Teach Yourself Accents: North America: A Handbook for Young Actors and Speakers

Copyright © 2013 by Robert Blumenfeld

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, without written permission, except by a newspaper or magazine reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review.

Published in 2013 by Limelight Editions

An Imprint of Hal Leonard Corporation

7777 West Bluemound Road

Milwaukee, WI 53213

Trade Book Division Editorial Offices

33 Plymouth St., Montclair, NJ 07042

Printed in the United States of America

Book design by Mark Lerner

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Blumenfeld, Robert.

Teach yourself accents -- North America : a handbook for young actors and speakers / Robert Blumenfeld.

pages cm. -- (Teach yourself accents)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-87910-808-3

1. Acting. 2. English language--Dialects--English-speaking countries--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.

PN2071.F6B483 2013

792'.028--dc23

2013018026

www.limelighteditions.com

With gratitude and inexpressible love to my wonderful, sweet, brilliant parents, Max David Blumenfeld (1911–1994) and Ruth Blumenfeld (b. 1915)

Contents

Acknowledgments

List of Phonetic Symbols Used in This Book

Introduction. Teach Yourself Accents: The Elements

What Is an Accent?

How the Muscles of the Mouth Are Used

Rhythm: Stress Patterns

Music: Intonation Patterns

Phonetics

Vowels, Semi-Vowels, and Diphthongs

Consonants

Some Questions to Ask Yourself

An Exercise for Teaching Yourself Any Accent

1. The General American Accent

Teach Yourself the General American Accent

The Ask List

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accent

Practice Exercises

Monologues

2. Northern U.S. Regional Accents: The Midwest

Teach Yourself Midwestern U.S. Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

3. Southern U.S. Regional Accents

Teach Yourself Southern U.S. Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Teach Yourself the Traditional Accent of Charleston, South Carolina

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accent

Practice Exercises

Monologues

4. African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) Accents

Teach Yourself AAVE Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

5. Caribbean Islands Accents

Teach Yourself Caribbean Islands Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

6. Hispanic Accents

Teach Yourself Hispanic Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

7. Some Urban Accents: New Orleans, Chicago, Boston, New York

Teach Yourself New Orleans Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

A Monologue and a Scene for Two

Teach Yourself Chicago Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

Teach Yourself Boston Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

Teach Yourself New York City Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

8. Canadian Accents: English, French

Teach Yourself Canadian English Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

Monologues

Teach Yourself Canadian French Accents

Intonation and Stress: The Music and Rhythm of the Accents

Practice Exercises

A Scene for Three and a Monologue

Selected Bibliography

About the Author

Audio Tracks of Practice Exercises

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my many language teachers at Princeton High School and at Rutgers and Columbia Universities. I extend thanks, also, to the staff of the Stella Adler Conservatory; to Mr. Albert Schoemann, Ms. Pamela Hare, and Mr. Mark Zeller at the once-flourishing National Shakespeare Conservatory; and to my students at both those schools. Very special thanks are due to my wonderful friend Mr. Christopher Buck for his love and support, always. I want to express my thanks and gratitude to my friend Mr. Derek Tague for his special contribution in lending me rare books on accents; and to Bryan Trenis for information on Southern accents. I would also like to thank my very dear and beloved friends for their unfailing love and support over the many years we have known one another: Mr. Albert S. Bennett; Mr. Gannon McHale, distinguished actor; Tom and Virginia Smith; Peter Subers and Rob Bauer; Kieran Mulcare and Daniel Vosovic; Michael Mendiola and Scot Anderson; James Mills; and my family: Nina Koenigsberg, my cousins’ cousin; my brother Donald Blumenfeld-Jones, my sister-in-law Kathryn Corbeau Blumenfeld-Jones, and their children, Rebecca and Benjamin; my maternal aunt Mrs. Bertha Friedman (1913–2001), and my cousin, her daughter Marjorie Loewer; my maternal uncle, Seymour Sy Korn (1920–2010); my paternal cousin, Jonathan Blumenfeld; and my wonderful maternal grandparents from Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Morris Korn (1886–1979) and Harriet Korn (1886–1980). I owe a great debt to the authors of the books listed in the Selected Bibliography, without whose work this book would have been impossible.

I especially want to thank Lon Davis, whose wonderful copy editing of my manuscript has been invaluable; my indefatigable editor, Ms. Jessica Burr, whose dedication and hard work have been wonderful; and my publisher, Mr. John Cerullo, always an encouraging and forthright friend. Special thanks are due to Mr. Mel Zerman (1931–2010), founder and publisher of Limelight Editions, who was not only very helpful throughout the process of getting my first book, Accents: A Manual for Actors, published by Limelight in 1998, but was also a kind, charming, and erudite man, one who is greatly missed.

List of Phonetic Symbols Used in This Book

Vowels and Semi-Vowels

ah: like a in father

a: like a in that

aw: like aw in law

ee: like ee in meet

e: like e in met

é: a pure vowel similar to the diphthong ay; heard in French; lips close together

ih: like i in bit

ih: a vowel intermediate between /ih/ and /ee/, pronounced with the mouth closed more than for /ih/ and open wider than for /ee/; used in some Hispanic accents in English, where /ih/ does not exist

o: like o in not

o: like o in work

oo: like oo in book; spelled u in pull

ooh: like oo in boot

u: like the u in but

ü: the German umlauted u and the French vowel spelled u in French; pronounced by saying /ee/ with the lips well protruded, as for /ooh/; heard in some Scottish pronunciations

uh: the schwa; the sound of e in the before a consonant: the story

y: the semi-vowel spelled y in yes

w: the semi-vowel spelled w in wear and we and o in one

Diphthongs

ay: the diphthong composed of /e/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong, and /ee/; spelled ay in say

I: the diphthong composed of /ah/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong, and /ee/; spelled i in fight

oh: the diphthong composed of /u/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong, and /ooh/ in American English; of the schwa /uh/ and /ooh/ in British English; spelled o in home

ow: the diphthong composed of /a/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong, and /ooh/; spelled ow in how and ou in house

oy: the diphthong composed of /aw/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong, and /ee/; spelled oy in boy

yooh: the diphthong composed of the semi-vowel /y/ and the vowel /ooh/, which is the stressed half of the diphthong; spelled you. This diphthong is the name of the letter u in the English alphabet.

Consonants

The consonants /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/ as in get, /k/, /h/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /v/, and /z/ have the standard phonetic values of General American English or British RP. The following additional symbols are used:

ch: like ch in church; a combination of the sounds /t/ and /sh/

j: like dg in edge or j in just

kh: like ch in Scottish loch; a guttural consonant in Arabic, Hebrew, Yiddish, and German

ng: like ng in thing

nk: like nk in think

sh: like sh in show

th: voiced, as in this

th: voiceless, as in thing

ts: like ts in sets

zh: like s in measure, pleasure

?: glottal stop, which replaces the sound of /t/ in certain words in some accents

Pronunciations are enclosed in forward slash marks: / /.

Stressed syllables in pronunciations are in capital letters.

Introduction

Teach Yourself Accents: The Elements

What Is an Accent?

An accent is a systematic pattern of pronunciation: the prototypical, inseparable combination of sounds, rhythm, and intonation with which a language is spoken. Nearly everyone who grows up in a specific region and social milieu pronounces the language in a similar way, so we can usually tell from someone’s accent where that person is from, and to what socioeconomic class an individual belongs.

In show business, we use the words accent and dialect interchangeably, as in the title dialect coach for someone who teaches accents to actors, but, technically, they are not the same thing. A dialect is a complete version or variety of a language, with its grammar and vocabulary, as well as the particular accent or accents with which it is spoken.

Like every language, English has its dialects, including those known as Standard British English and Standard American English. Although mutually comprehensible, these dialects are dissimilar in many ways: An English person is meant to do something; an American is supposed to do it. In London, people live in flats; in New York, they live in apartments. An English person who wants to visit you may knock you up, but don’t say that to an American! As George Bernard Shaw quipped, England and America are two countries separated by a common language. Then there are Standard Scottish English (SSE), Australian English (AusE), and many other varieties, each with its own accents, idioms, and colorful slang. In Sydney, if you’re thirsty, you might want to whip over on the knocker (immediately) to the bottle-shop (liquor store) for some cold tinnies of amber (beer). But in Glasgow you would go to an offie, a shortening of the U.K. term off license, a store where you buy alcoholic beverages to be consumed off the premises. Go get a carry-out before the offie shuts!

There are two kinds of accents: those native to a language, and foreign accents, used by people with a different mother tongue who have learned a language. The two principal standard native accents of English—markedly different from each other—are known as British RP (Received Pronunciation), the accent with which Standard British English is spoken; and General American, the most widely used accent of Standard American English.

The muscular habits you have learned automatically and unconsciously—the way you form and utter sounds using the lips, tongue, and resonating chamber that is the inside of the mouth—are so ingrained that it is often difficult to learn the new muscular habits required when you learn another language. Sounds that are similar in the new language to the sounds you already know are, therefore, formed using the old habits. And there are always sounds in the new language that do not exist in the old, and that some people have great difficulty learning to pronounce correctly, such as the /th / th/ sounds of English. These are two of the factors that account for the existence of a foreign accent, easily heard as foreign by native speakers. There are also people who learn to speak English or any other language with virtually no discernible foreign accent.

If you are going to do a foreign accent, it’s essential to learn some of the language. You will then have a feeling for the muscular habits, for how the lips and tongue are positioned and used during speech.