the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.

      The Meeting Programming and Documentation Service of the FAO Conference, Council and Protocol Affairs Division provided translation and printing services.

      The Publishing Group (OCCP) in FAO’s Office for Corporate Communication provided editorial support, design and layout, as well as production coordination, for editions in all six official languages.

      ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

      2030 AGENDA

      2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

      ABNJ

      areas beyond national jurisdiction

      ALDFG

      abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear

      AQGR

      aquatic genetic resources

      ASFA

      Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

      ASFIS

      Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System

      CBD

      Convention on Biological Diversity

      CDS

      catch documentation scheme

      CFS

      Committee on Food Security

      CITES

      Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

      CMM

      conservation management measure

      CMS

      Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

      CODE

      Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

      COFI

      Committee on Fisheries

      COVID-19

      coronavirus disease

      CWP

      Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics

      DHA

      docosahexaenoic acid

      DSF

      deep-sea fishing

      EAA

      ecosystem approach to aquaculture

      EAF

      ecosystem approach to fisheries

      EEZ

      exclusive economic zone

      EPA

      eicosapentaenoic acid

      FBS

      FAO Food Balance Sheets

      FIRMS

      Fisheries and Resources Monitoring System

      FPI

      FAO Fish Price Index

      GDP

      gross domestic product

      GESAMP

      United Nation’s Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection

      GIAHS

      Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

      GIES

      global information exchange system

      GLOBAL RECORD

      Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels

      GPA

      global plan of action

      GRSF

      Global Record of Stocks and Fisheries

      GSP

      Generalized System of Preferences

      GSSI

      Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative

      HACCP

      Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (system)

      HS

      Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System

      ICZM

      integrated coastal zone management

      IFFO

      Marine Ingredients Organisation

      IHH

      Illuminating Hidden Harvests

      ILO

      International Labour Organization

      IMO

      International Maritime Organization

      IUU

      illegal, unreported and unregulated (fishing)

      LDC

      least developed country

      LIFDC

      low-income food-deficit country

      LOA

      length overall

      MCS

      monitoring, control and surveillance

      MPA

      marine protected area

      MSY

      maximum sustainable yield

      NGO

      non-governmental organization

      OECD

      Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

      OECM

      other effective area-based conservation measure

      PMP/AB

      Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity

      PSMA

      Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing

      PUFA

      polyunsaturated fatty acid

      RAI

      Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems

      RFB

      regional fishery body

      RFMO/A

      regional fisheries management organization/arrangement

      RSN

      Regional Fishery Body Secretariats Network

      SAG

      Sustainable Aquaculture Guidelines

      SDG

      Sustainable Development Goal

      SIDS

      small island developing State

      SPF

      specific pathogen-free

      SSF GUIDELINES

      Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication

      UNCLOS

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