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    Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916
    Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916
    Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916
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    Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916

    By John Grehan and Martin Mace

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    The fighting in the Gallipoli or Dardanelles campaign began in 1915 as a purely naval affair undertaken partly at the instigation of Winston Churchill, who, as First Lord of the Admiralty, had entertained plans of capturing the Dardanelles as early as September 1914. It was the Royal Navy that bore the brunt of the initial action, supported by the French and with minor contributions from, the Russian and Australian fleets.On 3 November 1914, Churchill ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Ottoman and Russian empires. The British attack was carried out by battle cruisers of Carden's Mediterranean Squadron, HMS Indomitable and HMS Indefatigable, as well as two French battleships. This attack actually took place before a formal declaration of war had been made by Britain against the Ottoman Empire. Royal Navy submarines had already been operating in the region.When the naval operations failed, a full invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula was launched. The bitter fighting that followed resonated profoundly among all nations involved. The campaign was the first major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in both of these countries. For the Turkish forces it would prove a major victory.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOpen Road Integrated Media
    Release dateJun 10, 2014
    ISBN9781473838192
    Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916
    Author

    John Grehan

    JOHN GREHAN has written, edited or contributed to more than 300 books and magazine articles covering a wide span of military history from the Iron Age to the recent conflict in Afghanistan. John has also appeared on local and national radio and television to advise on military history topics. He was employed as the Assistant Editor of Britain at War Magazine from its inception until 2014. John now devotes his time to writing and editing books.

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      Gallipoli and the Dardanelles, 1915–1916 - John Grehan

      1

      NAVAL ATTACK ON THE DARDANELLES, 17 MARCH 1915

      FRIDAY, 2 MAY, 1919.

      Admiralty, 2nd May, 1919.

      LETTER FROM VICE-ADMIRAL S.H. CARDEN,

      MARCH 17, 1915.

      H.M.S. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth,’’

      March 17, 1915.

      SIR,-

      I have the honour to submit, for the consideration of their Lordships, the narrative of events during the operations of the Allied British and French Squadrons against the defences of the Dardanelles, from the 19th February to 16th March, 1915.

      There was a marked difference in the tactics of the enemy manning the forts at the entrance when attacked on this occasion to that which they followed on the 3rd November, 1914; on that day when a short bombardment was carried out by ‘‘Indefatigable,’’ ‘‘Indomitable,’’ ‘‘Suffren,’’ and ‘‘Verite,’’ by a run past in close order, range 13,000 yards, they replied to our fire almost at once, and maintained from forts Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 6, till our squadron completed their run. The only projectiles, however, which fell close were those from the 9.4 inch guns in forts Nos. 1 and 4. Good practice was made by the Allied Squadron on forts Nos. 3 and 6, in the former of which there was a large magazine explosion. Information was received later that the casualties to personnel were high amongst the enemy, some accounts putting it at 600.

      That it was considerable is, I think, shown by the fact that on the 19th February, when the present operations began, and a deliberate bombardment by our ships took place, no Turkish fort attempted to reply until late in the afternoon, when the old battleships were sent close in. They apparently kept their men in shelters until the desired moment.

      Bad weather prevented a renewal until the 26th February, and then there was this difference. Fort No. 1 opened fire on ‘‘Agamemnon’’ at 10,000 yards as soon as that ship was in position, and hit her several times. This fort maintained its fire with great perseverance against ‘‘Queen Elizabeth,’’ ‘‘Agamemnon,’’ and ‘‘Gaulois,’’ until the former ship by hitting with two consecutive 15-inch projectiles dismounted one gun and put the other out of action, and effectually silenced the fort; the surviving personnel quickly made their way down to the neighbouring village.

      On the same day the accurate fire of ‘‘Irresistible’’ on fort No. 4 prevented its two 9.4-inch guns taking any part in the proceedings. When the ships closed in forts No. 3 and 6 fired a few ineffective rounds.

      Although a heavy and prolonged fire at short range was poured into these forts, 70 per cent. of the heavy guns were found to be in a serviceable condition when the demolition parties landed.

      The destruction of the guns in fort No. 3 by ‘‘Irresistible,’’ and in Nos. 4 and 6 by ‘‘Vengeance,’’ was most smartly and effectively carried out on the 26th February and the 1st March by demolition parties from those ships, which were ably supported by their detachments of Royal Marines.

      In this service the following officers are specially and strongly recommended:-

      Major G.M. Heriot, D.S.O., R.M.L.I., ‘‘Vengeance.’’

      Lieutenant-Commander (T.) E.G. Robinson, ‘‘Vengeance.’’

      Lieutenant (T.) F.H. Sandford, ‘‘Irresistible.’’

      The two latter officers are further very strongly recommended for their conduct in the sweeping operations.

      I was present in ‘‘Inflexible’’ close off Kum Kale on the 4th March, and witnessed the landing operations which were under the immediate direction of Rear-Admiral de Robeck and Brigadier-General Trotman, both of whom were on board ‘‘Irresistible’’’ in the entrance of the Straits. I consider the operations were correctly conducted, and that everything possible under the circumstances was done.

      The skilful manner in which ‘‘Wolverine’’ (Commander O.J. Prentis) and ‘‘Scorpion’’ (Lieutenant-Commander A.B. Cunningham), ran close inshore after dark, and sent whalers ashore to bring off the remaining officers and men is highly commended.

      I desire specially to endorse recommendations made by the Rear-Admiral and Brigadier-General on the conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel G.E. Matthews, R.M.L.I., and also of Major A.E. Bewes, R.M.L.I.

      Four Maxim guns, which had been left on Kum Kale Pier, were recovered by volunteers from ‘‘Agamemnon’’ – a smart and plucky piece of work.

      The sweeping operations by night between the 12th and 15th March were conducted with great gallantry under heavy fire, and though not completely successful I consider the officers and men are deserving of great praise for their efforts.

      It is regretted that a complete list of those who volunteered for this dangerous duty was lost in ‘‘Ocean,’’ but a further list is being prepared and will be submitted as soon as possible.

      The attempt made on the night 13th–14th March was most determined, and I desire to bring particularly to the notice of their Lordships the following names:-

      Commander W. Mellor, in charge of minesweepers.

      Lieutenant-Commander J.B. Waterlow, ‘‘Blenheim.’’

      Lieutenant-Commander J.R. Middleton, ‘‘Albion.’’

      Lieutenant-Commander E.G. Robinson, ‘‘Vengeance.’’

      Lieutenant-Commander G.B. Palmes, ‘‘Egmont.’’

      Lieutenant F.H. Sandford, ‘‘Irresistible.’’

      Lieutenant B.T. Cox, R.N.R., ‘‘Prince George.’’

      Acting-boatswain R.G. Young, ‘‘Cornwallis.’’

      Midshipman J.C.W. Price, ‘‘Ocean.’’

      Captain of trawler 318.

      The six officers first-mentioned carried out these duties on several nights, and I desire to submit that they may be awarded the highest decoration suitable for their rank and seniority, and that Commander Mellor and Lieutenant-Commander Waterlow be promoted now.

      In connection with the operation of the night 13th–14th March I desire also to bring to their Lordships’ notice the name of Commander G.J. Todd, ‘‘Amethyst.’’

      ‘‘Amethyst’’ was hit several times by large projectiles, and had her steering gear and engine-room telegraphs put out of action. Arrangements were quickly made to man the hand-steering wheel, and improvise engine-room communications. Both during and after the action Commander Todd was very ably assisted by Lieutenant James C.J. Soutter, Senior Lieutenant of ‘‘Amethyst,’’ who was indefatigable in his efforts.

      The services rendered by the Destroyer Flotilla during all this period have fully maintained the high traditions of that branch of the service, their boldness in action and untiring devotion to duty are worthy of the highest praise.

      I beg to call special attention to the excellent work done by the French squadron on every occasion that they have been called upon, and also to the cordial good feeling which prevails in the Allied Fleet, due so much to the personality of that dashing and courteous officer, Contre-Admiral E.P.A. Guepratte.

      I consider it a special duty to call attention to the excellent work done by Malta Dockyard, under Vice-Admiral A.H. Limpus, C.B., in supplying every need of the large force off the Dardanelles in addition to the main French Fleet. Commanding officers speak most highly of the great assistance rendered to them on all occasions at Malta, and the rapidity with which work is done, which shows that the principle that the dockyard exists for the benefit of ships is fully understood and acted upon.

      The conduct and ability of the commanding officers has been of a high order.

      The behaviour of officers and men on all occasions has been most admirable, and in every way as could be expected.

      In closing the report on this stage of the operations I wish especially to bring to the notice of their Lordships the splendid work done by Rear-Admiral J.M. de Robeck, and the great assistance I have received from him, together with the valuable services of Commodore R.J.B. Keyes, C.B., M.V.O., Flag Commander Hon. A.R.M. Ramsay and Captain W.W. Godfrey, R.M.L.I., War Staff.

      I have, &c.,

      S.H. CARDEN, Vice-Admiral,

      The Secretary of the Admiralty.

      Enclosure.

      NARRATIVE OF EVENTS, DARDANELLES,

      FEBRUARY 19 TO MARCH 16, 1915.

      The attack on the defences of the Dardanelles commenced on the 19th February, 1915.

      Air reconnaissance on the 17th, 18th, and A.M. 19th confirmed information in our possession with regard to forts Nos. 1, 3, 4, and 6, except that an additional gun was shown in eastern bastion of fort No. 6.

      Seaplanes also reported that some minor earthworks and trenches appeared to have been extensively prepared for the defence of possible landing places.

      The following ships took part in the operations of the 19th February:-

      SUFFREN (flag of Contre-Amiral Guepratte).

      BOUVET.

      TRIUMPH.

      CORNWALLIS.

      INFLEXIBLE (flag of Vice-Admiral).

      ALBION.

      The ‘‘Gaulois’’ acted in support of ‘‘Suffren,’’ while ‘‘Amethyst’’ supported ‘‘Albion.’’

      Seven British minesweepers were employed with ‘‘Albion.’’

      The ‘‘Vengeance’’ (flag of Rear-Admiral de Robeck) was ordered to take station as convenient to observe the fire of her division.

      4.30 P.M. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ arrived with ‘‘Agamemnon,’’ the latter taking part at the end of the day.

      February 19.

      9.51 A.M. ‘‘Cornwallis’’ fired first shot on fort No. 4.

      10. ‘‘Triumph’’ opened fire on fort No. 1.

      10.32. ‘‘Suffren’’ opened on fort No. 6.

      10.38. Ships were ordered to anchor with a view to improving the practice.

      11. The ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ were ordered to exchange positions, ‘‘Cornwallis,’’ owing to a defective capstan, being unable to anchor in deep water.

      11.25. ‘‘Cornwallis’’ was ordered to spot for ‘‘Triumph’’ and for ‘‘Inflexible’’ if required.

      11.45. ‘‘Inflexible’’ opened on fort No. 1, which was hard to distinguish, but practice appeared good.

      0.14 P.M. ‘‘Vengeance’’ opened fire on fort No. 4 – practice was very good – her third shot appeared to hit close to northern embrasure.

      0.30. ‘‘Triumph’’ was ordered to cease fire, as she was unable to hit fort No. 1.

      ‘‘Suffren,’’ at this time, was making excellent practice against fort No. 6, firing by indirect laying, with ‘‘Bouvet’’ spotting.

      0.52. ‘‘Triumph,’’’ was ordered to open fire with light guns on men showing signs of activity in a field-work 2 miles north of Cape Tekeh.

      0.55. A seaplane was ordered up to spot for ‘‘Vengeance,’’ but, owing to wireless troubles in seaplane, no results were obtained.

      1. ‘‘Inflexible’’ opened fire on fort No. 3, making good practice.

      1.56. It was now considered that the effect produced by the bombardment at long range was great enough to allow of ships approaching nearer to the forts, and signal was made accordingly.

      2.12. ‘‘Suffren’’ and ‘‘Triumph’’ were ordered to commence their operations, the ‘‘Triumph’’ being ordered to engage the position of the new battery of Cape Tekeh only.

      3.53. ‘‘Cornwallis’’ was ordered to close fort No. 1 ‘‘on present line of bearing,’’ and open fire when certain of position.

      4.10. There being still no reply from the forts, ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ were ordered to close and destroy forts. Forts Nos. 3 and 6 were heavily bombarded by ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis,’’ assisted by ‘‘Suffren.’’ ‘‘Vengeance’’ engaged fort No. 4 with her secondary armament, while ‘‘Cornwallis’’ did the same to fort No. 1.

      4.40. ‘‘Suffren’’ was directed to close the forts.

      4.45. At the same time ‘‘Cease fire, examine forts,’’ was signalled to ‘‘Vengeance.’’ Fort No. 1 opened fire on ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis,’’ and shortly after fort No. 4 also opened fire. ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis,’’ assisted by ‘‘Bouvet,’’ engaged and silenced fort No. 1. Fort No. 4 being left unfired at, both inshore ships were unaware that she had opened fire.

      5. ‘‘Inflexible’’ opened fire on fort No. 4, with the immediate effect of causing her fire to suffer in accuracy.

      5.08. ‘‘Gaulois’’ also opened fire on this fort. ‘‘Agamemnon’’ was ordered to support ‘‘Vengeance.’’

      5.09. The ‘‘General recall’’ was made – ‘‘Vengeance’’ requested permission to continue the action; this was not approved, as the light looking towards the land was becoming bad, while ships showed up well against western sky.

      5.30. Cease firing was ordered and the squadron withdrew.

      7. ‘‘Albion’’ reported ‘‘No mines or guns encountered – area has been swept.’’

      The result of the day’s action showed apparently, that the effect of long range bombardment by direct fire on modern earthwork forts is slight; forts Nos. 1 and 4 appeared to be hit, on many occasions, by 12-inch common shell well placed, but when the ships closed in all four guns in these forts opened fire.

      From February 20 to 24.

      From the 20th to 24th February, inclusive, the weather was too rough to continue operations, and no reconnaissance by seaplanes was possible.

      February 25.

      The weather being favourable, operations were resumed. No seaplanes took part – the sea being too rough for them to rise off the water.

      The following ships took part:-

      INFLEXIBLE, VENGEANCE, AGAMEMNON, QUEEN ELIZABETH, ALBION, CORNWALLIS, IRRESISTIBLE, TRIUMPH, SUFFREN, GAULOIS, BOUVET, CHARLEMAGNE, and DUBLIN, with eight destroyers and two submarines.

      Ships were in position to commence the long-range bombardment by 10 a.m. – the destroyers forming a screen to seaward of the battleships.

      10.7 a.m. ‘‘Agamemnon’’ reported range obtained of fort No. 1.

      10.14. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ opened fire on fort No. 3.

      10.16. Fort No. 1 opened fire on ‘‘Agamemnon,’’ range 10,000 yards.

      10.18. ‘‘Gaulois’’ opened fire on fort No. 6.

      10.22. ‘‘Agamemnon’’ opened fire on fort No 1.

      10.27. ‘‘Irresistible’’ opened fire on fort No. 4.

      10.33. Fort No. 1 seemed to be getting the range of ‘‘Agamemnon,’’ who was ordered to weigh and proceed further out – ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ being ordered to fire on fort No.1.

      Between 10.34 and 10.43. ‘‘Agememnon’’ was hit seven times, but as the shells did not detonate it was not realised she had been struck; directly ‘‘Agamemnon’’ had good weigh on fort No. 1 lost the range.

      10.44. Fort No. 1 opened an accurate fire on ‘‘Gaulois,’’ who immediately replied to it from all her guns, this probably accounted for the fact that she was able to weigh and proceed further out without the fort scoring a single hit.

      10.45. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ opened fire on fort No. 1, and ‘‘Dublin’’ was observed firing at a gun near Yeni Shehr.

      10.55. ‘‘Irresistible’’ reported she obtained range of fort No. 4, she was ordered to continue slow firing. She opened a very deliberate, accurate fire on the fort, which kept silent practically all day.

      11.30. ‘‘Gaulois’’ was making excellent practice on fort 6.

      11.47. Fort No. 1 was still firing at ‘‘Agamemnon’’ and ‘‘Gaulois,’’ but shots were going short – its extreme range appeared to be about 11,000 yards.

      Noon. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth,’’ whose shooting had been extremely accurate, appeared to drop a shell right into fort No. 1, and at 0.02 p.m. she reported eastern gun dismounted.

      0.15 p.m. ‘‘Irresistible’’ reported she thought her tenth round had damaged northern gun of fort No. 4.

      ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ were ordered to prepare for run 1, which was commenced at 12.45 p.m., with all covering ships firing deliberately on their allotted forts.

      0.50. ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ reported she had hit the western gun of fort No. 1. ‘‘Agamemnon’’ also claimed to have hit this gun at 12.55 p.m. ‘‘Agamemnon’’ at this time was firing on fort No. 1. ‘‘Inflexible’’ engaging fort No. 3.

      0.55. ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ opened fire, concentrating chiefly on forts 1 and 4. Forts 3 and 6 both opened fire, but their practice was poor, and few rounds were fired. Forts 1 and 4 did not fire during the run.

      By 1.22 ‘‘Vengeance’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ had completed run 1, and all ships checked fire.

      1.50. Rear-Admiral, ‘‘Vengeance,’’ reported ‘No. 1 battery west gun pointing in the air, right gun not visible, battery not manned. No. 3 fired at ‘Vengeance’ – apparently using black powder – three guns are visible on south-west face. No. 4, both guns laid horizontal, battery not manned, one round was fired from western gun . . ..’

      2.5. Contre-Amiral, ‘‘Suffren,’’ was directed to commence run 2, and given the following directions: ‘‘Battery No. 1 out of action, battery No. 4 was not manned, concentrate your fire on 3, 4, and 6, especially 4.’’

      Run 2 was carried out most deliberately, ‘‘Suffren’’ being about 3,000 yards ahead of ‘‘Charlemagne’’ – both ships made excellent practice – the only round fired at them was from fort No. 6.

      The run was completed at 3 p.m. Covering ships fired very few rounds during this run; it was evident that forts were silenced.

      3.5. Minesweepers were ordered to close the entrance, and carry out sweeping operations laid down.

      ‘‘Albion’’ and ‘‘Triumph’’ were ordered to prepare to close forts to 2,000 yards of southern and northern shore respectively, keeping way on and carrying out destruction of guns still intact.

      Rear-Admiral in ‘‘Vengeance’’ being directed to follow them to direct operations. While ‘‘Albion’’ and ‘‘Triumph’’ were attempting to destroy the guns of forts 1 and 6 at close range, fort No. 4 apparently fired one round from her northernmost gun. The fort was immediately engaged by ‘‘Albion’’ and ‘‘Irresistible.’’ Forts 1 and 6 also appeared to fire one round each. These were the last rounds fired at the ships.

      Concealed guns of apparently 60 calibre fired from positions 1 mile northeast of Cape Tekeh, and from behind northern end of Yeni Shehr village. These guns did no damage, though ‘‘Gaulois’’ was struck three times on the armour.

      ‘‘Albion,’’ when off Kum Kale, reported two explosions, probably light ground mines; these occurred about 100 yards ahead of the ship, and did no damage.

      By 4 p.m. the forts were reduced, and the minesweepers were ordered to enter and commence sweeping. ‘‘Vengeance,’’ ‘‘Albion,’’ and ‘‘Triumph,’’ with six destroyers, covered these operations.

      The remainder of the fleet returning to Tenedos during the night of the 25th/26th, minesweepers swept the entrance; they found no mines. The enemy were reported as burning the villages at entrance.

      February 26.

      ‘‘Albion,’’ ‘‘Triumph,’’ and ‘‘Majestic’’ entered straits between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m., and shelled forts 3 and 6 from inside entrance, also firing station below De Totts’ battery. ‘‘Albion,’’ preceded by sweepers, proceeded to a position 12,000 yards from fort 8, from which position fire was opened on that fort. ‘‘Majestic’’ supported ‘‘Albion,’’ these two ships being under fire from field guns and howitzers from Asiatic shore, ships remained under weigh; enemy scored one hit on ‘‘Majestic.’’

      ‘‘Jed’’ and ‘‘Chelmer’’ reconnoitred northern and southern shores during forenoon as far up as the line White Cliffs–Suandere, both ships being engaged with the enemy’s light batteries; they sunk some large range buoys, and located several batteries.

      ‘‘Vengeance,’’ from outside straits, was engaged bombarding position on Asiatic shore near Achilles Tomb.

      At 2.30 p.m., the enemy apparently having abandoned Kum Kale and Seddul Bahr, the opportunity was seized to land demolition parties on both sides – from ‘‘Vengeance’’ at Kum Kale, and ‘‘Irresistible’’ at Seddul Bahr. Parties being covered by the guns of ‘‘Vengeance,’’ ‘‘Irresistible,’’ ‘‘Cornwallis,’’ ‘‘Dublin,’’ and ‘‘Racoon,’’ forts 3, 4, and 6 were entered and demolitions carried out, and two new 4" guns concealed near Achilles Tomb were destroyed, but owing to lateness of the landing it was impossible to verify results. Both parties encountered slight opposition, the enemy being in some force in Seddul Bahr prevented fort 1 being reached.

      On night of the 26th/27th minesweepers entered straits to continue sweeping in lower area, being covered by ‘‘Colne,’’ ‘‘Jed,’’ and ‘‘Kennet,’’ who engaged enemy’s batteries and sunk more range buoys.

      Seaplanes carried out reconnaissances inside Straits in order to locate batteries, &c.

      Amongst other details they reported battery 8 now contains eight guns. Many positions for guns have been prepared on both shores.

      February 27.

      Weather broke, north-easterly gale, much rain with low visibility. Operations inside the Straits much impeded, small progress made.

      February 28.

      Heavy north-easterly gale. Operations confined to watching the Straits.

      March 1.

      Gale having moderated, operations inside Straits were resumed. The following battleships entered Straits to engage howitzers and field batteries:- ‘‘Vengeance,’’ ‘‘Ocean,’’ ‘‘Albion,’’ ‘‘Triumph,’’ ‘‘Irresistible,’’ and ‘‘Majestic.’’

      Fort 8 and battery at White Cliffs were engaged by ‘‘Albion’’ and ‘‘Triumph,’’ ‘‘Ocean’’ and ‘‘Majestic’’ meanwhile engaging guns near Aren Kioi village and on European shore. These proved extremely hard to locate, and when seen great difficulty was experienced in obtaining points of aim, the guns being well concealed.

      The action was discontinued at 5 p.m. ‘‘Ocean,’’ ‘‘Albion,’’ and ‘‘Triumph’’ were each hit on several occasions by projectiles of 6-inch calibre and below without suffering any serious damage.

      Demolition party from ‘‘Irresistible’’ landed at Seddul Bahr and completed demolition of fort 6.

      The party was attacked during the operation. The fire from covering ships and destroyers in Morto Bay, however, was sufficient to disperse enemy.

      During the night of lst–2nd March minesweepers entered and swept to within 3,000 yards of Kephez Point. They were covered by destroyers. When abreast of Suandere River batteries opened fire and sweepers retired, destroyers covering withdrawal.

      No vessels were hit.

      March 2.

      ‘‘Canopus,’’ ‘‘Swiftsure,’’ and ‘‘Cornwallis’’ entered the Straits and engaged forts Nos. 8 and 7, also field guns.

      Garrison of fort No. 8 were forced to withdraw, but material damage to fort could not be determined.

      Howitzers and concealed field guns opened a heavy fire, which could not be silenced. All ships were hit on several occasions, suffering some material damage.

      An observation mine exploded ineffectively ahead of ‘‘Canopus.’’

      On the lst–2nd March the French squadron reconnoitred the Gulf of Xeros, bombarding the forts and earthworks of the Bulair lines and the bridge over Kavak. French minesweepers swept along the coast. They discovered no mines.

      The landing-places in the Gulf of Xeros were also reported on.

      Destroyers and minesweepers continued the attack on the Kephez minefield, but made no progress in the face of heavy fire.

      March 3.

      Weather in the morning unfavourable – foggy. In the afternoon ‘‘Albion,’’ ‘‘Prince George,’’ ‘‘Triumph’’ continued the attack on forts 7 and 8 and field batteries. These latter were not so active as on former days. Sweeping operations continued at night, covered by destroyers. Slight progress was made.

      Seaplanes carried out useful reconnaissance, without, however, being able to locate batteries firing at the ships.

      March 4.

      It being uncertain whether forts Nos. 1 and 4 were absolutely destroyed, demolition parties were ordered to land and complete the destruction, being covered by a landing party of the Royal Marine Brigade, one company of 250 men each side.

      This landing had been postponed for several days, on account of the weather. Seaplanes reconnoitred the vicinity of forts and villages near them in the morning, and reported no movement of troops.

      At 10 a.m. parties landed at Seddul Bahr and Kum Kale.

      Both parties met with opposition. At Seddul Bahr no progress could be made, and the party withdrew at 3 p.m.

      At Kum Kale an attempt was made to reach fort No. 4, but without success, the enemy being in some force in well-concealed trenches. Great difficulty was experienced in withdrawing the advanced party, the enemy gaining possession of a cemetery near Mendere Bridge, commanding the ground over which the party had to fall back, and which could not be shelled by the ships, as our troops were between the cemetery and the ships.

      Seaplanes attempted to locate the enemy’s trenches without success, descending to 2,000 feet in their efforts to distinguish the positions: one seaplane was hit twenty-eight times and another eight times.

      It was not till the destroyers were sent close in to shell the trenches that the retirement could be carried out.

      After sunset ‘‘Scorpion’’ and ‘‘Wolverine’’ ran in and landed parties, under fire, to search the beach from Kum Kale to the cliffs below fort No. 4. The former brought off two officers and five men, who had been unable to reach the boats.

      March 5.

      The attack on the forts at the Narrows commenced by indirect bombardment by ‘‘Queen Elizabeth.’’

      Three seaplanes were sent up to spot for fall of shot. One met with an accident, and the second was forced to return on account of her pilot being wounded by a rifle bullet; in consequence, they were not of assistance in the firing

      ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ was under fire from field guns, being struck on many occasions, without, however, suffering any great material damage.

      March 6.

      Indirect attack by ‘‘Queen Elizabeth’’ continued.

      ‘‘Vengeance,’’ inside the Straits, spotted for ‘‘Queen Elizabeth,’’ ‘‘Albion,’’ ‘‘Majestic,’’ ‘‘Prince George,’’ and ‘‘Suffren’’ engaged forts No. 7, 8, and 13, with what result could not be

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