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    Field Guide to the Weather: Learn to Identify Clouds and Storms, Forecast the Weather, and Stay Safe
    Field Guide to the Weather: Learn to Identify Clouds and Storms, Forecast the Weather, and Stay Safe
    Field Guide to the Weather: Learn to Identify Clouds and Storms, Forecast the Weather, and Stay Safe
    Ebook243 pages1 hour

    Field Guide to the Weather: Learn to Identify Clouds and Storms, Forecast the Weather, and Stay Safe

    By Ryan Henning

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    About this ebook

    Your Guide to Watching Clouds and Understanding the Weather

    From the soothing sound of rain to the shrill whistle of a blizzard, from the house-shaking rumble of thunder to the violent fury of a hurricane, weather is a fascinating part of our lives. We watch it. We listen to it. We feel it. We try to predict it. But how well do we truly understand it?

    Professional meteorologist Ryan Henning presents Field Guide to the Weather, a handy reference to meteorology and to the types of weather phenomena that one might encounter at home or in nature. It includes a simple introduction to the basics of meteorology—explaining the aspects of the atmosphere that dictate how weather works. From there, the field guide looks at a variety of individual weather topics: cloud formation (and cloud-type identification), various forms of precipitation, and much more. The author goes on to discuss government-issued watches and warnings, and weather safety. Plus, readers are sure to appreciate the book’s helpful guide to interpreting weather forecasts and available model information when planning an afternoon picnic or next week’s vacation.

    Field Guide to the Weather is a perfect introduction to the science of weather. The information is captivating for kids and adults alike. The simple explanations are useful in easing the mind of a frightened child, and the in-depth details help adults learn to understand and prepare for the weather ahead.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAdventure Publications
    Release dateJun 25, 2019
    ISBN9781591938255
    Field Guide to the Weather: Learn to Identify Clouds and Storms, Forecast the Weather, and Stay Safe

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      Book preview

      Field Guide to the Weather - Ryan Henning

      Introduction

      I grew up in the Twin Cities area, with every facet of weather anyone could be exposed to—severe storms in the summer, blizzards in the winter, and all those sunny days in between. Most meteorologists enter the field because some major weather event piqued an interest that blossomed to a full-fledged passion, but for me, it was the maps that drew me in. I grew up as a map kid, fascinated by radar, satellite, forecast fronts, and model guidances." Tracking where the weather was headed was endlessly captivating.

      I went to Purdue University and got a degree in synoptic meteorology, which deals with predicting large-scale systems (e.g., fronts and predicting high and low pressure systems). I also received a minor in communication, because, in addition to following the weather, I really enjoy the idea of telling everyone about it.

      My father worked in the aviation industry, and I followed him there, working in the aviation industry for nearly a decade. During that time, I found that communicating about weather and meteorology had a deeper calling for me, so I started a website, Victoria-Weather.com, named after my hometown of Victoria, Minnesota, in which I could break down the weather and forecasts for anyone who was interested.

      The thing about the weather is that it impacts everyone on a daily basis, from your kids’ wait for the school bus to the price of your electricity, but, unless you are really interested in meteorology, its terminology and methods aren’t intuitive or easy to understand. With my science background and my stated goal from my youth of wanting to tell everyone about the weather, writing this field guide became an immensely appealing idea.

      I hope this guide helps you begin to understand meteorology and the weather. If I’m lucky, perhaps you will find something that piques your interest, like it did for me so many years ago.

      METEOROLOGY AND THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF WEATHER

      To understand the various phenomena you might see or experience when out in nature, it is important to understand the processes that bring those about. Where do you get rain? From clouds, of course. But how do you get clouds? Atmospheric updrafts are one way. And how are those caused? Sometimes by cold fronts, which are caused by cyclones, which are enhanced by the jet stream, which in turn is a process with roots in the revolution of Earth and its orbit around the sun, dictated by the rules of physics. That seems like a good place to start. In this first section, we’ll try to narrow things down so we can really sink our teeth into those phenomena—and how they might affect us every day.

      What Is Meteorology?

      NOAA/GOES EAST, taken January 24, 2019

      Defined simply, meteorology is the study of the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere. To a meteorologist, it is a bit more complicated than that. While most people are interested in the day’s forecast, if you want to learn how the weather works, it’s helpful to start with a top-down look from the perspective of a professional meteorologist.

      At its rawest and most basic level, meteorology is one big math problem. The atmosphere is essentially a big basin full of fluids, such as water vapor and gases (which are considered fluids in physics). These fluids follow all the basic rules of physics, so in theory, the daily forecast is a solvable problem, if it weren’t for two issues.

      Too many calculations are required to solve this equation, and the calculations are too complicated to be solved by the world’s fastest computers in time for the forecasts to be usable.

      There are several equations, called primitive equations, that feed into all of the atmospheric models that meteorologists use for their forecasting, but there aren’t enough equations to calculate for the variables in question.

      Fortunately, the science of fluid dynamics is well understood, as are the relationships between all the variables, enabling us to process enough of the calculations to get useful forecasts. What’s more, because we experience the weather every day and see the results of that big system of fluid dynamics, we understand the phenomena that result from these relationships and can explain how they come about.

      That’s what meteorology is, in its essence. It’s a riddle that is mostly solvable, and any forecast or definition you see—and even this book—is going to be, in its own way, a piece of the overall puzzle.

      Planetary Motion

      The atmosphere is a whirling mix of gases and water vapor, and it stays active thanks to a combination of the planet’s motion, its tilted axis, and its orbit around the sun. Without those factors, the atmosphere would remain sitting still on the Earth’s surface, almost like a big lake. Our atmosphere is ever-moving because the Earth itself is constantly in motion; the sun warms a new part of the planet every second.

      Earth’s Axis and the Seasons

      The progression of the seasons

      Any study of the weather begins with Earth’s orbit and the planet’s tilt on its axis. It takes Earth about 365.25 days to orbit the sun; it takes the Earth 24 hours—one day—to rotate on its axis. (The calendar year is rounded down to 365 days, and every four years, we have a leap year, to make up for the difference.)

      Earth has seasons because it is tilted 23.5 degrees on its axis. As the Earth orbits the sun over the course of a year, this tilt causes some parts of the Earth to get sunlight more directly in parts of the orbit than it does in others. For example, the northern hemisphere gets more direct sunlight in July and the height of summer than it does in February. We refer to this changing relationship with the sun as the changing of the seasons. There are four astronomical seasons in all: Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. December 21 marks the day that the Southern Hemisphere is angled most directly at the sun, while June 21 says the same about the Northern Hemisphere. March 21 and September 21 are the days in which night and day are nearly the same length for all latitudes. (These dates are approximate, and can change by about 24 hours in either direction.)

      Meteorological Seasons vs. Astronomical Seasons

      When it comes to seasons, meteorologists refer to slightly different dates than the astronomical dates listed above. They do so not only for ease of record keeping, but also because they correspond more accurately with when we experience each season’s weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, meteorological winter begins on December 1, spring on March 1, summer on June 1, and autumn on September 1.

      The Tropics (the area between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn) don’t see a substantial change of daylight hours from month to month. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are the farthest north and south that the sun can shine directly overhead. Because they see so much direct sunlight every day, there isn’t an opportunity for temperatures ever to cool enough in order to welcome the winter.

      In general, seasonal variability changes with latitude. The higher the latitude, the more drastic the changes in season. This occurs because there are more drastic changes in direct sunlight.

      Changing Amounts of Daylight

      The Earth’s tilted axis also means that the amount of daylight that a given locale receives varies not only by season, but also by latitude. Areas closest to the poles see the most profound differences in each season, whereas areas close to the equator have far less pronounced differences, thanks to the relatively steady amount of light and heat they receive from the sun. The most extreme example of this occurs within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are located at 66.5 degrees latitude (north and south, respectively); each circle encompasses 23.5 degrees of latitude—not coincidentally, the Earth’s axis is titled at the same angle. It’s because of that tilt that the far north and the far south experience polar winters and polar summers.

      During winter in the Arctic Circle, the general

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