Native Plant Gardening for Birds, Bees & Butterflies: Upper Midwest

DEDICATION

To my wife, Stephanie, for her unconditional love and support. I am continuously grateful to have such an amazing person with whom to share my life.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to my parents for their enduring encouragement of my interest in natural history and all things wild.

Cover and book design by Lora Westberg and Jonathan Norberg

Edited by Brett Ortler

Proofread by Dan Downing

Photo credits:

Front cover: Anise Hyssop by JurateBuiviene/shutterstock.com; Ruby-throated hummingbird by FotoRequest/shutterstock.com; birdhouses by picsbyst/shutterstock.com; Showy Milkweed by Michael Schober/shutterstock.com; hummingbird background by Vaclav Sebek/shutterstock.com; Purple Coneflowers by Barbara Wheeler/shutterstock.com

Back cover: Nodding Onion by Gerry Bishop/shutterstock.com; Black-eyed Susans by Quang Ho/shutterstock.com; bumble bee by kzww/shutterstock.com; Common Buckeye by Leena Robinson/shutterstock.com; magnificent hummingbird male perched by Stan Tekiela

All photos by Jaret Daniels unless otherwise noted.

All photos copyright of their respective photographers. Some photos identified by page in a left (ex. L1) to right (ex. R1) order, descending. Kelly Colgan Azar: 40; Travis Bonovsky: 101; Dave Czoschke: 229; Ellen M Falbowski: 119; Molly Fifield-Murray: 79; Michael Head: 243; Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org: 155; Diane Larson: 115; Matt Lavin: 129, 142; Brett Ortler: 23; Bron Praslicka: 113; Corey Raimond: 225; Dave Rogers: 185; Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org: 32 (L8), 169, 237 (Bigleaf Aster), 239; Shelley Selle: 73; Steve Law at Brighton Plants: 26 (R10), 118, 263 (5); Stan Tekiela: 269; Peter Voigt: 236 (Purple Milkweed), 246; Michael Weatherford: 191; Alan Wells: 165, 195

This image is licensed under the Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license, which is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en: DDennisM: 141

These images are licensed under the Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license, which is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/: Judy Gallagher: 245; Kathy (rittysdigiez): 209; Fyn Kynd: 215; Carl Lewis: 111; Doug McGrady: 89, 238; OkaWenNF: 139; Kristine Paulus: 145; Bob Peterson: 21 (bottom 6); Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren: 203; Shawn Taylor: 173

These images are licensed under the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication license, which is available at https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/or licensed under Public Domain Mark 1.0, which is available at https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/: Doug Goldman, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS: 34 (L2), 254; Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 61; Haneesh KM.: 272 (Indian Skipper larva); karen_hine: 71; NC WETLANDS: 199, 237 (False Nettle), 244; USDA/Lance Cheung: 227; USDA NRCS Montana: 28 (L6), 143

Images used under license from shutterstock.com. Some photos identified by page in a left (ex. L1) to right (ex. R1) order, descending.

53931: 160; A.Bulano: 26 (R4); A.G.A: 19 (top 1); Vahan Abrahamyan: 24 (L9), 32 (L4), 220, 261 (18); aDam Wildlife: 21 (top 4); Erik Agar: 30 (R1), 169; ahmydaria: 125; AJCespedes: 9; ajt: 20 (top 3); Scisetti Alfio: 264 (bottom left); Arty Alison: 30 (L3), 150 (Common Buttonbush), 170, 174; alybaba: 30 (L9), 260 (7); AnaGoncalves93: 272 (American Lady larva); John A. Anderson: 197; APugach: 28 (L11); arousa: 153; ASakoulis: 21 (top 2); Nina B: 116; Lana B: 200, 263 (9); Dan Bagur: 270 (Red Admiral larva); Mark Baldwin: 26 (L1), 26 (R9), 114, 261 (15), 262 (3); Bonnie Taylor Barry: 271 (Pearl Crescent); Jim Beers: 135; Gabriela Beres: 28 (L1), 122; Erin Bergman: 157; beverlyjane: 83; Robert Biedermann: 28 (L10); Gerry Bishop: 24 (R6), 26 (L3), 26 (L4), 28 (L4), 28 (L7), 30 (R5), 30 (L11), 32 (L9), 60, 88, 92, 146, 223, 261 (13), 262 (2), 263 (8); Randy Bjorklund: ), 270 (Pipevine Swallowtail), 272 (American Snout); bjphotographs: 80, 81; Karel Bock: 21 (bottom 3); Artur Bogacki: 32 (R9); Stephen Bonk: 28 (R1); Jennifer Bosvert: 19 (top 6), 93; Arlen E Breiholz: 30 (R6), 188; SJ Brown: 228, 262 (6); Jen Burrows: 37 (Big Bluestem); Steve Byland: 231, 259; c_WaldWiese: 30 (L7), 190, 260 (1); Julianne Caust: 37 (Black-eyed Susan), 42; ChWeiss: 26 (R8), 110, 204; Kathy Clark: 24 (R8), 32 (R3), 68, 218, 263 (10); Charles Collard: 134; Kevin Collison: 217; COULANGES: 38, 262 (7), 264 (1); Cryptographer: 24 (R1); Joan D G: 69; damann: 24 (L4), 261 (4); Dan4Earth: 12, 24 (L3), 46; Judy M Darby: 44; Sharon Day: 28 (R7), 36 (Indian Blanket), 74, 263 (18), 264 (2); Peter de Kievith: 266 bottom; Danita Delmont: 20 (top 1), 95, 103, 147, 270 (Baltimore Checkerspot); Courtney A Denning: 26 (L8), 109; Marjan Despotovic: 133; Bruce Dierenfield: 151 (Purple Passionflower), 208; Digieva: 102, 265 (4); dlamb302: 26 (R3), 91; Alla Dmitrijeva: 266 middle; Le Do: 32 (L6); Dennis W Donohue: 271 (Great Spangled Fritillary); Pat Dooley: 271 (Viceroy); HK Dougherty: 201, 262 (bottom left); EQRoy: 30 (R10); Hank Erdmann: 124; Amy Estoye: 272 (Swarthy Skipper); Evalie: 121; Melinda Fawver: 32 (R8), 171, 236 (Purple Milkweed), 240; Shannon Marie Ferguson: 253; Sheila Fitzgerald: 26 (L9), 112; Flower_Garden: 28 (L2); Dmitry Fokin: 54; FotoRequest: 1; Tyler Fox: 271 (Giant Swallowtail larva); Gus Garcia: 127; gardenlife: 65, 183; Luchia Georganta: 270 (Karner Blue); Linda George: 32 (L11), 237 (Sweet Joe Pye Weed), 250, 261 (10); Bob Grabowski: 237 (Red Columbine), 248; Anna Gratys: 34 (L2); Jerrold James Griffith: 86; guentermanaus: 150 (Foxglove Penstemon), 182, 261 (14); Gunsmith Photos: 24 (L7), 63; Arto Hakola: 270 (Spicebush Swallowtail); Michael E Hall: 131; Alison Hancock: 10; Elliotte Rusty Harold: 19 (top 3), 21 (middle 1, middle 2), 41, 270 (Spring Azure), 271 (Spring Azure); Cameron M Hartley: 272 (Crossline Skipper); Hecos: 77; Jon E Heintz Jr: 167; Shawn Hempel: 270 (Cloudless Sulphur), 271 (Cloudless Sulphur); High Mountain: 30 (R9); HilaryH: 161; Jeff Holcombe: 32 (R2), 47, 53; Catherine M Hollander: 30 (R3); Brett Hondow: 271 (Pearl Crescent larva), 272 (Tawny Emperor larva); Karyn Honor: 98; ileana_bt: 28 (L3); Vitaly Ilyasov: 59; InfoFlowersPlants: 26 (L11), 48, 120, 263 (16, 20); islavicek: 28 (R6), 30 (R2), 34-35, 172; Malachi Jacobs: 20 (middle 1); Frode Jacobsen: 272 (Dusted Skipper, Question Mark); Jukka Jantunen: 271 (Northern Azure); Matt Jeppson: 271 (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail larva); Jillian Cain Photography: 270 (Cloudless Sulphur larva), 271 (Cloudless Sulphur larva); Yuttana Joe: 19 (top 4); rushka johnson: 13; JPL Designs: 55; Rob Jump: 30 (L4), 179; JurateBuiviene: 24 (L1), 261 (16); Sirle Kabanen: 28 (L5), 138; Kamrad71: 24 (R10), 265 (5); David Byron Keener: 15, 99, 272 (Question Mark larva); Cathy Keifer: 149, 270 (Monarch larva); Kenneth Keifer: 32 (L1), 34 (L1), 237 (Virginia Bluebells), 247, 252, 261 (8); Hway Kiong Kim: 19 (bottom 4); Jeff Kingma: 272 (Leonard’s Skipper); sharon kingston: 6; Tomasz Klejdsz: 14; Serguei Koultchitskii: 271 (Giant Swallowtail); Jon Kraft: 94, 205; kukuruxa: 24 (L6); Jitender kumarj: 272 (Indian Skipper); Nikolay Kurzenko: 260 (2); kzww: 18; Guste L: 39; Brian Lasenby: 45, 193, 241, 249, 271 (Coral Hairstreak); Olivier Le Queinec: 266 top; Doug Lemke: 20 (middle 2), 159, 272 (Tawny Emperor); Peter F. Lenehan: 30 (R7); LianeM: 15; Jerry Lin: 36 (Marsh Blazing Star), 84; littlewormy: 26 (L2), 261 (19); Svetlana Mahovskaya: 30 (L8), 194; MainlightPhoto.com: 216; Kazakov Maksim: 76; marich: 28 (R5), 140; Marinodenisenko: 164; markh: 21 (top 3); Vladimir Martinov: 28 (L8), 152; Lipatova Maryna: 175, 181; MashimaraPhoto: 70; Kateryna Mashkevych: 212; Dave Massey: 213; M. McGann: 19 (bottom 1), 49; McGraw: 261 (9); Michael G McKinne: 26 (R1), 82, 260 (6), 271 (Variegated Fritillary); Media Marketing: 206, 207; meiningi: 28 (R10); melissamn: 236 (Woodland Sunflower), 258; meunierd: 26 (R6), 268; Marek Mierzejewski: 150 (Michigan Lily), 192; Miles28: 270 (Spicebush Swallowtail larva); MilsiArt: 177; Young Swee Ming: 272 (Delaware Skipper); Ravshan Mirzaitov: 271 (Mourning Cloak), 272 (Mourning Cloak); Mitotico: 21 (bottom 1); mizy: 30 (R8), 36 (Cup Plant), 64, 90, 186, 196, 262 (1); David S Mohn: 24 (R9), 36 (Horay Vervain), 72; Przemyslaw Muszynski: 28 (R8), 154; ncristian: 151 (Eastern Prickly Pear), 176; Marty Nelson: 26 (L10); B V Nickel: 24 (L2), 261 (17); Nico Muller Art: 233; Nadezda Nikitina: 32 (L2); nnattalli: 30 (R4); Michael Sean O’Leary: 221; Steven Russell Smith Ohio: 19 (bottom 2), 272 (Common Wood Nymph); Alan Olander: 26 (R2), 87; Nancy J. Ondra: 106, 184; Jay Ondreicka: 219, 270 (Eastern Black Swallowtail larva); Sari ONeal: 32 (R7), 43, 234, 235, 271 (Gulf Fritillary larva), 271 (Gulf Fritillary), 271 (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail), 271 (Sleepy Orange), 271 (Viceroy larva), 271 (Variegated Fritillary larva), 271 (Gorgone Checkerspot larva), 271 (Gorgone Checkerspot), 272 (Gorgone Checkerspot larva), 272 (Gorgone Checkerspot), 272 (Reakirt’s Blue); OrelImages: 30 (L10), 202; Massimiliano Paolino: 271 (Mourning Cloak larva), 272 (Mourning Cloak larva); Michelle Patrick: 32 (L10); Paul Reeves Photography: 19 (top 2), 20 (top 4), 20 (middle 3), 21 (middle 3, middle 4), 21 (middle 4), 24 (R7), 270 (Baltimore Checkerspot larva), 271 (Northern Crescent); alan payne: 21 (top 5); Peter Turner Photography: 96, 261 (11), 265 (3); Peyker: 126; Polarpx: 26 (L5); Luc Pouliot: 19 (top 5); David Prahl: 8; prambuwesas: 163; Randy R: 272 (Common Hackberry); Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren: 203; redclovestudio: 20 (top 2); Daniel Reiner: 28 (R3), 132; Steph Reuse: 32 (R5), 226; Leena Robinson: 260 (Common Buckeye), 272 (American Lady); Marina Rose: 123; Jason Patrick Ross: 24 (R3); Manfred Ruckszio: 32 (R6), 230, 261 (12); RukiMedia: 24 (L8), 26 (R7), 30 (L6), 66, 107; Ioana Rut: 198; Mariola Anna S: 24 (R4), 52, 263 (15); Andrew Sabai: 28 (R2), 129, 263 (11); SariMe: 151 (Bluebell Bellflower), 162, 263 (13); Michael Schober: 117; Ole Schoener: 32 (R4), 37 (Common Ironweed), 50, 51, 97, 222, 263 (19); Ken Schulze: 62, 261 (5); M. Schuppich: 85; Kyle Selcer: 257; Annette Shaff: 21 (bottom 5); Michael Shake: 32 (L7), 232; Cynthia Shirk: 151 (Red Maple), 214; marc sims: 267 (top left); Gurcharan Singh: 255; Scott F Smith: 272 (Cobweb Skipper); Richard G Smith: 75; Sue Smith: 32 (R10); Sokor Space: 24 (L5), 37 (Common Ninebark); Paul Sparks: 271 (Acadian Hairstreak); Angelchev Sprydon: 24 (L10); Josef Stemeseder: 270 (Eastern Black Swallowtail), 271 (Red-spotted Purple), 271 (Meadow Fritillary); steve52: 19 (bottom 6); Susan Marie Sullivan: 26 (L6), 37 (Prairie Dock), 100; Sunbunny Studio: 58, 263 (17); Krista Marie T: 26 (L7), 105; T-I: 104, 187, 263 (12); tanakomsar: 6; Tathoms: 251, 274; TechnoSavage: 271 (Red-spotted Purple larva); mccw thissen: 26 (R5); Cheryl Thomas: 270 (Monarch); Gabor Tinz: 267 (middle); Tippy Tortue: 32 (R1), 210, 211; tlindsayg: 137; 260 (3); tome213: 24 (R2); tribp: 67; Tunatura: 57; Iva Vagnerova: 24 (L11), 56, 78, 263 (14); Johan van Beilen: 21 (top 1); Vanessa Vial: 189; Iva Villi: 24 (R5), 30 (L5), 236 (Cutleaf Coneflower), 242; Jaco Visser: 21 (bottom 2); Marek Walica: 11, 23; Jim and Lynne Weber: 270 (Southern Dogface), 272 (Southern Dogface); J Wheeler: 32 (L3); Olga Yudina: 150 (Eastern Redbud), 178; Abeselom Zerit: 271 (Aphrodite Fritillary); zzz555zzz: 158

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Native Plant Gardening for Birds, Bees & Butterflies: Upper Midwest

Copyright © 2020 by Jaret Daniels

Published by Adventure Publications

An imprint of AdventureKEEN

330 Garfield Street South

Cambridge, Minnesota 55008

(800) 678-7006

www.adventurepublications.net

All rights reserved

Printed in China

ISBN 978-1-59193-941-2 (pbk.); ISBN 978-1-59193-942-9 (ebook)

Table of Contents

Why You Should Plant a Garden

First Step: Inventory Your Yard

Check Your Hardiness Zone

Space Considerations

Analyze Light Levels

Taking Slope and Elevation into Account

Analyzing Moisture Levels

A Simple Soil Texture Test

Soil Testing

Interpreting Soil Test Results

Planning Ahead

When to Plant

Eliminating Existing Weeds

The Seed Bank

Nuisance Weeds

Improving the Soil

Native Plants Matter

Plant Life Cycle

Garden Design

Plant Diversity

Plant Selection at the Nursery

Cultivars and Hybrids

Avoid Plants Treated with Pesticides

Before You Plant, Stage Your Garden

Giving Plants a Good Start

Maintenance

Avoid Broad-Spectrum Insecticides

Deadheading