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    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
    Ebook207 pages42 minutes

    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle

    By Meredith Corporation

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    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle begins with a bang with the discovery of the explosive combination of charcoal, potassium nitrate, and sulfur. From 10th Century China to the United States, this special edition details the evolution of the weapon including innovative modifications such as improved ignition devices allowing single shooters to aim, fire, and hit targets. Although the innovation of the rifle improved efficiency and efficacy, the smaller, sleeker, and more sophisticated model of the rifle posed a threat, including increased crime and conflict. Traverse the Old World, the Civil War, and the Wild West and explore how the evolution of this firearm has changed warfare, society, and history irrevocably
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMeredith Corporation
    Release dateJul 10, 2020
    ISBN9781547855513
    LIFE Explores History of the Rifle

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      Book preview

      LIFE Explores History of the Rifle - Meredith Corporation

      rifles.

      1 BLACK POWDER, ALCHEMY, AND BOMBARDS

      The earliest weapons were defined by human strength and ingenuity. Then came the discovery of a history-changing chemical reaction.

      A painted silk banner from the 10th century shows Buddha being attacked by demons, one of whom is holding a gunpowder tube.

      AN EXPLOSIVE POWER

      The exact origins of gunpowder are unclear. But early Taoist texts refer to incendiary potions created by alchemist monks.

      The story of firearms begins with chemistry: the invention of gunpowder.

      For millennia, men expressed hostility by hurling hard objects at each other and stabbing foes with sharpened sticks. Ancient armies besieged enemy castles by harnessing mechanical ingenuity. They launched waves of flaming arrows, enormous stones, rotting animal carcasses, and even stinking loads of excrement.

      But the discovery, possibly in 10th-century China, that combining charcoal, potassium nitrate (or saltpeter), and sulfur could cause explosions and, if properly channeled, send matter flying with deadly effect, changed the course of conflict.

      ALCHEMISTS SEARCHING FOR IMMORTALITY

      The exact timeline of the development of black powder is unclear. But Taoist texts from the 9th and 10th centuries include references to the incendiary properties of potions created by alchemist monks. Some sustained burns, and there was at least one report of a workshop going up in flames. For the monks, it was a hazard of searching for an elixir yielding immortality. For some of the holy men’s contemporaries, however, the black powder may have suggested a way of limiting mortality rather than extending it. It is believed that Chinese of the era had the idea to use black powder in rudimentary bombs, grenades, and land mines against invading Mongols. The Mongols, in turn, are thought to have carried knowledge of black powder across Asia, spreading it through the Middle East and on to Europe.

      In 1241, for example, advancing Mongol forces used powder-powered weapons to help trounce defenders of the Kingdom of Hungary and lay waste to their villages during the Battle of Mohi. Ideas moved from the East to the West and soon intermingled with European innovations. The 13th-century writings of English philosopher and Franciscan monk Roger Bacon contain cryptic references to exploding powder, while medieval alchemists across the continent began to experiment with elements of black powder in their attempts to transmute lead to gold.

      Part of the fascination with these evolving weapons was their terrifying dramatics. Not only did the arms have the capacity to knock down and kill opponents at great distances, but their repeated explosions generated impressive noise, flames, and smoke. The armored knight on a grand steed suddenly had to both carefully watch his back and negotiate threatening new conditions out on the battlefield.

      THE BIRTH OF THE CANNON

      By the late 13th century, military inventors realized they could use black powder to fire projectiles from an iron tube closed at one end. The cannon (from the Latin canna, referring to the hollow stem of a reed) was born. The closed end of the weapon came to be known as the breech. Powder and then a projectile were loaded via the open end, or muzzle. A soldier ignited the powder with a torch or smoldering ember through a touchhole in the rear. Rapidly expanded gases from the explosion propelled the ammunition from the barrel—the same basic principle used in firearms to this day.

      Illuminated manuscripts of the era show soldiers igniting vase-shaped weapons firing arrow-shaped projectiles. Other early cannon propelled carved stones and iron balls to assault castle walls. England’s King Edward III used a type of cannon called a bombard against the Scots in the 1320s, and there are reports that cannon were used in the Hundred Years’ War.

      EXPLODING CANNON

      Primitive artillery did not always operate effectively. The chemical instability of early gunpowder recipes led to unintended explosions. Crude metallurgy meant that cannon frequently burst apart. Even when they worked properly, early muzzle-loaded weapons weren’t terribly accurate, and increasingly sophisticated fortifications limited their impact.

      The chemical instability of early gunpowder recipes led to unintended explosions. Crude metallurgy meant cannon frequently burst apart.

      Yet the psychological and physical effects of detonation changed the nature of warfare, allowing armies that deployed cannon in numbers to prevail against entrenched targets. By the 15th century, French and Italian artillery makers were producing transportable wheeled cannon used by such rulers as King Louis XI of France and his successor, Charles VIII, to consolidate power.

      THE MYSTERIOUS FRIAR BACON

      In the 19th and early 20th centuries, certain historians identified Roger Bacon (1214–1292) as a major figure in the development of firearms. Some researchers asserted that the Franciscan friar’s writings contain a cryptogram describing the ratio of ingredients needed for gunpowder. This view of Bacon fit with a broader impression that he was an early scientist of mystical bent.

      While it’s possible that Bacon saw a demonstration of Chinese firecrackers, modern historians now doubt that he understood the concept of storing and releasing explosive energy via gunpowder. The passages in question probably did not originate with Bacon, and in any event the mixture described has the wrong proportions of ingredients to power a firearm.

      EARLY LOOK In his treatise on siege weapons, 14th-century English scholar Walter de Milemete included

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