Dark History of the Kings & Queens of Europe

DARK HISTORY OF THE KINGS & QUEENS OF EUROPE

BRENDA RALPH LEWIS

This digital edition first published in 2012

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Copyright © 2012 Amber Books Ltd

ISBN: 978 1 908696 34 2

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

PHILIP IV OF FRANCE AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR

CHAPTER 2

ELIZABETH BATHORY: THE BLOOD COUNTESS

CHAPTER 3

TWO FRENCH ROYAL RAKES: LOUIS XIV AND LOUIS XV

CHAPTER 4

THE KING AND THE VAMP: LUDWIG I OF BAVARIA AND LOLA MONTEZ

CHAPTER 5

CASTLES IN THE AIR: THE TRAGIC STORY OF LUDWIG II OF BAVARIA

CHAPTER 6

THE MAYERLING TRAGEDY

CHAPTER 7

MADNESS IN THE SPANISH ROYAL FAMILY

CHAPTER 8

MORE MADNESS IN SPAIN

CHAPTER 9

QUEEN CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN: A QUESTION OF GENDER

CHAPTER 10

HAEMOPHILIA: THE ROYAL DISEASE

CHAPTER 11

KINGS AND COMMUNISTS: CAROL II OF ROMANIA

CHAPTER 12

THE NETHERLANDS: A ROYAL FAMILY IN TROUBLE

CHAPTER 13

KING LEOPOLD II AND THE BELGIAN CONGO

CHAPTER 14

THE GRIMALDIS OF MONACO

MAP OF KEY LOCATIONS

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

History can be dark in many ways, and the royal history of continental Europe is no exception. For example, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Elizabeth Bathory and Gilles de Rais were mass murderers. De Rais and the horrors he perpetrated at his castle entered French folklore in tales of the barbaric Bluebeard, who murdered seven wives and hung their bodies in a blood-drenched cupboard. In the nineteenth century, King Leopold II of Belgium reduced the population of the Congo, in Africa, by 70 per cent, through the appalling punishments and brute exploitation practised in his colony, the Congo Free State.

Vlad III Dracul, a fifteenth-century Prince of Wallachia (now part of Romania), also entered the shock-horror annals of Europe. He was probably the model for Count Dracula, the blood-sucking vampire in Bram Stoker’s famous novel Dracula , published in 1897. The real Vlad Dracul went a great deal further: he specialized in impaling his enemies by having stakes driven through their bodies, and afterwards leaving them to die a slow, horrifically agonizing death.

Several kings of France appear in the cast list. The most notorious was the fourteenth-century King Philip IV, who coveted the wealth and feared the power and influence of the Knights Templar, the most prestigious of the crusader military orders. Philip devised a truly evil plot to destroy them. Hundreds of Templars died or were crippled after being tortured to confess.

Two later French kings, Louis XIV and Louis XV, were more civilized, but still reprehensible. They specialized in debauchery. Louis XV had his own private brothel near the Palace of Versailles where he regularly serviced a bevy of young girls. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, kings were expected to have a mistress as a consolation prize for their duty to enter an arranged marriage and produce heirs to the throne. Both Louis XIV and Louis XV gained a great deal of ‘consolation’ by way of this tradition.

‘The Family of Louis XIV’ painted in 1711 by Nicolas de Largillière. The picture shows some of the legitimate heirs of King Louis but his many illegitimate children were not, of course, included. The small child pictured was the King’s great-grandson and successor in debauchery, the future King Louis XV.

Not all the dark history in this book deals with barbarity, wickedness or immorality. Some royal lives were ruined by the insanity that ran in their families because of the unwise practice of inbreeding.

This was supposed to keep the dynastic line ‘pure’ and retain royal power, wealth and influence within the family. But inbreeding ran too close to incest and produced monsters so damaged in body and mind that their families dared not reveal the truth about their condition.

The Spanish Hapsburgs and the Wittelsbachs of Bavaria were riddled with insanity and its appalling manifestations. They suffered lifelong torment, which included morbid fears, hallucinations and murderous violence. The pity of it was that some of them knew they were losing their minds, yet were inexorably swept on into the maelstrom of madness. Another scourge, haemophilia, the dreaded ‘bleeding disease’, wrecked two European royal families and ruined many lives.

Scandal, of course, proliferates in dark history. King Ludwig II of Bavaria was revealed as a hapless old fool over his infatuation with the femme fatal Lola Montez, who cost him his throne. Queen Christina of Sweden, whose gender was uncertain, scandalized Paris and Rome with her eccentric behaviour. The royal families of Netherlands and Monaco, together with King Carol II of Romania, provided years of salacious copy for the intrusive modern media. This is not a book for the faint-hearted. It took a strong stomach to write it. It could require another to read it.

Pictured: Falsely accused of crimes by King Philip IV of France, the Knights Templar burn while Philip (on horseback) looks on.

I

PHILIP IV OF FRANCE AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR

Grand Master Jacques de Molai had nothing to lose when he appeared before an assembly of French prelates to confess, yet again, to a roster of terrible charges first laid against his Order of the Temple of Solomon in 1307.

Jacques de Molai became Grand Master of the Templar Order in 1295.

The accusations, which were entirely bogus, were the work of the Grand Master’s implacable enemy, Philip IV of France. They included denying Christ and his apostles, blasphemy, sodomy and other homosexual practices that were said to be rife within the Order, which was better known as the Knights Templar. It was now seven years since these accusations had first been made against the Order, but whatever happened on this day – 18 March 1314 – de Molai knew that the least he could expect was to spend whatever remained of his life in the stinking holes that served as prisons in medieval times.

LAST-MINUTE RESOLVE

De Molai was about 70 years old, what in his times was considered extreme old age. He was deeply ashamed because, terrified of the agonies of torture and death by fire at the stake, he had already confessed to some of the charges against him. Now, de Molai was required to reaffirm his ‘guilt’ and do it before the crowd of onlookers gathered around a scaffold before the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame in Paris. This time, though, he had found a latent courage and, though well aware of the consequences, he was resolved to recant.

‘It is only right,’ he told the crowd, ‘that at so solemn a moment, when my life has so little time to run, I should reveal the deception that has been practised and speak up for the truth. Before Heaven and Earth and all of you … I admit I am guilty of the grossest iniquity. But the iniquity is that, to my shame and dishonour, I have suffered myself … to give utterance to falsehoods in admitting the disgusting charges laid against the Order … I declare, and I must declare, that the Order is innocent … I disdain to seek wretched and disgraceful existence by grafting another lie upon the original falsehood.’

This pronouncement by the most senior of all Templars created uproar and dismay, all the more so because de Molai was backed by another prominent Templar, Guy de Charnay, Preceptor of Normandy. Before de Molai could say anything else, the two men were summarily seized and dragged back to prison. Two other Templars, Hugues de Rairaud and Geoffroi de Goneville, were either less courageous or less despairing; they distanced themselves from the Grand Master and Preceptor. The damage had been done, however, and the Order of the Temple of Solomon and its Grand Master stood on the brink of ultimate punishment.

All that was left after de Molai and de Charnay were burned at the stake in 1314 was blackened bones and ashes, and nothing could have symbolized more starkly the tragedy and ruin that overtook the Knights Templar between 1307 and 1314. King Philip IV’s revenge was complete.

AN ORDER OF PROTECTION

The Templars had been among the first of the military and religious orders formed to manage the new situation in the Holy Land that followed the brilliant success of Christian arms in the First Crusade of 1095–1099. The Muslim forces were decisively defeated, and Crusader realms were set up in Tripoli, Antioch, Edessa and, most prestigious of all, Jerusalem, which had fallen on 15 July 1099 after a long and bloody siege. The new Christian acquisitions needed defence and succour; for this purpose, military and religious orders of chivalry were created soon after the end of the First Crusade.

PHILIP’S LONG-AWAITED REVENGE

King Philip IV had waited a long time for this moment, the moment when he could destroy the Templars once and for all. His motives included greed for the Templars’ wealth and fear and jealousy of their power. His method was accusation of the worst possible kind. Now, after a seven-year campaign of lies, fake evidence and false witnesses in court, Philip was not going to let de Molai, his prize captive, get away with uncovering his duplicity. A few hours after the Grand Master made his recantation, he and de Charnay were taken to the Ile-des-Javiaux, an eyot in the River Seine that lay between the royal gardens and the convent of Saint-Augustin. They were tied to stakes, the wood beneath them was lit and the two men burned to death.

According to witnesses, de Molai and de Charnay met their terrible end with dignity, calm and courage. To many who saw them die, they became instant martyrs. Some waited until the ashes had cooled in order to sift through for bones that they could keep and revere as holy relics.

Philip IV, nicknamed The Fair, became King of France in 1285. Apart from the Knights Templar, Philip also quarrelled with Pope Boniface VIII, installing in 1305 his own rival pope, Clement V, at Avignon.

This painting by the French artist François Marius Granet depicts the inauguration of a Knight Templar. He painted many scenes inside churches and monasteries and, like many, was fascinated by the Templars.

These included the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, whose task was to defend this most important centre of Christian worship in Jerusalem; the Orders of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, known as the Knights Hospitaller, who provided medical services; and the Knights Templar. Like the Hospitallers, the Templars, who formed in 1118, were mainly composed of Frankish knights. Their task was to provide armed escort and protection for the pilgrims who made the long and arduous journey to the Holy Land.

Jerusalem was the emotional focus of these pilgrimages, which were large-scale events even before the Muslims captured the city in AD 638. But travelling to, or merely being in, the Holy Land could be a perilous business. Unarmed pilgrims were ambushed, robbed, killed, kidnapped and even sold into slavery by bandits who specialized in swift hit-and-run tactics, then melted away into the desert landscape. The first Knights Templar who volunteered to guard and protect the pilgrims against such merciless enemies were only nine in number, but were otherwise well suited to the task.

NOBLE KNIGHTS

All of the Templars were of noble birth, all well connected to powerful families. All came from the area around Champagne and Burgundy in northeast France, and their leader, Huges de Payens, who was born near Troyes, was probably a cousin as well as a vassal of Hugh, Comte de Champagne. The comte was one of the mightiest and most prestigious magnates in France, devoted to the cause of crusade and virtually independent of the French king. He was undoubtedly his cousin’s richest and most powerful patron, but the Knights Templar did not take their cue from his kind of eminence. Instead, they opted for the poverty, chastity, obedience and humility of monks, willing to beg for their food and lead pure, exemplary lives. Their original name, the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, said a great deal about them.

This painting shows the inauguration in 1295 of the 54-year old Jacques de Molai as Grand Master of the Templar Order. We know very little about de Molai’s life up to this point, but he has become the most famous of the Templars’ Grand Masters.

CHANGING FOCUS

In time, however, the realities of life and the nature of Christian society in the Holy Land worked together to change this emphasis. The Templars retained their martial identity and were, in fact, the most effective of all the military orders in the field. But though they exemplified the two great passions of medieval times – fervent faith and fighting prowess – they soon became celebrities, thrilling the popular imagination as valiant champions of Christ, with God undoubtedly on their side. They also attracted rich, powerful backers, including the Pope himself. Only 10 or 12 years after the Order was founded, prominent magnates such as Fulk, Count of Anjou (afterwards fourth Crusader King of Jerusalem) and Thibaud II, a later Comte de Champagne, both became Templars and gifted large sums of money to the Order. Fulk’s contribution alone was 30 pounds of silver a year.

Other, rich revenues together with fine properties were lavished on the Templars by aristocrats and churchmen on a scale that gave the knights a status they had neither sought nor envisaged. They became wealthy, privileged and both politically and diplomatically significant. Eventually, it was reckoned that the Templars owned 900 estates, many of them donated to the Order by new recruits from prominent families, who were not allowed to own personal property. In time, the Order established itself in Britain, Italy, Cyprus, Germany and France, where it owned a total of 870 castles, schools and houses. In addition, the Templars established major castles in the Holy Land – at Jaffa, Acre, Sidon, Safed and elsewhere. But the favours the Templars attracted went beyond the merely material. They were given special papal protection, and a Bull of 1139 issued by Pope Innocent II declared them exempt from any other jurisdiction, whether Church or government. The properties the Templars acquired were tax-free: they did not even have to pay the usual ecclesiastical tithes.

Muslim forces successfully challenged crusader power in the Holy Land, sending crusading zeal into decline.

HONEST MONEY MEN

Possibly the most significant concession Rome made to the Templars was to exempt them from the ban on usury, which had long ago acquired a bad name in the Christian world. This enabled the Order to set up banks and other financial institutions which eventually embraced most of the banking functions common today – current accounts, safe deposits, loans and credit, international money transfers, trustee services, strongholds for keeping secure jewellery, gold or other treasure, and armed guards when it was in transit. The Templars inspired such trust in their honesty and efficiency that several European princes and even some wealthy Muslims allowed them to handle their not insubstantial treasuries.

A Knight Templar in action on horseback, from a fourteenth-century manuscript.

King Philip IV of France seated ‘in majesty’ on his throne, flanked by two lions. Philip was killed when he was mauled by a wild boar during a hunting trip. All three of his sons eventually became kings of France.

Still, the picture was not all glorious. The lavish favours, the special treatment, the mass of wealth and the extraordinary privileges the Templars acquired meant that they were soon regarded as spoiled darlings and were, of course, deeply resented as such. Already, by 1295, when Jacques de Molai became Grand Master of the Order, the Templars were being regularly accused of loving luxury, glorying in wealth and fame, and encouraging the sin of pride, and even arrogance. In 1307, de Molai was personally attacked for failing to emulate the self-denial practised two centuries earlier by Huges de Payens. In the demanding world of Christian piety, these were very serious accusations. What is more, they arose in full force at a time Muslim forces successfully challenged crusader power in the Holy Land, sending crusading zeal into decline. The Muslim forces reoccupied the Crusader kingdoms and other territory in ‘infidel’ hands and, by 1303, had the last Crusaders confined to the tiny island of Arwad, some three kilometres out in the Mediterranean Sea. There was talk in Europe of another crusade, but it failed to arouse sufficient interest.

This medieval manuscript depicts the destruction of the Knights Templar and the death of King Philip IV, who survived martyred Jacques de Molai by only eight months.

DECLINE OF CRUSADERS

This ignominious failure badly damaged the standing of the military orders which had been an integral part of the crusading scene for more than 200 years. It was far worse than simple loss of face. The success and glory, and the certainty that God approved crusader endeavours, had gone as well. Inevitably, to the superstitious mindset of medieval times, their place was filled by fears that the devil and all his works had wormed their subversive way into the Church. In fact, the failure of the Crusades and the decline of crusading gave King Philip IV of France just the opportunity he needed to strike at the two most prestigious institutions of the Christian world: the papacy and the Templars.

Two Knights Templar, tied back to back, are burned for heresy. This was a scene which occurred in several parts of France, and was normally attended by large crowds.

TORTURE AS AN INTERROGATION METHOD

Medieval torture had numerous refinements. Prisoners were stretched on the rack, so dislocating their joints. Thumbscrews, toe-screws or foot-crushing boots were used to shatter their bones. Their mouths were forced open so wide that their jaws cracked. Their teeth or fingernails were pulled out. Their legs were immobilized in iron frames and grease spread over the soles of their feet and set on fire. The agony was so intense and the damage so great that the heel bones of one priest, Bernard de Vado, dropped out through his scorched skin. De Vado confessed, but later retracted his confession and gave his flame-blackened heel bones to his inquisitors as a memento.

Torture by burning the feet persisted even beyond the medieval period. In this painting, an Aztec priest is horrifically tortured by Spanish conquistadores, in the early 1520s.

Although many Templars died under torture, still stoutly proclaiming their innocence, de Vado’s brand of impudent courage was not all that common and the confession rate was high. All but four of the 138 Knights Templar interrogated in Paris confessed to the charges against them, perhaps taking their cue from Grand Master de Molai whose arms, legs and testicles were flayed before he gave in and signed. Other high-profile Templars, including Guy de Charnay, Preceptor of Normandy, and Huges de Pairaud also capitulated. De Piraud was in a particularly invidious position, for several of his fellow Templars had named him as the man who led them astray.

THE BEGINNING OF THE END

King Philip’s first target was Pope Boniface VIII, who had declared in 1301, ‘God has set popes over kings and kingdoms.’ This was a direct attack against the growing self-confidence which European monarchs had in their own glory and greatness. In response, Philip sent in the ‘heavy mob’. On 7 September 1303, French troops headed by Guillaume de Nogaret, the king’s chief minister, appeared at the Pope’s private retreat in Agnani, near Rome, and demanded that Boniface resign. When Boniface refused, Nogaret is said to have beaten him up and threatened him with execution, although there appears to be little hard evidence for this. The Pope was released after three days, but never got over the shock. Whatever Nogaret did to him was more than enough for a man of 86 who probably thought his person was sacrosanct. Boniface died a month later, on 11 October 1303.

The Templars, King Philip contended, were not only guilty of blasphemy and homosexuality, but also of cannibalism, infanticide and child abuse, and dabbling in witchcraft and the supernatural.

VICIOUS ASSAULT

Conditions were now ideal for King Philip’s assault on the Knights Templar, and he pulled no punches, couching his accusations, issued on 13 September 1307, in the language of overkill.

‘A bitter thing, a lamentable thing, a thing which is horrible to contemplate, terrible to hear of, a detestable crime, an execrable evil,’ was how the King described the ‘abominable work’ of the Templars, whom he claimed surpassed ‘unreasoning beasts in their astonishing bestiality (and) exposed themselves to all the supremely abominable cries which even the sensuality of unreasoning beasts abhors and avoids’.

This statement,