Transcending Darkness: A Girl’s Journey Out of the Holocaust

Chronology of Upheavals that Led to World War II

The upheavals that led to the invasion of my country, Poland, and to World War II began in Germany with the birth of the Nazi Party in 1919. The party started as a gang of unemployed soldiers and became the legal government by 1933, in only fourteen years.

In 1929, the year I was born, the demise of Weimar democracy began with the collapse of the existing government.

In 1932, when I was three years old and had all a child could need—love and a secure home—Hitler received 37 percent of the presidential vote.

In January 1933, President von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany. Within months of Hitler’s appointment, the Dachau concentration camp was created.

In February, the Reichstag building went up in flames.

In 1934, when my sister and I played peacefully under the protective wings of our community, another newsflash shocked my community: President Hindenburg died. Hitler combined the offices of Reich chancellor and president, declaring himself Reichsführer (leader of the Reich).

In 1935, Hitler announced the Nuremberg Laws, which stripped Jews of their civil rights as German citizens, and Jews were defined as a separate race. This law forbade marriages or sexual relations between Jews and Germans.

Of course, children my age did not understand the complexities or horrors of these events, which were feverishly discussed at home, on the streets, and on the air. But we clearly understood that somewhere on our planet windows of Jewish stores were being shattered, Jewish books went up in flames, people were arrested for no reason, and a terrible man named Hitler stomped the earth. I do not know what other children felt when their ears were filled with the news of violence. I, a Jewish child, felt danger pointing at me from a mysterious place.

In 1936, Berlin hosted the Olympics. Jesse Owens, the African-American track star, was the undisputed hero in the land of Aryan superiority. I doubt that I paid much attention to this great event, but my teenaged cousins hooted with joy. So did all the adults around me. I am not sure if this is an authentic memory, or if I heard it enough times to remember it as my own.

In March 1938, as part of Hitler’s quest for uniting all German-speaking people and for lebensraum (living space), Germany took over Austria with the overwhelming approval of the Austrian people.

In October 1938, Germany occupied the northwestern area of Czechoslovakia, called the Sudetenland, and no countries protested these violations of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

Still more horrendous events continued to unfold.

On November 9, 1938, German Prime Minister Joseph Goebbels initiated the Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass), a free-for-all against the Jews, during which synagogues were set on fire, Jewish businesses and homes were looted, many Jews were killed, and many were arrested and sent to concentration camps to be tormented. Within days, Jews were forced to transfer their businesses to Aryan hands, and Jewish children were expelled from public schools. 

What do I remember of the news that unsettled my community when I was nine years old? I clearly remember newspaper caricatures of Neville Chamberlain shaking hands with Hitler and holding an umbrella in his other hand, and the bitter reactions of the adults. I remember the shock I saw on my parents’ faces when the radios shouted the news: Germany occupied the Sudetenland! And I have not forgotten the shudder of fear I heard in people’s voices when they talked about German forces concentrated at the Polish border.

On September 1, 1939, Hitler began the invasion of Poland, officially starting World War II.

1  Strong! United! Ready!

The morning of September 1, 1939, was serene. Tata came into the living room in a dapper suit, a hat in his hand, kissed my mother, sister, and me, and left the house to visit his clients on Królewska Street, in the heart of Warsaw. Sometime on that day a deafening explosion shook the earth. Then, silence—as if all the air had been sucked out of the universe. Just as suddenly, screaming air-raid sirens set the city aquiver. Stunned, Mama turned on the radio and we heard, Attention. Attention. Poland is under attack! German warplanes dropped bombs on Warsaw!

My gosh! Is Tata safe? Are we safe without him? I shuddered.

Unable to contain our fears, Mama, Fredka, and I took posts at a window with a view of the wrought iron gate at the far end of our courtyard, and waited for Tata to come home. As soon as he stepped into the arched entrance, we bolted to the front door to barrage him with hugs and questions. Tata, Tata, what is happening? Was it a real bomb?

Oh yes, it was! I saw the devastation.

What did you see, Tata?

It was awful. And so sudden. I heard a loud rumble of airplanes. I stopped and looked up. Everyone in the street did the same. In a split second, planes dove out of the sky. Then boooom! Bombs were falling and buildings exploded before our eyes. Everyone stood frozen in place. Shocked. So helpless! The bombers took off with the same lightning speed, air-raid sirens began to shriek, and I rushed home to you.

Perhaps we should have expected the attack. For endless months, our radios had blared German threats to annex Poland’s only port city, Gdynia. Slogans—"Silni! Zwarci! Gotowi!" (Strong! United! Ready!)—screamed from banners draped across the city. Air-raid sirens screeched to drill us for a possible attack. Still, war remained unimaginable until the first bomb fell on Warsaw. Even then, the true brutality of war remained distant.

For me, the real blight of war began on that night. In an instant, I, at the age of ten, and Fredka, eleven and a half, stopped being carefree children and began to carry the tragic burdens of life.

That night I was awakened by a fierce rumble of airplanes. Before I could lift my head from the pillow, brilliant, hissing beams of light illuminated the sky: Hisss! Hisss! like wicked winds. A barrage of explosions convulsed the earth. Moments later, terrified people, still in bedclothes, babies in their arms, were running from their houses in search of safety. Some carried small bundles of valuables. Many grabbed the nearest object without thinking. No one really knew where to run.

Imagining greater danger to be on the higher floor, we rushed downstairs to my best friend Janka’s house—as if we would rather be covered by the warm earth than be crushed by collapsing buildings.

What ensued that night was beyond my imagination. The heavens opened with blinding blasts of lights, erasing the star-incrusted darkness and making every building a clear target. Then, roaring flocks of Messerschmitts and Stukas swooped down, dropping bombs around us, destroying one house after another, and killing people with every burst. Gargantuan detonations shook the planet, and flames licked neighboring buildings. Quivering with fright, we sat huddled close together, seeking comfort in each other’s presence. When the explosions paused, I was not quite sure if I was still alive.

For the next four weeks, bombs rained on our heads. The thunder of detonations, the rumble of collapsing buildings, staccato pops of antiaircraft guns firing from rooftops, cries of panic, plumes of smoke, and the smell of burning flesh were interminable.

My world turned to chaos. Even when the bombardments paused, no one went to work or to school. Always we turned our ears to the radio, hearing urgent calls. Let us rise up and defend our city! Be on the watch for spies! Beware of German nationals sneaking up on rooftops to send flashlight signals to enemy planes!

People barricaded the streets with stacks of furniture in hope of stopping the advance of German tanks. A blackout cloaked the city in fearful darkness. My city seemed to stop breathing. Yet this was merely the prelude to events soon to come.

In the silence of one predawn, after hours of pounding detonations, frantic screams of a woman woke me up. Danger! Danger! Germans are coming! They are killing all the men! Wake up and run!

I jumped out of bed, flung the blacked-out window open, and looked down at the petite silhouette of my Aunt Malka—barely visible in the last glow of the moon—rushing across the courtyard toward our stairwell, screaming, Danger! Startled neighbors in nightdresses leaned out of windows and over balcony railings and called down, What is going on? What is happening?

Aunt Malka had sprinted the nearly three miles from Pawia Street—through the fearsome darkness—to arrive at our door, sweat pouring down her cheeks, eyes wide with terror, yelling, German troops are advancing on our land! They are killing every Polish male they find. She turned to Tata, Samek, hurry! Get dressed. Run! You must save yourself!

Aunt Malka was so flustered. Though we could not grasp the whole situation, we got the message loud and clear that we were being invaded and that we were in grave danger.

We turned on the radio. Attention! Attention! a voice blared with authority. This is an official government announcement. German forces are sweeping our land. Attention soldiers! Lay down your arms. All men leave your posts and run home. Run for safety or you will be slaughtered. This order was repeated over and over, along with vivid descriptions of men being butchered.

My mind whirled with horror. They might kill Tata! My gosh, how will we live without him? Everything within me constricted. We all talked at once.

Tata announced, I am not leaving. I am staying here. I won’t leave you! No!

Fredka and I cried, Tata, run. Please. They will kill you. I was afraid of my own words. I was horrified that he would be killed if he stayed and just as terrified that he would abandon us.

Mama looked limp, her face lifeless. She pleaded, What can we do? What will I do without you? No, you must run! You must save yourself! Please! Go! Now!

Tata left us. What else could he do? All the men in our building left. All the men on our street suddenly vanished. There were hardly any men left in the city. They were fleeing toward the Russian border. They ran without a plan or a clear direction, as from a raging fire.

Heartbreaking laments spilled from windows into the courtyards and streets of Warsaw. Mama, trying to be brave for our sake, held back her tears. Fredka and I too tried to protect Mama and did not cry, but I could not stop myself from shivering.

Within hours, as if sobered by the rising day, we learned that the night broadcast was a hoax to provoke panic. A group of Germans had taken over major radio stations and in perfect Polish impersonated known government figures.

A ray of hope returned. We walked to a window and spent tedious hours staring at the street gate, waiting for Tata to return. A day or two passed. A few men came back, but not Tata. Luszek, our neighbor’s young son, came home. So did his golden retriever. In his master’s absence, the dog had vanished and no one could find him. As soon as Luszek came home, the dog came back from nowhere looking haggard but happy. Still no sign of Tata.

With Tata gone, all color faded from life. Mama, Fredka, and I felt lost in our house. Nothing looked familiar. We could not find a comfortable corner to rest. Unable to cope with the loss, Mama filled a couple of valises with clothes and said, We are going to Aunt Malka. We will stay there till Tata comes back.

I tucked under my arm the wooden chess game that Tata gave me on my tenth birthday, and I took hold of other parcels that Mama let me carry. Mama, Fredka, and Justina, our maid, lifted their bundles, and together we walked to Aunt Malka’s ground-floor apartment on Pawia Street. Justina went right back to wait for Tata to return and to let him know where to find us.

There was despair in my aunt’s house. Josek and Dudek, my two handsome, grown-up cousins, were gone. Only Uncle Boris decided that he could not outrun the German army and had stayed home. Josek’s bride, Tecia, came to stay with Aunt Malka. I adored Tecia for her beauty and attentiveness. Even though I was much younger, she took time to talk with me and give me hope that things might turn out all right in the end.

All guests slept on cots in the living room. I slept with Tata’s chess game under my pillow. When the detonations shook us out of sleep, we left our cots—trembling all over as though an earthquake were passing through our bodies—and we huddled close together, terrified to let go of each other.

During the day, we enjoyed short pauses between raids—like sips of sanity. Fredka and I would run down to the courtyard to play with other children. We romped boisterously and noisily, enjoying the temporary freedom, but we never strayed far from the door. The adults remained cooped up inside the house with grim faces.

* * *

One quiet dawn, I felt Tata sitting down, ever so softly, on my cot, bending over me to kiss my face. Stirred, I called out, Tata! and reached for him.

Instead of Tata, Tecia responded, Oh, I am so sorry, I startled you. Did you dream of your father?

Yes, I felt him. He was so real.

You never know, Tecia tried to cheer me. Maybe he is on his way home. He may even come home today.

The image of that morning stayed with me all day. Dreamily, I pulled a chair to a window, sat down, rested my arms on my chess set, and stared into the courtyard. Children called to me, Estusia, come out and play. I remained in my solitude, hugging the box, talking to no one, and feeling the tugging nearness of Tata.

Just as dusk began to fall, Tata’s face looked up at me from the courtyard. I saw his gaunt cheeks, his blond curls forming a widow’s peak on his wide forehead, his steady eyes looking up at me. Tata had come home!

With Tata back, Mama, Fredka, and I went home. Dudek and Josek returned a few days later. Bit by bit we were learning to live with terror. The abnormal, when constant, seems normal.

It took only eight days for the well-disciplined and highly mechanized German forces to sweep through my country and reach the suburbs of Warsaw. We were under siege. Our government fled to Rumania, taking their families with them, and from there they fled to England. Everyone talked about their escape, and I wondered, What will we do without them? The leaders were gone, but the people in my city continued to obey their commands to fight for country and honor. Only Warsaw held the line of defense for four long weeks.

In the final days of battle, the German army circled the city and barraged us with incendiary bombs and explosives. They destroyed the water works and electrical systems. We were without food and without water for drinking and for extinguishing the raging fires.

Then came a proclamation: Armistice! Poland has fallen.

Mama lamented, Beautiful Warsaw, queen of Polish cities, is in ruins!

When the bombardment ceased, we went in search of friends and food, but I found it frightful to go into the streets. Hundreds of houses had been destroyed by fire or reduced to heaps of rubble. It was difficult to walk among the still-smoldering ruins. Bodies of people were being pulled out from the wreckage. And after all the horrors we had endured, we waited with dread for Hitler’s army to enter our streets.

2  Invasion

The Wehrmacht marched into Warsaw on the first of October. The thunder of their boots against cobblestones, the clang of their rifles, arms swinging in unison as if pulled fanatically by one thread, still haunt my dreams. The day was dark with anguish. Holding Mama’s hand, I joined the dismal crowd of people standing back on sidewalks to witness our fate.

Immediately, my life changed beyond belief. My once-peaceful streets were soon patrolled by Nazi soldiers in clicking boots and war helmets, with rifles cocked, ready to fire. Like common thieves they entered my neighbors’ homes and helped themselves to whatever they wanted. Officers with scissors shamelessly chased after Jews to cut off their beards. We were afraid to utter a word of protest, lest we and our neighbors would pay with our lives.

One unforgettable day, I heard a mournful sigh rise from our courtyard. I rushed out onto the balcony and faced a ring of astonished faces staring down from rows of windows. I followed their gaze and saw Mr. Frenkel, our neighborhood aristocrat, crossing the courtyard. Half his beard was gone! One cheek was startlingly bare and crimson. Disgraceful hands of barbarians had bruised the gentle face of our noblest neighbor. I looked into his grave face and felt myself falling with him, with all my people, into a bottomless abyss. Never before was my soul so wounded, never before had I cried as deeply, as silently, as acrimoniously as at that moment. Mama whispered, Where is God?

Each day brought a new calamity. Street megaphones blasted orders and threats to kill us if we did not immediately surrender furs, paintings, jewelry, and currency to pay for the war that we, Jews, were crazily accused of starting. Bravely, my parents and everyone I knew hid what they could. Seeing my people resist cruel mandates gave me heart.

We were forbidden to walk about the streets between nine at night and five in the morning. The curfew silence hung outside my blacked-out windows like a harbinger of danger. The night no longer sparkled with city lights, and laughter no longer made the darkness sing.

We had limited use of water, no radios or newspaper, no electricity, no telephones. We could not reach friends, even in an emergency. We lived in a state of darkness, cut off from the world and everything that was taking place in it.

At night, when the streets were as silent as death, Mama lit the wick on a ball-shaped carbide lantern. A small orb of light formed around the table while the rest of the room was in semidarkness. The tiny flame flickered like a leaf in a hurricane and made our eyes smart. To see fine details, we had to sit close to the light and inhale the putrid odor of carbide. Still, the darkness did not keep us from reading, mending our clothes, or playing. I felt a precarious safety—like hiding in a cave from a pack of wolves—sitting with Mama, Tata, and Fredka within that small circle of light. Sometimes I would imagine the Nazi soldiers who slept in the distance being swallowed into eternal darkness and leaving us to find our way back to our happy lives.

They closed our schools. Bored children got into mischief and drove parents to distraction. After weeks of negotiations, the Judenrat (Jewish Council) obtained permission to open supervised Ogródki (playgrounds). Everyone was grateful. The kids, tired of being cooped up, dashed to the playgrounds like alcoholics to bars.

Our counselors, unemployed teachers, taught us spirited Yiddish songs filled with funny animal sounds and amusing characters. Our laughter flowed like warm honey; our fears drowned in the joy of play and make-believe. During quiet time, our guardians told us wonderful Yiddish folktales; they encouraged us to think, use good judgment, and not lose trust.

Our happiness did not last long. After several months, the Germans ordered the Jewish Council to close our short-lived paradise. With nothing to do, Fredka and I spent hours at home. When we became restless, we joined children in the courtyard in self-organized games. Our exuberant voices vibrated throughout the building complex. We made up skits and games in which we slew the Nazi criminals. We bounced balls against the walls of the building and played hide-and-seek, galloping up and down long flights of stairs located in the four corners of the yard. Parents smiled with contentment to see their children playing happily, while those who yearned for quiet greeted us with long faces. For pranks, we rang doorbells in neighboring houses, and bolted down the stairs before the doors opened.

We played boisterously, but were never free of fear or duty. We always kept watch for German soldiers entering the street or building. When we spotted a German uniform in the distance, we scattered home with shrapnel speed to warn and help our parents hide all contraband, white bread and books among them. We children were conscientious sentries—attentive, sharp, and swift.

Another indignity separated us from the city population. We were forbidden to leave our house without wearing a white armband ten centimeters wide with a Jewish star, as if my religion were a disgrace. When Mama adjusted the armband on my sleeve, she would say, Wait till the world hears about this. The Nazis will be shamed for their disgraceful behavior. Mama’s faith in humanity and justice never ceased.

The First Loss

Tens of thousands of young people without means of sustenance, with no present or future, decided to flee for their lives to the Führer’s friend, Soviet Russia. Sometime in the late fall of 1939, my three eldest cousins, Aunt Malka’s sons, Dudek and Josek, and Josek’s bride, Tecia, joined the fleeing throngs. With my cousins gone, my aunt’s house on Pawia Street felt empty and dark with sorrow. Everyone in my family was stricken with grief.

It did not take long for rumors to reach us that the fleeing masses had been assaulted and robbed on the way by the border guards who knew that Jewish lives were public property. Aunt Malka searched out those who turned back to ask if by chance they had met her two sons and her daughter-in-law on their way. Those who had seen them passing on the road had no clue about my cousins’ fate. It saddened me to see grief etched in my aunt’s wan face. She grew thinner each time I saw her, as if she were turning into her own shadow.

* * *

My three wonderful cousins were gone, but memories linger. I still remember, clear as light, Josek and Tecia in their first home before the outbreak of war. It was soon after their wedding and the occasion was special—the first family dinner at their own place. We sat around a lavishly decked table with my two aunts, uncles, and my beloved five cousins—all beaming with the specialness of the moment. Toasts were raised to the young couple, and the sound of joyful prattling filled the room.

Josek, tall, blond, and dashingly handsome, and the willowy Tecia were as beautiful as a picture standing next to each other holding hands—love glinting in their smiles. Tecia’s comely face was as round and smooth as a freshly picked apple. I loved the pretty way she braided her silky brown hair and wound it around her head like a garland. In my nineyear- old eyes, their small home and the occasion were magically romantic.

My cousins remain frozen in time, as I saw them last—young, bright, exuberant—impossible to imagine dead. Dead people are buried.

3  Ghetto and Moral Resistance

Anew decree panicked the community. Even non-Jews would have to abandon their homes; churches and businesses would have to relocate. Children asked their parents, What is a ghetto? What will happen to us? Then we went back to our world of make-believe, with hearts too heavy, and wondered, How come insane people are allowed to make laws and run the world?

The day the formation of a Jewish quarter was announced, turmoil hit the city. Both Jews and Christians were in a frenzy to find new homes. Justina, our Ukrainian maid, packed her belongings in two valises, tucked the money my parents gave her into her bra to keep it safe, and left our house. We hugged, our eyes filled with tears, but I felt relieved that I would no longer have to worry that she might denounce us to the German soldiers she dated on her days off.

On the day all Jews had to move into the ghetto, thousands of hungry, cold, overwhelmed, evicted people flooded our streets searching for apartments. By law, no one was permitted to remove furniture, but the streets were full of defiant people pushing carts loaded with household goods. Nowolipki Street, where we lived, and Muranowska and Pawia, where Aunt Hannah and Aunt Malka lived, remained in the Jewish sector. In the ghetto, if you had an apartment, you had everything; without one, you had nothing.

Some of my new friends who had been forced into the ghetto were Jewish children born into Christianity, children of mixed marriages, and even third-generation Christians. In some instances, Poles tipped off the Nazis about some irregularities in the family trees of their coreligionists. And that was not all. More nightmarish decrees