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    The Germans at Arras
    The Germans at Arras
    The Germans at Arras
    Ebook336 pages1 hour

    The Germans at Arras

    By David Bilton

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    "During the Great War a German publisher produced a number of photographic books that are of considerable interest to the modern-day reader. These were based on the photographs taken by the German regiments that found themselves stationed there during the War. This, the first book, covers the Battle of Arras in 1917, one of the largest in the War.In addition to the introduction giving the historical context there are 350 photographs of the villages and towns, trenches, troop movements, cemeteries and dealing with civilians. These photos vividly convey what the areas of Lens, Arras, Bullecourt, Havrincourt, Cambrai, Douai were like under German occupation. This book is not just a memory-rich diary for the thousands of soldiers who fought there but also a valuable record of the period."
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOpen Road Integrated Media
    Release dateMar 9, 2009
    ISBN9781783038886
    The Germans at Arras
    Author

    David Bilton

    David Bilton is a retired teacher who spends his time looking after his family, working as a University lecturer and researching the Great War. He is the prolific author of numerous books about the British Army, the Home Front and the German Army. His first book, The Hull Pals, became the BBC 2 series The Trench. Since he started writing he has contributed to many television and radio programmes. His interest in the Great War was ignited by his grandfather's refusal to talk about his experiences in Gallipoli and on the Western Front.

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      Book preview

      The Germans at Arras - David Bilton

      Introduction

      It is not the purpose of this book to analyse in any detail the strategic, tactical, political or economic reasons for the fighting around Arras; it is merely to chronicle the events of 1914–1918 briefly in words, relying on the pictures to tell most of the story. It is not a chronological photographic record, more an attempt to provide a snapshot of the experiences of the German Army on the Arras Front during the four year period from October 1914 to October 1918. As the causes of the war have been dealt with at length in many books, I have only tried to set the scene for this book through the use of proclamations and statements from the Reich about the situation.

      As with ‘The German Army on the Western Front 1917-1918’ the day-to-day chronology to show what was happening around Arras is taken from the German point of view. Although the area was strategically important, not every day is listed; for, as in every other area on the front, most days were no more significant than the last. If any day is missing, it is simply a case of: ‘In the West nothing new’.

      The area around the Arras front, from Lens in the north to Bapaume in the south, was an area of strategic importance to the Entente on account of the railroad centre at Arras, and on the German side the area was economically important because of its coal and agricultural output. It was also a relatively easily defended area as the French and, later, the British positions were on the lower ground. The German Army initially missed its chance here, and despite later efforts never succeeded in rectifying the mistake. In this book, the Arras Front covers the area from south of Lens to just below Bullecourt.

      Fighting in the area can be divided neatly into five distinct phases. The first battle of Arras was fought during September and October 1914 when German troops occupied the town only to lose it to French counterattacks. Although German attacks were generally held, the French did eventually lose the strategic location of Vimy Ridge. The second battle of Arras comprised the French counter-attacks of 1915 – the Battle of Artois, fought between June and July designed to relieve pressure on the city. The fighting was severe and by 23 June the majority of the German trenches and dugouts before Arras had been captured. Early in July the French cleared the communications between Arras and Béthune and captured the nearby towns of Souchez and Neuville-St. Vaast. The third battle started when the British took over the Arras sector in March, but did not become an official battle until April 1917. After considerable mining activity, a decisive battle was fought between April and May of that year which resulted in the capture of Vimy Ridge and other important positions around Arras (for this battle I have used much material from The German Army on the Western Front 1917-1918). The fourth battle of Arras, during the German offensive of 1918, was short-lived and achieved little for the attackers. The fifth and final battle was fought during August and September 1918 when Allied forces attacked German positions to the east of Arras.

      In each phase the fighting was hard and the casualties high; indeed those of 1917 rank among the highest of the war on the Western Front. It was not until the last battles though that the battle-front actually moved very far.

      The town of Arras, like Ypres, was always just on the front line and earned the name of ‘La ville martyre’ with many of its public buildings destroyed by artillery and aerial attack. Below the city are the Boves, underground chambers that were used to shelter Allied soldiers and, after the war, to temporarily house civilians returning to rebuild their shattered town. During the war further tunnels were dug by British troops for the invisible movement of troops to the front line.

      Throughout the book, German units are identified by italics and British and French troops by standard lettering.

      A tree in the park at Boisleux-aumont, south of Arras, showing the effect of blast from a shell explosion.

      An artist’s view of the northern sector of the Arras front showing the Douai plain from the heights of Arras.

      Chapter One

      1914

      In Vienna, the local paper, the Weiner Zeitung, reported that ‘In the night of July 25, it was made known that the Emperor of Austria had ordered a partial mobilisation of the Army and a partial calling up of the Landsturm.’ Six days later, the Reichsanzeiger printed Imperial ordnance from Emperor Wilhelm, stating that ‘the territory of the Empire, with the exception of the Kingdom of Bavaria, is hereby declared to be in the condition of war.’ This was followed on 1 August by the order to mobilise from the Emperor: ‘I order the German Army and the Imperial Navy to be placed on a war footing…August 2, 1914, is fixed as the first day of mobilisation.’ Five days later, as a result of Germany being involved in a war that was forced upon the country, the Emperor called upon all Germans capable of bearing arms to defend the Fatherland.

      While Austria and Germany prepared and mobilised, so too did the armies of France, Russia, Belgium and Britain. On 2 August, the French accused the Germans of crossing the frontier at three different points, shooting at the border personnel, stealing horses and killing a soldier. The next day, the German Ambassador in France, in his farewell letter, accused the French of violating Belgian territory and dropping bombs on Germany, giving his reason for leaving as the state of war that now existed between France and Germany. The die was cast – Europe would go to war.

      As Britain entered the war, the Kaiser told the Reichstag ‘I no longer recognise parties, only Germans’.

      Artist’s impression of the use of cavalry during the Marne battle.

      Generaloberst von Kluck, commander of 1 Army, who allowed his troops to deviate from the Schlieffen plan, giving the Allied troops a chance to counterattack.

      French positions in early 1914 being held by troops, national guards and armed civilians – franc-tireurs; these latter men would be shot if captured as they were not considered to be soldiers by the German Army.

      An artist’s impression of a cavalry charge against well dug-in troops in the Vimy area.

      A few days later, the German government informed the Belgian government that, although it regretted having to cross the frontier, this action was necessary because the French were already in Belgium trying to enter Germany in disguise. The French government were also warned about the use of civilians to fight the war: ‘from information received from German troops it has become known that a war of the civil population has been organised in France, contrary to international law. In numerous instances, the civil population, under the protection of civilian clothing, have treacherously fired on German soldiers’. The warning continued, stating that, as a result, anyone not in uniform who takes part in activities that are detrimental to the German forces ‘will be treated as a franc-tireur and instantly shot under martial law.’ Civilian involvement was to affect the initial attack on Arras.

      On 1 August, just before 1900 hours, the time set for 16 Division to move into Luxembourg, the Kaiser countermanded the order, but by then a company of 69 Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lt. Feldmann, had already crossed the border and taken their objective; the following day Fourth Army occupied the country. Next day, the Belgian government refused the German army entry and, from that point on, considered itself to be at war with Germany. On 4 August German forces crossed the frontier, meeting little opposition.

      The commanding heights of Lorettohöhe were bitterly contested because of the excellent field of view they gave of Arras. Here the French attack against well dug-in troops.

      While the German armies fought their way through Belgium, the French launched their own attacks in Lorraine, the Ardennes and on the Sambre. No matter how valiantly the French and Belgians fought, the German army kept moving forward. On 24 August,‘one million Germans invaded France. For the French and British the great retreat had begun. It lasted for thirteen days, blazing summer days’ in which the German Army made a bid for a swift decisive victory. ‘They were desperate days for the Allies whose only offensive plan had not survived the opening battles of the war’, while the German troops were following the highly detailed Schlieffen plan.

      Five of the seven armies ‘scythed down towards Paris on a 75-mile front. For the troops on both sides they were days of endless marching under a scorching sun.’ Even though the Allied troops were under constant pressure, their retreat was ordered and controlled, but each new action moved them closer to Paris – so close that, on 2 September, the French government left for Bordeaux.

      However, a captured map showed that von Kluck’s First Army was now headed for the gap between the French Fifth and Sixth armies and not for Paris. This exposed his army’s right flank to attack; this deviation from the Schlieffen Plan when his troops were seriously over-extended, badly exhausted and exposed, both on their flanks and the rear, resulted in a general withdrawal from the Marne to the Aisne.

      Cheering reservists are taken around Berlin in August; scenes like this were common across Europe at the start of the war.

      A view of Arras after the bombardment of 6, 7 & 8 October, showing the damage to St. Géry Street.

      Arras railway station after the October bombardment.

      Although Arras was in the path of the planned invasion route, the actual invading forces passed by, miles to the east, with the closest fighting being in the Somme region to the south. With the Allied attacks failing to push the Germans back on the Aisne, attention on both sides was becoming increasingly concentrated on the open flank to the west, and, ‘by the time the battle on the Aisne was dying down, activity at the western end of the line was developing fast.’ Arras would soon be part of the battle lines.

      The end of the fighting on the Aisne brought about the final campaign of movement on the Western Front at the beginning of the war. Each side tried to outflank the other to the north: from the Aisne to the Somme through the Douai Plain and beyond. And as both sides raced towards the north, the various units involved leap-frogged past each other, taxing their lines of communication to the utmost in their efforts to move large bodies of troops to the north faster than the enemy could – but each manoeuvre ended in deadlock and trench lines.

      The first German troops to enter Arras were a cavalry unit. After a three-day occupation, which included some looting and the requisitioning of goods and money, they were evicted by French light cavalry on 9 September. However, both sides were fighting in the Somme area and little further fighting took place. As the French forces were not available in sufficient numbers, the German Army was able to dig-in, in some cases only four kilometres away, and beleaguer the city. The period that followed and lasted for over thirty months was known as the ‘Martyrdom of Arras’.

      ‘While Falkenhayn’s attention was being pulled away from his right to his centre and left, Joffre’s purpose remained fixed. On the 25th itself he shifted XI Corps from the 9th Army to Amiens: by 1 October, using roads as well as rail, two more corps, plus three infantry and two cavalry divisions, had set off for Amiens, Arras, Lens, and Lille. Castelnau’s army now embraced eight corps and extended along a 100-kilometre front. Its task was no longer to outflank but to hold, while a detachment under Maud’huy was drawn to the untenanted north-east, to Vimy and the Scarpe valley’, while the southern sector was held by territorials.

      On 26 September, after heavy fighting, the French took up positions along a line from Lassigny to Bray and ‘the German Cavalry Corps moved further north to clear the front for the II Bavarian Corps’ on the right of I Bavarian Corps. The next day the Cavalry Corps under von der Marwitz ‘continued its way northwards, driving away d’Amande’s French Territorials…and clearing the front for the XIV Reserve Corps’ that moved on Albert. The offensive continued to make progress, but the French cavalry held von der Marwitz’s troops just as the French Tenth Army was starting to detrain around Arras.

      Arras Town Hall after the bombardment of October 6.

      Arras cathedral after the bombardment.

      General Maud’huy, commander of the French Tenth Army at Arras, faced a strong German force, but was only given the four divisions of the French Cavalry Corps to the southeast of Arras and two reserve divisions at Arras and Lens. The plan was to begin an offensive from Arras-Lens southeast, against what was assumed to be a weak flank held only by cavalry. However, behind the cavalry, three corps had arrived ready to begin their own offensive. Now the French Tenth Army, scattered over a wide front, were in danger of

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