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    Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-Hand Accounts of British & Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII
    Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-Hand Accounts of British & Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII
    Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-Hand Accounts of British & Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII
    Ebook522 pages7 hours

    Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-Hand Accounts of British & Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII

    By Martin W. Bowman

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    This is a unique selection of wide-ranging experiences of British and Commonwealth Bomber Command aircrew during World War II. Their endearing bravery and fortitude and sometimes their despondency and cynicism, shows through in these stirring, daring, often irreverent, humorous and sometimes sardonic but memorable stories. All reflect the ethos, camaraderie, fear and bravery of the largely ordinary men, most of whom were plucked from civvy street and thrust into a frightening, bitter conflict which was made even more dangerous by the lethal advance of technology.Death would normally come from an anonymous assassin, either in the black of night, or from behind a cloud or out of the sun, or simply from the Flak gunner on the ground. And, if all this was not enough, the often unmerciful weather was no respecter of mortality. There was no escaping the all-embracing shock wave that rippled through the bomber squadrons after a heavy mauling over enemy territory. Nothing could be more poignant than the vacuous places at tables in the depleted mess halls, the empty locker of the departed, or the dog pining by the barracks for its missing master. Each man had to deal with tragedy in his own inimitable way. Some hid their feelings better than others did only for the pain to resurface months or even years later. Some who had survived the physical pressures and who completed their tours then succumbed to the mental torture that had eaten away at their psyche during the incessant and interminable onslaught day after day, night after night. There was little respite. The valorous men of Bomber Command were, in turn, the Light Brigade, the stop gap, the riposte, the avengers, the undefeated. Always, they were expendable.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOpen Road Integrated Media
    Release dateJun 15, 2010
    ISBN9781783032747
    Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-Hand Accounts of British & Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII
    Author

    Martin W. Bowman

    Martin Bowman is one of Britain's leading aviation authors and has written a great deal of books focussing on aspects of Second World War aviation history. He lives in Norwich in Norfolk. He is the author of many Pen and Sword Aviation titles, including all releases in the exhaustive Air War D-Day and Air War Market Garden series.

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      Book preview

      Bombs Away! - Martin W. Bowman

      Association.

      Introduction

      Of all the stark, cold, statistics that emanate from WWII there is one set of figures which even today, outweighs all others when one talks about RAF Bomber Command. No matter what historians and commentators have to say about the ethics and the prosecution of the day and night bombing offensive, the inescapable fact is that no less than 55,500 aircrew in Bomber Command were killed in action or flying accidents, or died on the ground or while prisoners of war. Approximately 125,000 aircrew served in the frontline, OTU and OCUs of the Command and nearly 60 per cent of them became casualties. In addition, almost 9,900 more were shot down and made POWs to spend one, two or more years in squalid, desolate Oflags and Stalags in Axis held territory. Over 8,000 more were wounded aboard aircraft on operational sorties. Bomber Command flew almost 390,000 sorties, the greatest percentage of them by Avro Lancasters, Handley Page Halifaxes and Vickers Wellingtons. Theirs of course were the highest casualties.

      To try to encapsulate every dramatic episode of RAF Bomber Command’s long and distinguished history in one volume is therefore impossible but the unique selection that follows is wide-ranging and significantly, each experience is related by British and Commonwealth airmen themselves. Their enduring bravery and fortitude and sometimes their despondency and cynicism, shows through in these stirring, daring, often irreverent, humorous and sometimes sardonic but memorable stories. All reflect the ethos, camaraderie, fear and bravery of the largely ordinary men, most of whom were plucked from ‘civvy street’ and thrust into a frightening, bitter conflict which was made even more dangerous by the lethal advance of technology. Death would normally come from an anonymous assassin, either in the black of night, or from behind a cloud or out of the sun, or simply from the flak gunner on the ground. And, if all this was not enough, the often unmerciful weather was no respecter of mortality.

      There was no escaping the all-embracing shock wave that rippled through the bomber squadrons after a heavy mauling over enemy territory. Nothing could be more poignant than the vacant places at tables in the depleted mess halls, the empty locker of the departed, or the dog pining by the barracks for its missing master. Each man had to deal with tragedy in his own inimitable way. Some hid their feelings better than others, only for the pain to resurface months or even years later. Some, who had survived the physical pressures and who completed their tours, then succumbed to the mental torture that had eaten away at their psyche during the incessant and interminable onslaught day after day, night after night. There was little respite. The valorous men of Bomber Command were, in turn, the Light Brigade, the stop gap, the riposte, the avengers, the undefeated. Always, they were expendable.

      Martin W. Bowman, Norwich

      Chapter 1

      Battle of the Bight

      During the evening of Wednesday, 23 August 1939 RAF units in Great Britain and abroad were secretly placed on a war footing and mobilization of the Auxiliary Air Force and 3,000 members of the Volunteer Reserve was begun. The British public, probably aware they were enjoying the last days of an August at peace for some time to come, went about their business knowing they too would soon be called into the Services. The fragile peace was quickly shattered during the early hours of 1 September. Poland was invaded by German armoured divisions supported by the Luftwaffe employing blitzkrieg (‘lightning war’) tactics developed from experience gained during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39. In Britain full mobilization followed while units of Coastal Command began flying patrols over the North Sea. At bomber bases camouflage was liberally applied to buildings and aircraft alike and brown tape was stuck over every pane of glass in criss-cross patterns.

      At the outbreak of war the overall strength of Bomber Command stood at 55 squadrons. On paper this sounds a respectable figure but by the end of September it had been pared down to 23 home-based first-line squadrons. These consisted of six squadrons of Bristol Blenheim IV light bombers of 2 Group and six squadrons of Vickers Wellington Is and IAs of 3 Group (with two in reserve) stationed in East Anglia. The rest of the force comprised five squadrons of Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys of 4 Group based in Yorkshire and six squadrons of Handley Page Hampdens of 5 Group in Lincolnshire. Vickers Wellingtons were first-line equipment for 9 Squadron at Honington, Suffolk; 37 Squadron at Feltwell, Norfolk; 99 and 149 Squadrons at Mildenhall and Newmarket, Suffolk respectively and 38 and 115 Squadrons at Marham, Norfolk while 214 and 215 (at Methwold) were similarly equipped in Reserve. On 1 June 1939 1 RNZAF Unit had begun forming at Marham to fly Wellingtons. A decision had been taken early in 1937 that the New Zealanders would have a complement of 30 Wellingtons, six of which would be ready to leave for the Antipodes in August 1939. When war clouds gathered the New Zealanders were put at the disposal of the RAF and the unit moved to RAF Harwell where it became 15 OTU. Under the RAF Bomber Command ‘Scatter’ plan, the majority of bomber squadrons were immediately dispersed to satellite bases. For instance, Wellingtons of 115 Squadron were sent to the satellite airfield at Barton Bendish. By 2 September all of 99 Squadron’s Wellingtons had been moved to the famous Rowley Mile racecourse on Newmarket Heath. The famous racecourse had been used as a landing ground for aircraft in World War I. HRH the Prince of Wales landed at the strip in 1935 before travelling by road to attend the Jubilee Review at Mildenhall. After the Munich Crisis in 1938, the Air Ministry took an interest in the area as a satellite for bombers at RAF Mildenhall. The Rowley Mile course, in about 300 acres north of the Beacon Course and Cambridge Hill, offered one of the largest grass landing and take-off runs – 2,500 yards – in an east-west direction. A Wellington IA filled with 1,500 lb of bombs and 720 gallons of fuel required a 1,080-yard run to become airborne, which left little margin for error. The Rowley Mile strip was the longest of its kind in Britain where a Wellington IA could operate carrying 2,000 lb of bombs. Although long and flat, crews had to remember to hurdle the 20 feet high Devil’s Dyke running along one boundary. Accommodation for air and ground crews was in the racecourse administration buildings, the grandstand and requisitioned housing locally, until new huts could be built.

      On the afternoon of 2 September 10 squadrons of Fairey Battles flew to France to take up their position as part of the Advanced Air Striking Force. It was a sombre Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, who announced his country’s declaration of war over the air on the BBC the following morning, 3 September. His resigned tones had barely vanished into the ether when reconnaissance revealed German warships leaving Wilhelmshaven. At 1700 hours an order was sent to RAF Mildenhall for 12 Wellingtons of 99 Squadron to be made ready to attack them. No Wellingtons could be airborne until 1830 hours and then only three aircraft were operational. They took-off but bad weather and oncoming darkness forced them to abort. They returned to Suffolk after jettisoning their bomb loads in the North Sea. It was evident that the RAF was not fully prepared for an immediate strike at the enemy. The President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had appealed to the belligerent nations to refrain from unrestricted aerial bombardment of civilians. The British heeded this request but the RAF was prevented from using a direct passage to the German industrial heartland because of the strict neutrality of both Holland and Belgium. France also requested that Bomber Command did not attack land targets in Germany for fear of reprisal raids on French cities, which her bombers could not deter nor her fighters protect.

      The only way to carry the war to Germany then, was to make attacks on German capital ships. The task of bombing the German Fleet fell, therefore, to the Blenheim light bombers of 2 Group and Wellingtons of 3 Group in East Anglia, which were ideally placed to attack installations in the Heligoland Bight. However, British War Cabinet policy decreed that no civilian casualties were to be caused as a direct result of the bombing. RAF Bomber Command could strike at ships, at sea or underway, but vessels moored in harbours were not to be bombed for fear of injuring ‘innocent’ civilians. Plans were laid for the first RAF raid of the war to take place during the afternoon of 4 September. While 15 unescorted Blenheims took-off for a strike on the Admiral von Scheer at Wilhelmshaven, eight Wellingtons of 9 Squadron and six Wellingtons of 149 Squadron, also without escort, flew on over the North Sea towards Brunsbüttel. Their targets were the battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, which had earlier been spotted by a Blenheim reconnaissance aircraft from RAF Wyton. Squadron Leader Paul Harris was leading 149 Squadron this day. En route Harris ordered his gunners to test fire their Brownings. He was startled to discover that not one gun was in working order. However, not wishing to miss the first action of the war, he decided to press on to the target. Unfortunately, bad weather added to the crews’ problems and five of his squadron were forced to return early. Harris lost sight of the two remaining aircraft in thick cloud. As he flew over Tonning, his Wellington took a direct flak hit. Harris’ bomb-aimer aimed his bombs at a bridge over the Eder and turned for home. Harris nursed the ailing aircraft the 300 miles back to England and landed at Mildenhall six and a quarter hours after taking-off.

      Meanwhile, 9 Squadron had fared little better. Three Wellingtons, led by Flight Lieutenant Peter Grant, managed to reach the German battleships amid fierce anti-aircraft fire but although they succeeded in dropping their bombs, none struck the ships. A further three Wellingtons, which succeeded in penetrating the harbour, were attacked by Messerschmitt Bf 109s and two of the bombers were shot down. The day’s losses reached seven when five Blenheims failed to return. Debriefing revealed that some aircraft had failed to find the warships. One crew mistook the River Elbe for the Kiel Canal and one even dropped two bombs on Esbjerg. Crews that had scored hits on the vessels had discovered to their dismay that the general-purpose bombs, fused for eleven seconds delay, had simply bounced off the armoured decks and fell into the sea without exploding. The only casualties suffered by the German Navy occurred when a stricken Blenheim crashed into the bows of the cruiser Emden. Despite the losses, 3 Group prepared for another shipping attack the following day, 5 September. Plans were quickly scrapped, however, when it was feared that the Luftwaffe was about to launch an all-out attack on bomber stations in East Anglia. The ‘Blackout Scheme’ was put into effect and squadrons were sent to safety further afield. 149 Squadron, for instance, flew their Wellingtons to Netheravon in Wiltshire and did not return to East Anglia until 15 September.

      During a temporary respite from the shooting war, the Wellington crews of 9 and 149 Squadrons licked their wounds while others carried the war, albeit tentatively, to the enemy. On the night of 8 September, 99 Squadron flew its first operation when three Wellingtons were dispatched to drop propaganda leaflets over Hanover. One aircraft was forced to abort but the other two successfully completed the operation. The Wellington and Blenheim crews were rested while Hampden squadrons bore the brunt of bombing raids in East Anglia. Ground crews used the time to iron out the bugs and eliminate teething troubles inherent in the Wellington IA, which had been introduced almost overnight into squadron service.

      A combination of bad weather and the lack of suitable targets as dictated by War Cabinet policy delayed squadrons from using their new Wellington IAs and during the next few weeks on several occasions aircraft took part in sweeps over the North Sea. Otherwise, they were mainly occupied in bombing and firing practice and formation exercises, some of them in cooperation with fighter squadrons. In 1939 the officially accepted theory was that fighters had such a small speed advantage over the ‘modern’ bomber that any attack must become a stern chase. It was also accepted that fighters attacking a section of bombers flying in ‘Vic’ would attack in ‘Vic’ formation. On 30 October three Wellington crews practised evasive flying with fighters of 66 Squadron near Honington. At 800 feet, just below the cloud base, the leading Wellington I, flown by Squadron Leader Lennox Lamb and a second Wellington flown by Flying Officer John Chandler, collided. The propellers of Lamb’s Wellington tore through the rear fuselage of Chandler’s aircraft below, completely severing the tail unit, which spun away like a falling leaf. Chandler’s tail-less Wellington then reared up into a steep climb, turned over onto its back and struck the leader’s Wellington again with its port wing. Both aircraft plunged earthwards. Chandler’s Wellington crashed against a large tree and caught fire on impact while Lamb’s machine dived nose first into a dyke and completely disintegrated. Both landed less than 50 feet apart in marshy ground near Sapiston Water Mill, only three-quarters of a mile from the Honington runway. All nine airmen from the two Wellingtons were killed in the tragedy. However, Sergeant Smith had cheated death. He had climbed aboard Lamb’s aircraft and had taken his usual place in the rear turret but Flying Officer Torkington-Leech had come back and said that he would be rear-gunner for the exercise. Smith had decided that if he could not be rear-gunner he would not fly at all and promptly got out of the aircraft and returned to the crew room. The new Flight Commander was Squadron Leader Archibald Guthrie.

      Tragedy continued to dog the Wellington units when, on the afternoon of 5 November, a Wellington I of 38 Squadron, flown by 30 year old Sergeant E.T. ‘Slim’ Summers AFM, an instructor, crashed while being ferried from Marham to the satellite airfield at Barton Bendish. Summers was one of the most experienced pilots in the squadron, having accumulated 1,102 flying hours, of which 167 hours were on Wellingtons. Slim was a very colourful and ebullient character and had earned his Air Force Medal earlier that year, on 2 January 1939. On 15 May he had saved the life of his rear-gunner during a low-level bombing exercise in a Wellington. The starboard engine had failed and Slim was unable to turn the aircraft against the port engine. A fire broke out between the tail and centre section and the aircraft was landed in a field near RAF Marham, on the port engine. A normal landing would have blown the flames into the area of the rear turret. After touchdown the bomber ran into a hedge and the undercarriage collapsed. The crew quickly vacated the aircraft, which was still burning but Slim, who was wearing an old style aircraft harness, became caught up in the side window. He extricated himself by releasing the harness and though the aircraft was burnt out, the crew escaped serious injury. Slim’s fame spread and he was known locally, for when he was not on duty Summers lived at the Whitington ‘Bell’, near the Marham base, with his wife. On 8 August 1939 he was asked if he would fly a Wellington out of a field at Roudham Heath near Thetford after it had crash-landed with the undercarriage retracted during a night exercise. The daredevil Summers successfully got the Wellington off and flew it back to Marham. On the fateful day of 5 November he was not so lucky. On board Summers’ Wellington were six ground crew – riggers and fitters who would maintain the aircraft when it arrived at Barton Bendish. Slim attempted a very dangerous manoeuvre near the ground (it is thought he was trying to fly wingtip low between two trees). It must be assumed that he did not allow for the keel action of a heavy aircraft in a steep turn; also he failed to judge the height of the trees. The aircraft crashed inverted at Boughton killing all seven on board.

      Meanwhile, the Air Ministry planners were still of the opinion that close-knit formations of Wellingtons, with their healthy defensive armament, could survive everything the enemy could throw at them and penetrate heavily defended targets. Recent heavy losses in British merchant shipping, and pressure from Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, in particular, prompted the War Cabinet to order Bomber Command to mount, as soon as possible, ‘…a major operation with the object of destroying an enemy battle-cruiser or pocket battleship’. However, the directive added, ‘…no bombs are to be aimed at warships in dock or berthed alongside the quays’. The War Cabinet wanted no German civilian casualties.

      During the late afternoon of 2 December 1939, 115 and 149 Squadrons at Marham and Mildenhall were alerted that a strike would be mounted against two German cruisers moored off Heligoland. Immediately, 24 Wellington IAs were bombed up with four 500lb SAP (Semi Armour Piercing) bombs and 620 gallons of fuel, ready for a strike early the following morning. Leading the attack would be 34 year old Wing Commander Richard Kellett AFC, a distinguished pre-war aviator, now Commanding Officer of 149 Squadron.¹

      On the morning of 3 December the weather had improved and, at 0900 hours, Kellett led his 12 Wellingtons off in four flights of three. He rendezvoused with three Wellingtons of 38 Squadron and nine of 115 Squadron from Marham and the force flew out over the North Sea towards Heligoland in four ‘battle formations’ of six Wimpys each.² At the head of the bomber force Kellett positioned his section well out in front. Following some distance behind and leading the remainder, was Squadron Leader Paul Harris. Off to his right and a little way behind and leading the remainder, flew the third section led by a young Canadian, Flight Lieutenant J. B. Stewart. The fourth section, led by Flight Lieutenant A. G. Duguid, flew directly behind Stewart. Two cruisers were spotted at anchor in the roads between the two tiny rock outcrops that are Heligoland in the German Bight. Kellett prepared to attack from up sun. As a result of the early losses, the bombing altitude had been raised to 7,000 feet (considered ‘high level’ bombing altitude at this time). Harris claimed hits on one of the warships and Stewart attacked a large merchantman anchored outside the harbour but a cloud obscured the targets and results were unconfirmed.

      Although Freya radar had warned the German gunners of the impending raid, the thick cloud at their bombing altitude had fortunately hidden the Wellingtons from view. Four Messerschmitt Bf 109Ds of 1 Gruppe Zerstorergecshwader 26 at Jever led by Hauptmann Dickore climbed and intercepted the bombers after they had bombed but their aim was spoiled by cloudy conditions. Even so, the two pairs of Bf 109Ds damaged two of the Wellingtons in the attack. One pair attacked from above and the other pair from below. Leutnant Günther Specht, who damaged one of the Wellingtons, was shot down by return fire from Corporal Copley, 38 Squadron, rear-gunner in Sergeant Odoire’s Wellington. One of the rounds from Specht’s machine guns actually hit and lodged in the belt buckle of Copley’s harness without injuring him. Specht ditched in the sea and he was later rescued. The German had been wounded in the face and later had to have his left eye removed.³ Luckily for the Wellington crews, the three remaining Bf 109Ds were low on fuel and they broke off the engagement, while 16 Bf 109D/Es and eight of I./ZG26’s new Bf 110Cs arrived too late to intercept the bombers.

      Again the bombs were to fail miserably, although an enemy minesweeper was claimed sunk when one bomb went clean through the bottom of the vessel without exploding. It was, however, a trawler, formerly the Johann Schulte, which sank to the bottom. Back at the RAF bases hopes ran high now that the bombers had penetrated enemy air space, duelled with the Luftwaffe and escaped unscathed. These hopes were to be short-lived.

      On 13 December, 10 days after the disastrous RAF raid on Heligoland, running silent and deep, the Royal Navy submarine HMS Salmon spotted the German cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig in the cold waters of the North Sea. Salmon stalked its prey and fired a salvo of torpedoes, hitting the two cruisers. The submarine scurried away leaving the German ships to limp back to Wilhelmshaven. Coastal Command contacted Bomber Command to send bombers to finish them off. Flares were loaded into the Wellingtons for a night attack but this was later cancelled. By dawn the following day a force of Hampdens had taken-off to intercept the battle squadron but they returned to base without having spotted the enemy. An armed reconnaissance by 12 Wellingtons of 99 Squadron at Newmarket Heath was ordered. Each aircraft carried three 500 lb semi-armour piercing bombs and any large battlecruisers or cruisers seen were to be bombed if the weather allowed the aircraft to reach a height of 2,000 feet. Leading the formation were Squadron Leader Andrew ‘Square’ McKee, the New Zealander pilot⁴ and Wing Commander J. F. Griffiths the CO. The formation, which consisted of four sections of three aircraft each, took-off from Newmarket at 1143 hours and set course for Great Yarmouth. There the visibility was down to two miles just below 10/10ths cloud and crews peered into the thick sea haze in a vain search for a horizon. The weather deteriorated even further and at 1305 hours, when the formation reached the Dutch coast, the Wellingtons were flying at 600 feet in fine rain.

      Griffiths altered course in the direction of Heligoland in order to give the enemy flak ships the impression that Heligoland was the objective. The weather continued to worsen and the formation was now down to just 300 feet. At 1347 hours course was altered for the Schillig Roads near Wilhelmshaven. Visibility was down to half a mile and the Wellingtons were now flying at only 200 feet. Despite the weather conditions the aircraft maintained a good formation and they flew on towards Wangerooge Island. They were spotted by five stationary trawlers, one of which fired off a red signal flare. Shortly afterwards a submarine was sighted and also fired a red flare. The leader replied by firing two red signal cartridges in rapid succession on the off chance that this might be the recognition signal. The submarine immediately did a crash dive and the formation turned on a northeasterly course.

      At 1425 hours the Leipzig and Nürnberg were sighted. Griffiths attempted to carry out an examination to assess any possible torpedo damage but the fast closing speeds made this impossible. He swung the formation around and was about to try again when eight cargo boats were sighted. Immediately, they opened fire on the Wellingtons. A minute later three destroyers steamed up directly under Griffiths’ bomber and opened fire. The Wellingtons were only 200 feet off the water and a barrage of light anti-aircraft fire from the ships below buffeted crews. Five minutes after the destroyers had opened fire, the Leipzig and Nürnberg added their pom-poms and other anti-aircraft firepower to the battle. Sergeant R.H.J. Brace’s Wellington was shot down in flames. Pilot Officer H.L. Lewis, whose Wellington was thought to have been struck by flak, turned and crashed into the following aircraft flown by Flight Sergeant W.H. Downey, causing both Wellingtons to crash in flames. Flight Sergeant J.E.K. Healy’s Wellington was also thought to have been a victim of flak. Griffiths turned the formation away and shortly afterwards a formation of three single-engined fighters was sighted approaching the bombers from Wangerooge, which came up out of the mist. The fighters, which were Bf 109Es of II./JG77 that had taken off from Wangerooge together with four Bf 110s of 2/ZG26 from Jever, closed and the RAF gunners responded with rapid firing. Fighters approaching in line astern from sea level made their attacks. Corporal A. Bickerstaff, the rear-gunner in McKee’s aircraft, fired at the attackers and saw a Wellington falling and believed it to be the Messerschmitt he had just shot down.⁵ Flying Officer J.A.H. Cooper’s Wellington was seen to break away and enter the clouds. It was last seen heading towards the German coast with its undercarriage down, apparently under control. Bf 110s badly damaged Flight Lieutenant E. J. Hetherington’s Wellington and he was forced to jettison his bombs into the sea. He went into the clouds and was able to nurse his ailing Wellington back across the North Sea with petrol pouring from its tanks (the Wellington did not yet have self-sealing fuel tanks). Almost home, the machine crash-landed in a field near Newmarket racecourse. The aircraft was a write-off and Hetherington and two of his crew were killed. The injured were removed to Newmarket hospital. The loss of five Wellingtons was so disastrous that Air Vice-Marshal J. E. A. ‘Jackie’ Baldwin, AOC 3 Group was compelled to compare it with the Charge of the Light Brigade.

      Despite the losses Bomber Command opined that the Wellingtons had survived repeated fighter attacks, and faith in the old adage that ‘the bomber will always get through’ seemed as unshakable as ever. Indeed, the debriefing report was to state later: ‘After careful analysis of individual reports by all members of crews, it seems almost possible to assume that none of our aircraft were brought down by fire from the Messerschmitts.’

      At Bomber Command the consensus was that in future, concealment was more important than defensive firepower. Henceforth bomber formations would fly at 10,000 feet and crews were urged to seek the safety of cloud cover whenever possible. In his report of the events of 14 December, the Senior Air Staff Officer at Bomber Command Headquarters, Air Commodore Norman Bottomley, wrote:

      ‘It is now by no means certain that enemy fighters did in fact succeed in shooting down any of the Wellingtons…the failure of the enemy must be ascribed to good formation flying. The maintenance of tight, unshaken formations in the face of the most powerful enemy action is the test of bomber force fighting efficiency and morale. In our service it is the equivalent of the old Thin Red Line or the Shoulder to Shoulder of Cromwell’s Ironsides…Had it not been for that good leadership, losses from enemy aircraft might have been heavy.’

      In complete contrast to the British version of events, the Luftwaffe report stated: ‘German pilots registered five kills, plus one probable but unconfirmed kill. One German fighter shot down.’

      On the evening of 17 December, Wing Commander Kellett and Squadron Leader Paul Harris of 149 Squadron were summoned to Group Headquarters at Mildenhall, along with the squadron commanders and section leaders of 9 and 37 Squadrons for a briefing on another raid on Wilhelmshaven the following morning. Unfortunately, there would be little cloud cover, for the weather forecast for 18 December predicted clear conditions. Harris was informed that Peter Grant would be flying with him, together with three of 9 Squadron’s aircraft. This was the first time they had ever flown together and as they strolled away from the briefing, Harris put his hand on Grant’s shoulder and said, ‘Stay close to me whatever happens’. At Honington crews knew ‘something was up’. Sergeant Frank Petts, a pilot in 9 Squadron, recalls:

      ‘On a number of previous occasions reconnaissance Blenheims had found German warships off the German coast in the Heligoland area and had been followed by a bomber striking force. In the short days of mid-December it was decided to dispense with the preliminary reconnaissance and to dispatch a bomber force in the morning to search for and attack German warships. It was established subsequently that security about the proposed operation on 18 December was extremely poor; certainly on the evening of 17 December it was widely known in Bury St Edmunds that 9 Squadron crews had been recalled because of an operation planned for early the next day. On reporting to the Flights at 0730 hours on 18 December we learned that 9 Squadron was to supply nine aircraft for a force of 24, with nine from 149 Squadron and six from 37 Squadron at Feltwell. There were to be four groups of six aircraft: three of 149 and three of 9 in front, six of 149 to starboard, six of 9 to port and six of 37 in the rear. Targets were to be any German warships in the area of Heligoland or the Schillig Roads. Bomb loads were four 500lb general purpose bombs per aircraft.’

      9 Squadron was airborne from Honington at 0900 hours. At 1000 hours nine Wellingtons of 149 Squadron led by Wing Commander Kellett took-off from Newmarket Heath and rendezvoused over King’s Lynn with the nine Wellingtons of 9 Squadron. The six Wellingtons of 37 Squadron took-off from Feltwell and flew straight across north Norfolk, falling in behind the rear elements of the formation while over the North Sea. Leading Aircraftman Harry A. Jones, rear-gunner in Sergeant Herbie Ruse’s crew wrote: ‘There was not a cloud in the sky, it was unreal. Wellingtons were scattered all over the sky.’ The formation flew a dog-leg course over the North Sea, first flying northwards as far as possible from the concentration of enemy flak ships among the Friesian Islands and then they headed due east for the German island of Sylt. After fifteen minutes on this new heading Flight Lieutenant A. G. Duguid began to have trouble with one of his engines. As he lost speed and dropped back, he signalled by Aldis lamp to his two wingmen to close up on Kellett’s Vic. Riddlesworth, his No. 3 obeyed but Kelly, his No. 2, apparently failed to pick up the Aldis signal. Kelly peeled away from the formation, followed his leader down and headed for home as well. At 1230 hours Kellett sighted Sylt about 50 miles ahead. The formation was still at 15,000 feet and there was not a cloud in the sky. It was an open invitation for enemy fighters. As the Wellingtons approached the German coast near Cuxhaven, Bf 109 and Bf 110 fighters of Jagdgeschwader 1, guided by radar plots of the incoming formation made by the experimental Freya early warning radar installation at Wangerooge and directed by ground control, were waiting. Petts recalls:

      ‘We left Sylt to port and shortly afterwards turned left towards the Schillig Roads where we had been told at briefing there were likely to be warship targets. We saw none but continued on a south-westerly course and I wondered how far we were going in search of battleships and cruisers. My rear-gunner called, There’s a fighter attacking behind. They’ve got him! Then to starboard I saw a Bf 109 with smoke pouring from it, change from level flight to a near vertical dive so abruptly that the pilot could hardly have been alive and conscious after the change of direction. At this stage I thought, rather prematurely, that encounters with German fighters were easy. Repeated calls to my Section Leader to ask him to slow down brought no reply and in spite of opening up to full boost and increasing propeller revs to maximum, I still could not keep up. Over Wilhelmshaven we flew into intense Ack-Ack fire (joined by the anti-aircraft guns mounted on the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau). In trying to work out whether evasive manoeuvres were any use against the black puffs bursting all around I was for a while less pre-occupied with the problem of staying in formation. Quite suddenly the black puffs stopped and there in front were the fighters (there must have been about forty of them). In spite of full throttle and full revs, I was lagging behind.’

      Kellett led the formation through the flak-stained sky over Wilhelmshaven and each bomb-aimer prepared to drop his three bombs on the ships below. Suddenly, Kellett gave the order not to bomb. All the battleships and cruisers were berthed alongside quays and harbour walls. Kellett’s orders were precise: he was not to risk German civilian casualties. Bomb doors were opened but no bombs fell. Moored in the middle of the harbour were four large ships that appeared to be merchantmen. Heavy anti-aircraft fire was coming from them. It was all the encouragement Paul Harris needed. They appeared to be fleet auxiliaries so he dropped his bomb load on them. Another Wellington in his section did the same but the results were obscured by cloud. Kellett’s formation had become strung out and disjointed. 9 and 37 Squadrons had become detached and had fanned out in the face of heavy barrage. The Wellingtons were easy pickings and the RAF crews were caught cold as the cunning German fighter pilots made beam attacks from above. Previously, attacks had been made from the rear but now the German pilots tore into the bombers, safe in the knowledge that the ventral gun was powerless at this angle of attack. They knew too that the front and rear turrets could not traverse sufficiently to draw a bead on them. Petts dumped his bombs, hoping it would gain him a little extra speed:

      ‘About this time Balch on the front guns got his first fighter. A Bf 109 away to port was turning in a wide sweep, possibly to attack the sections in front. I saw the tracer in Balch’s first burst hit in the cockpit area and the canopy or part of it, fly off; the second burst also hit and the 109 immediately went into a catastrophic dive with white smoke pouring from it. At this period I decided that in spite of my full throttle and full revs I should never keep up. Pilot Officer Ginger Heathcote my second pilot pointed out the 37 Squadron six forming the rear of the formation and suggested that I drop back to them. It was as well that I did not. 37 Squadron were flying in their own formation of three pairs stepped up in line astern. As the attacks developed, one of the six⁶ went to dump his bombs. To open the bomb doors he first selected master hydraulic cock ‘on’ not realizing that he had flaps selected down. The result was sudden lowering of full flap leading to a sudden gain of considerable extra height. Enemy fighters left this aircraft alone but shot down the other five of 37 Squadron.

      One of these was N2936 flown by Sergeant Herbert Ruse, which was singled out North of Wangerooge by Oberstleutnant Karl Schumacher, Geschwaderkommodore, JGI, who shot out both the Wellington’s engines and raked the aircraft with machine-gun fire, killing Corporal F.J. Fred Taylor, the front gunner. LAC Harry Jones, the rear-gunner, wrote:

      ‘You thought the flak was going to hit you straight between the eyes and then it veered off. We went through a huge barrage and you couldn’t see anything except big puffs of black smoke. As we came through the barrage there were the Messerschmitts waiting for us. We hadn’t got any guns at all. All our gadgets had packed in so we had no front gun, no rear gun or anything. We discovered afterwards that they got the wrong oil in our hydraulic system. During one of these attacks I was hit in the back and then through the ankle. I rang up the skipper and said, I’ve been hit and it bloody well hurts. He told me to come to the front and get it dressed. I staggered to the front of the aircraft. The wireless operator [Sergeant T. W. ‘Tom’ Holley] saw my ankle and got a hypodermic syringe and bunged this stuff through my flying trousers into my leg, which killed some of the pain. He was hit and killed immediately. He went a funny sort of grey and purple and died. A Messerschmitt sat on our tail and shot right through the aeroplane, through the rear turret and through the front of the aircraft. I was sitting on the bed behind the wireless operator’s area watching the blood coming out of my foot. The second pilot [Sergeant Tom May] had to stand with his legs astride the bullets going between his legs. Then a bullet hit him in the thigh. I heard the skipper say he had got to get down. We had caught fire. We were over an island [Spiekeroog] off the German coast and he found a bit of beach to land on. We were burning by now. I got to the hatch at the top and pulled myself up but I got stuck and I could feel the flames burning my rear end. They pulled me out and carried me to the sand dunes.’⁷

      Petts continues:

      ‘Having decided that I could not catch up with my Section Leader, I turned about 40° to starboard, put my nose hard down and with the dustbin turret still in the lowered position, screamed down to sea level. All the way down from 15,000ft and then for some time just above the water I kept full throttle and full revs except when I reduced power for short periods in an evasive manoeuvre as fighters lined up to attack. During the dive I was too pre-occupied with what was going on outside to pay much attention to my instruments. I did, however, notice my ASI⁸ reaching the 1 o’clock position, second time round. It was not until we returned to the aircraft next morning that I looked to see what that meant in terms of indicated airspeed; it was 300 mph! This was about twice normal cruising IAS⁹ and I could not help wondering how much faster I could have gone before something broke. I cannot remember just how many fighter attacks there were; the first came before I left cruising altitude; there were more on the way down with 110s passing us as they broke away and finally we were chased along the water by three 110s. Robertson on the rear guns kept me informed as each attack developed and there were commentaries from the other two gunners. We met each stern attack with a drill that we had agreed as a result of experience gained in fighter co-operation exercises. The usual sequence ran: There’s one coming in, he’s coming in. Get ready…get ready…Back, back. Throttles slammed shut and pitch levers to full coarse. Bursts from our guns and enemy tracer passed the windows. OK, he’s gone. Open up again to full throttle and full revs. Mostly the tracer was on the starboard side and it was not until some weeks later when we started taking aircraft back to Brooklands to have armour plate fitted behind the port wing tanks that I realized that previously we had enjoyed this protection only on the starboard side. Altogether my gunners claimed three 110s and two 109s.

      ‘There had already been calls from Kemp and Balch that they had been hit and Heathcote had gone back to Kemp. Whilst I started checking

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