Tracing Your First World War Ancestors: A Guide for Family Historians

Chapter 1

STARTING OUT

Records Online

The majority of records for the men and women who served in the First World War are online. This means that with a bit of luck you can very easily build up a fairly good picture of your ancestor with very little effort.

There are two major commercial data providers with significant First World War content: Ancestry and The National Archives’ (TNA) Online Records Service, although Findmypast has increasing amounts of material. In addition, there are a few small databases that appear on a number of different sites. These include:

Soldiers Died in the Great War.

De Ruvigny’s Roll of Honour: A Biographical Record of His Majesty’s Military and Aerial Forces Who Fell in the Great War 1914–1917.

Ireland’s Memorial Records of the Great War.

National Roll of the Great War.

Distinguished Conduct Medal Citations, 1914–1920.

Naval Casualties.

Royal Navy Officers’ Medal Roll.

Royal Marine Medal Roll, 1914–1920.

Ancestry (www.ancestry.co.uk)

If you are researching the Army then you will probably need access to Ancestry because it has the core material of medal index cards and other ranks service records (see Chapter 3). In addition, they have campaign medal rolls for the Royal Navy (RN) and a large range of smaller databases which could prove useful. They are described in the appropriate place in the text.

Ancestry is the largest data provider both in terms of content and subscribers, and it can be very good. It is a subscription site: you pay for a year’s unlimited access to the data. If you are not already a subscriber, it is worth trying the free fourteen-day trial. Alternatively, access is free at TNA, the Society of Genealogists (SOG) and many local libraries.

Ancestry’s results screen.

However, Ancestry can be difficult to use, because the indexing is at best erratic and it is not always easy to find particular databases. It is hard to suggest a way round this, but if you are new to the site then it is worth using the various tutorials before you do any real research. Otherwise, it is a matter of trial and error. You may be lucky, but occasionally you may have to trawl through page after page of names before you find your man.

The National Archives Online Records Service (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/our-online-records.htm)

TNA’s Online Records Service (which until fairly recently was known as Documents Online) is different to other providers because you pay for each document you download: at the time of writing the fee is £3.36 per item. However, some records (generally non-genealogical sources) can be downloaded for free.

There is a wide variety of sources for the First World War, particularly for the RN, which include:

Medal index cards (which largely duplicate what Ancestry has).

Some war diaries.

RN service records for ratings, non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and officers.

Royal Marine (RM) service records.

Royal Air Force (RAF) officers service records.

Merchant seamen medal cards.

Nursing and women’s service records.

These records can be accessed through the main Records homepage, which includes the Discovery catalogue to the holdings of TNA or through www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/our-online-records.htm. This is not particularly easy to use, but once when you have found the individual whose record you want to download it is simple and secure to do so. It is important to remember that you should use double quote marks, such as Douglas Haig, around the name you are searching. If you do not do so, you will come up with all the Douglases and all the Haigs.

Other Providers

The other major commercial data provider is Findmypast (www.findmy-past.co.uk), and although its holdings for the First World War are growing rapidly, they are still rather disappointing. It does have indexes to birth, marriage and death records for service personnel. Its holdings, specifically for the First World War, mainly consist of databases sourced from the Military Genealogy website. It has an increasing number of unique sources including several databases relating to military nursing. However, it does have a complete set of the 1911 census, and the surviving pre-1913 soldiers’ documents which might be worth checking out if you are researching an old soldier who re-enlisted on the outbreak of war.

Brightsolid, the company that owns Findmypast, also owns Genes Reunited (www.genesreunited.co.uk) and has made almost all of Findmypast’s record collections available here as well. In the text you can assume that if a resource on Findmypast is mentioned it is also available on Genes Reunited. Brightsolid also owns ScotlandsPeople (www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk), which is the major online resource for Scottish genealogy. There’s very little here of a military nature, let alone specifically about the First World War, to be found here except registers recording the deaths of Scottish soldiers in what is called ‘the minor records’. ScotlandsPeople also has the 1911 (and other) Scottish censuses. One tangential source is the Valuation Roll for 1915–16 which gives the valuation of property for taxation purposes, listing heads of the household and their landlords.

A specialist provider is Military Genealogy (www.military-genealogy.com) which has a number of databases relating to the First World War. However, Naval & Military Press, which owns the website, has licensed the data to other users so this information is available on Findmypast and Ancestry. There is little point joining unless you do not have access to other sites, although it has to be said that their rates are competitive.

TheGenealogist (www.thegenealogist.co.uk) has the 1911 census and an index to war deaths compiled by the General Register Office, together with odd Army and Navy Lists and related records. FamilyRelatives (www.familyrelatives) also has the war death indexes, a few Army and Navy Lists and material licensed from the Naval & Military Press.

There is also Forces Records (www.forces-war-records.co.uk) which claims to have records on over 2 million forces personnel going back to about 1350 (7 million men and women served in Britain’s armed forces during the First World War alone). It is impossible to find out exactly what they have without subscribing, which I have not done. In addition, several of my students who joined have reported that it is not worth the money.

There are several more specialist websites which will be discussed in the appropriate place in the text.

Archives

Old documents and archives are kept in archives. Depending what records survive for your ancestor and how much research you want to do on them, you may need to visit several during the course of your searches or none at all. There are several thousand archives, large and small, across Britain, but relatively few will have any records that will be of immediate interest. If you want to know more about what archives are and how to use them there are a series of Quick Animated Guides at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records.

For researchers of the First World War there are three major types of archives that you may want to use. There can be a slight overlap between their holdings, but where this is the case this is made clear in the text. In order of likely importance they are described below.

TNA in Kew has almost all the surviving service and operational records for the three services plus much else besides. In fact, it is the repository for British Government records going back to Domesday Book. This is the first (and possibly only) place that you need to visit, although you may never need physically to go to Kew because so much is already online (with more in the pipeline). In this book assume that the records under discussion are held by TNA unless indicated otherwise.

The entrance to TNA at Kew.

Fortunately, there is an excellent website – www.nationalarchives.gov.uk – which will help you find the records you are looking for and prepare for a visit. In particular, look out for the series of short Research Signposts and the longer, more detailed Research Guides at www.nation-alarchives.gov.uk/records, which explain TNA’s collections for specific subjects very simply. If you are hoping to visit Kew there are some informative pages at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/visit/default.htm which will help you plan your visit, including the very useful ability to order documents in advance. There are also links to other resources, such as the Hospital Records Database, which may well turn out to be a useful lead.

At the heart of the website, and much of what the Archives does, is the Catalogue (sometimes referred to as the Discovery Catalogue). The Catalogue describes all 11 million documents available for researchers at Kew. The descriptions are pretty general, but usually enough for you to work out which documents are most likely to be useful to you. However, a selection of records that contain large numbers of names have been indexed and these names also appear in the Catalogue and you can download a number of records for individuals (see above).

It can be complicated to use, but if you just want to do a simple search type in what you are looking for in the search box on the home page. And if there are lots of results use the check boxes on the left-hand side of the screen to refine your search.

It is also helps to put the search term in double quotes, otherwise you risk coming up with lots of results that aren’t relevant. Douglas Haig comes up just with results that contain the phrase Douglas Haig. Not using the double quotes results in being told about all the Douglases and all the Haigs.

Regimental and service museums and archives hold records relating to their service or regiment. What each place has various tremendously. The big service museums are the Imperial War Museum (IWM) (for all services), the National Army Museum (NAM), the Royal Naval Museum (RNM), the National Maritime Museum (NMM) (particularly good for the Merchant Navy) and the RAF Museum (RAFM). Addresses for these are given in Appendix 4. In addition, most regiments have their own regimental museum and archive, although their archives are increasingly likely to be found at the appropriate county record office. The NAM also has papers from many of the former Irish regiments that were disbanded in 1922, the Indian Army (shared with the British Library (BL)), and the Middlesex and East Kent regiment (The Buffs).

Regimental archives may include collections of personal papers and photographs, war diaries (which duplicate those at TNA), regimental magazines and registers and records that TNA for one reason or another did not want. What each archive has varies greatly, but one thing is certain they DO NOT have any service records (these are either at TNA or with the Ministry of Defence (MoD)). The smaller archives in particular are likely to charge for research and take weeks to respond as they are generally run by a small cadre of volunteers. However, in my experience they have all been very helpful. Most will allow you to visit, but you usually have to make an appointment in advance. The museum website may be pretty basic (an exception is The Wardrobe Museum in Salisbury for the Berkshire and Wiltshire regiments, see www.thewardrobe.org.uk).

The Army Museums Ogilby Trust is an excellent institution which coordinates and campaigns on behalf of regimental museums and maintains a very good website which links to museum websites and provides details about individual regimental museums at www.armymuseums.org.uk.

County archives (or record offices) are also likely to have material, particularly relating to the impact of the war on local communities. In particular, they are likely to have sets of local newspapers, local government records, school records, large collections of photographs and maps of the locality, diaries and personal papers deposited by old soldiers or their families, records of local businesses and charities. And a few have the regimental archives deposited by the local county regiment. Where this is the case the information is always made clear either on the archive’s website or that of the regimental museum. There may also be records of territorial regiments from whom many of the ‘Old Contemptibles’ came in 1914 and 1915, local agricultural committees which increasingly controlled local farms and what was grown, rolls of honour and files about war memorials, the provision of help to war refugees, recruitment of special constables and occasionally papers of Conscription Tribunals, which heard appeals from men who did want to serve or wanted to defer their military service.

There are also many more specialist repositories ranging from the BL, which is comparable to TNA in size and importance, to company and hospital archives. These are not likely to hold much direct information about the First World War but where they do they will be mentioned in the text.

Many towns have local studies collections which may include newspapers, photographs and maps, diaries and other material. Their great strength is likely to be a card catalogue to newspaper clippings which should include references to those who received medals or who were killed in action. Virtually all the London boroughs, metropolitan boroughs and large cities also maintain a local studies library.

Basic information can often be gleaned from the archives’ websites. There are likely to be downloadable leaflets which describe the types of records held including, if you are lucky, something on the First World War. An increasing number of websites include online catalogues which can be searched for particular types of records or records about a specific place. Unfortunately, these are often difficult to use, so if you are not familiar with manipulating search engines and databases you might prefer to visit a record office for yourself. Details of opening hours and other requirements are given on the websites. It is often a good idea to ring in advance to discuss with an archivist what you are looking for.

WHAT’S WHERE?

To find the addresses, websites and other contact details of all British (and some overseas) archives visit ARCHON – www.nation-alarchives.gov.uk/archon – which has links to individual archives’ websites. For regimental museums, however, it may be easier to use www.armymuseums.org.uk.

The National Register of Archives (NRA) provides a database to collections found at local and other archives in England and Wales (and occasionally elsewhere) and where they are to be found – www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra.

They are mainly general descriptions of what is to be found, such as correspondence or papers. For a more detailed breakdown of what a collection holds, you need to consult the Access to Archives (A2A) database (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a). A2A is by no means complete and is increasingly being supplemented by local archive online catalogues, but it is still a surprisingly useful resource. Some of the better resourced regimental museums and archives have added details of some of their collections. There are also less complete equivalents for Wales (www.archivesnetworkwales.info) and in Scotland the Scottish Archive Network has something similar at www.scan.org.uk.

THINGS TO REMEMBER

Just because you can’t find your