The New Passover: Rethinking the Lord’s Supper for Today

THE NEW PASSOVER

Rethinking the Lord’s Supper for Today

Nigel Scotland

THE NEW PASSOVER

Rethinking the Lord’s Supper for Today

Copyright © 2016 Nigel Scotland. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.

Cascade Books

An Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers

199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3

Eugene, OR 97401

www.wipfandstock.com

paperback isbn: 978-1-4982-1813-9

hardcover isbn: 978-1-4982-1815-3

ebook isbn: 978-1-4982-1814-6

Cataloguing-in-Publication data:

Scotland, Nigel.

The new passover : rethinking the Lord’s Supper for today / Nigel Scotland.

Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: isbn 978-1-4982-1813-9 (paperback) | isbn 978-1-4982-1815-3 (hardcover) | isbn 978-1-4982-1814-6 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: 1. Lord’s Supper. | 2. Early works. | 3. Passover.

Classification: BV825.5 S4 2016 | BV825.5 (ebook)

Manufactured in the USA.

For my lovely wife Anne, who shares the views expressed in this book.

Table of Contents

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1: A Passover-Style Meal

Chapter 2: An Agape Evening Meal

Chapter 3: A Meal of Ordinary Bread and Ordinary Wine

Chapter 4: A Fellowship Meal

Chapter 5: A Home-Based Meal

Chapter 6: A Meal for Believers

Chapter 7: A Sacramental Meal

Chapter 8: A Meal for Remembrance

Chapter 9: A Celebration Meal

Chapter 10: A Sit-Down Meal

Chapter 11: A Thanksgiving Meal

Chapter 12: Healthy Eating and Drinking

Chapter 13: Celebrating the New Passover

Bibliography

Preface

Earlier this year when my wife and I were on holiday in Europe, we attended the local English church for Sunday morning worship. The service was Holy Communion. It was one of the most gloomy and sad experiences we could remember. We were greeted by the chaplain who informed us that it was Low Sunday—Anglican speak for the Sunday after Easter Day. We were also told that the church was very short of money and that if we were British tax payers it would be helpful if we could sign a tax declaration form that would enable them to claim a rebate on what we put in the offertory. These were brought round during the singing of the first hymn! After some readings a sermon followed on Doubting Thomas and all the many things in the contemporary world that cause us to doubt God. Then came a rapid and perfunctory gallop through the liturgy of Common Worship, which reached a climax when the priest held up and broke a large wafer during which a small and very tinny sounding bell was rung. The host was then held aloft so that we could all gaze upon it. The congregation then queued in lines and a circlet of what looked like rice paper was thrust into our mouths or hands as we knelt at the Communion rail. The chaplain was followed by a tall lay assistant clad in a long white robe who had to stoop down and then do his best to push the Communion cup into our mouths. No wine actually reached my wife and I suspect the same was true for some of the others. After the final hymn we were ushered out into the hot sunshine without so much as Thank you for coming, never mind a cold glass of white wine or even some cool fruit juice.

As we walked away we both thought is it any wonder, as Richard Dawkins has pointed out, that there is a loss of respect for religion in the Western world. It’s this kind of mind-numbing, dull, esoteric ritual that challenges me because it seems so far from the Last Supper meal that Jesus instituted and shared with his disciples. It also underlined something I have known for a long time, and that is churches with this kind of Eucharist as their main Sunday worship are by and large not growing churches. This of course should not surprise us since Jesus never intended that his Supper should be for large numbers of people, many of whom are uncommitted or nominal Christian people.

This book contends that the Lord’s Supper should be kept with ordinary bread and wine Passover style: that is, in the context of a celebration evening meal or shared food, in Christian households and in small groups. It is a great and vital source of spiritual strength that comes as Christian brothers and sisters eat and drink together in fellowship, remembrance, and thanksgiving. My hope is that as you read on you will be persuaded that the ways in which the great majority of contemporary churches keep the Lord’s Supper need some radical and serious rethinking!

List of Abbreviations

Books of the Old and New Testaments

Note: All biblical quotations are taken from the NIV version.

Acts Acts of the Apostles

Chr Chronicles

Cor Corinthians

Deut Deuteronomy

Eph Ephesians

Exod Exodus

Gen Genesis

Heb Hebrews

John John

Jude Jude

Luke Luke

Mark Mark

Matt Matthew

Neh Nehemiah

Pet Peter

Phil Philippians

Ps(s) Psalm(s)

Rev Revelation

Thess Thessalonians

Tim Timothy

Tractates of the Talmud

Pes. Pesaḥim

1

A Passover-Style Meal

The middle years of the sixteenth century saw the Roman Counter Reformation reach a zenith point during the papacy of Paul IV, who took office in 1555 . The central aspect of the Western church’s worship and spirituality at this point in time was the Mass. At the heart of this sacrament stood the priest, whose consecration prayer—which included the recitation of Jesus’ words of institution at the Last Supper, the laying of his hands over the bread and wine, and an invocation of the Holy Spirit—was believed to change the elements into the very body and blood of Christ. These he then offered up at the altar, not as a remembrance of Christ’s death but as the very body and blood of Christ for the sins of the living and the dead. This miracle of the Mass was depicted by Raphael in his celebrated painting entitled The Dispute over the Holy Sacrament , which he completed in 1509 . In reality, as it has often been pointed out, the painting is really about the adoration of the sacrament. This fact is made obvious by the monstrance, a small glass-fronted container that holds the reserved sacrament and stands in the center of the altar.

However, not all sixteenth-century painters of the period were quite as focused on the Roman Mass as Raphael. For example, Jacopo Bassano (1510–1592) in his painting of 1542 depicted the Last Supper as a rustic Passover-style meal. Bassano portrayed the disciples as barefooted rugged fishermen and tax collectors. On the table is the remains of the Passover lamb and the disciples are almost asleep and look as though they have had plenty to drink. Theophanes the Cretan (d.1559) went considerably further in his painting of the Last Supper that hangs in the refectory of the monastery at Stavronika. Completed in 1546, he also portrayed the Last Supper as a Passover. Each disciple has their own drinking vessel as they would have done at a first-century Passover Seder and on the table there are various Passover ingredients including the bitter herbs.

These paintings help us to recognize that the way in which contemporary Christian churches understand and practice the Lord’s Supper is a long way removed from the simple Passover meal or, according to some scholars, a Passover-style meal or Jewish meal at Passover time that Jesus shared with his disciples in the Upper Room. From a simple meal around a domestic table the Lord’s Supper developed over time into a lengthy theological and esoteric ritual in which bread and wine were and are believed to be transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ. It’s still called the Lord’s Supper in many sections of the church but there is no longer any meal and little time for what should be the key ingredients of joyful celebration, remembrance, and fellowship. It is the purpose of this book that in view of these developments Christian people and churches need to have a radical rethinking of the Lord’s Supper for today.

This first chapter examines the Passover context of the Last Supper and the Passover ethos of the early Christian Lord’s Supper. In doing so it will be apparent that the ways in which many contemporary churches practice the Lord’s Supper has moved a long way from the meal Jesus shared with his disciples in the Upper Room and which he intended to be the pattern for his subsequent followers.

The Passover in the Old Testament

The Passover was the ritual which the people of Israel were instructed to carry out so that the Lord could spare or pass over their lives while at the same time destroying those Egyptians who were holding them captive in slavery. The Passover meal or Feast of Unleavened Bread is the annual ceremony that God commanded his people to keep in memory of this dramatic escape from bondage.

Escape from Egypt

In the book of Exodus, 12:1–13, 21–27, and 43–49 recounts what most scholars take to be Moses’s account of the Passover. The word Passover is the English translation of the Hebrew pesah, which can also mean to spare. The Passover took place in the month when the grain was ripening and which later came to be called Nisan. It was then made the first month of the Jewish year.¹ On the tenth day of the month Moses and Aaron were instructed to tell the whole company of Israel to take a lamb each for his family. If any household was too small for a whole lamb they were to share it with their nearest neighbor. The animals that were chosen had to be year-old males without any defect. They were to be cared for until the fourteenth day of the month, at which point the whole community was to slaughter them at twilight. This having been done, each family was to take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the basin, and put some of the blood on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they were to eat the lambs. They were to eat the meat roasted over the fire together with bitter herbs and bread made without yeast. They were not to eat it raw or cooked with water but to roast it over the fire including the head, legs, and inner parts. Nothing was to be left over till the following morning. All the leftovers were to be burnt. They were to eat it in haste, which was why the bread was to be unleavened. No one was to leave the house until morning.

The blood on the door posts was the sign to the Lord to pass over when at midnight he struck down all the firstborn of Egypt from the house of Pharaoh to the prisoner who was in the dungeon. When this took place Pharaoh and all of his officials got up in the night amid loud wailing from every quarter and summoned Moses and Aaron to get up and leave the land as quickly as possible, taking their flocks and herds with them. So the Israelites moved rapidly, taking their dough with them before the yeast was added, carrying it on their shoulders in kneading troughs wrapped in clothing.

The Passover Meal

Following the Israelites’ escape from Pharaoh there are a number of Old Testament references to subsequent Passover celebrations. In Numbers 9:1–14 there is an account of the feast being kept in the desert of Sinai on the fourteenth day of the first month of the second year after the Exodus. Following the ceremony Moses petitioned the Lord regarding those who had not been able to take part on account of uncleanness through having come into contact with dead bodies. He was instructed to organize a second Passover on the fourteenth day of the second month for any such people and for those who had been away on a journey. The regulations for these second Passovers were to be the same including the instructions for the aliens and the native born.

In Joshua 5 there is a reference to the Israelites celebrating the Passover at Gilgal on the plains of Jericho. It was evidently a significant moment, for on the day following they ate some of the produce of the land, unleavened bread and roasted grain. The second book of Chronicles has a detailed account of the way in which the good King Josiah brought about a renewed commitment to the Passover celebrations in the eighteenth year of his reign. The people were instructed to prepare themselves for the feast in families in their respective divisions. Then, from his own resources, he provided 30,000 sheep and goats for all the households. The lambs were slaughtered and skinned by the priests and Levites, and then collected by each household and taken away to be roasted. The Chronicler noted that the Passover had not been kept in such a dedicated manner since the time of the prophet Samuel.² In the prophecy of Ezekiel 45:21–25 there is a brief reference to the Passover, which stated that the prince was required to play a public role on each of the seven days of the feast in providing seven bulls and seven rams without defect as burnt offerings to the Lord, a male goat for a sin offering and grain offerings to accompany each of the animal sacrifices.

It should be noted that by the time of Jesus’ ministry a number of other developments had taken place in the Passover meal. Among them were the drinking of four cups of red wine and the eating of the harosheth, a mixture of figs, nuts, dates, pomegranates, apples, almonds, cinnamon, and ginger. When these were mixed together they produce a clayish-colored source that reminded those at the meal of how their ancestors had to make bricks in Egypt. The crushed cinnamon bark reminded them of the straw that had to be mixed with the clay.³ The sop which the Lord gave to Judas was probably harosheth. It is generally believed that the four cups of wine were introduced into the Passover Seder at some point during the period of Roman rule. It was a frequent custom for Roman citizens to drink cups of wine at festive and celebratory occasions, and this may well have impacted the Jews, who felt they had more genuine reasons to celebrate. Add to this the fact that the Old Testament was clear that wine made glad the heart of man and that the rabbis asserted that without wine there could be no celebration.

The View that the Last Supper was a Passover Meal

Possibly within a short space of time some developments took place in the way the Passover meal was kept by the Israelites. The regulations in Deuteronomy 16:1–8 show a number of differences from the Exodus narrative. These should not be seen as contradictions, but simply represent obvious developments as the ceremony changed in purpose from being one which produced deliverance to one which remembered that deliverance. The emphasis on the blood has disappeared. There seems to have been a greater choice in the animal chosen for the meal, which could be taken from either the flock or herd.⁴ The unleavened bread is called in Deuteronomy the bread of affliction and appears to focus the thoughts of the participants so that all the days of your life you may remember the time of your departure from Egypt.⁵

It seems clear that Jesus intended that his disciples and all his subsequent followers should understand and treat the Lord’s Supper in the same or very similar ways that they understood and kept the Jewish Passover. In the first place, Jesus called the Last Supper a Passover. Luke 22 records that he told his disciples, I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.⁶ The Last Supper can only have been held on the evening of 14th Nisan, as Mark 14:12 indicated, since only on that day would the Passover lambs have been slaughtered in the temple precincts and made available for that purpose.

Scholars are divided as to whether the Passover ritual as it was kept in New Testament times is preserved in the Passover or Pesaḥim tractate of the Mishnah, a collection of ancient Jewish traditions, which were compiled by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi (c. 135–c. 217) between AD 180–220. The Mishnah, it should be noted, describes the celebration of the Passover as it was kept in the years after AD 70, at which time there were some changes, including the fact that it was no longer celebrated by the whole nation within the city of Jerusalem but in individual homes where the people lived.

The Last Supper meal did however take place in Jerusalem and the disciples would then have collected their lamb from the temple area and taken it to the Upper Room. At this time the Passover had to be eaten within the gates of Jerusalem and at night. This accords with the accounts in John 13:30 that it was night and 1 Corinthians 11:23 that "the Lord Jesus on the night he was betrayed took bread." The Passover, as has been noted above, began at sunset and lasted into the night.⁷

According to Matthew 26:20 and Mark 14:17 Jesus celebrated the Last Supper with his twelve disciples. This, according to the Mishnah, represented the average ideal number as it was assumed that a one-year-old lamb would provide enough food for about ten people.⁸ The Passover normally included women and children⁹ and there are many detailed instructions recounted in the Mishnah and elsewhere about keeping the children awake for the Passover meal.¹⁰ Significantly, Jeremias pointed out that, it is not possible to assume from the Last Supper narratives that the women mentioned in Mark 15:40, and Luke 23:49 and 55, were excluded.¹¹ It is reasonable, he suggested, that one or two of them could have reclined together at a separate smaller table.

At the time of Jesus’ earthly ministry the ordinary people gathered in the outer court of the Jerusalem temple to slaughter the Passover lambs. The priests stood in two lines and each one held a silver basin in which to catch the blood from the sacrificial animal. The vessel was then passed down to the end of the line where the last priest ceremoniously dowsed the altar with it.¹² While this was being done the people sang the Hallel Psalms 113–18. This accords well with the account in Luke 22:7–8, which states that Jesus and his disciples prepared the Passover on the day of unleavened bread when the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed. The same information is recorded in Matthew 29:17 and Mark 14:12.

Despite there having been some developments with the passing of time the ritual and structure of the Passover remained relatively simple. It is necessary to briefly return to the three core ingredients of the Passover stressed by Rabbi Gamaliel, the teacher of the Apostle Paul, mentioned earlier. He said: "Whoever does not explain three things in the Passover has not fulfilled the duty incumbent on him. The Passover Lamb signified that God ‘passed over’ the blood-sprinkled houses of our fathers in Egypt; the unleavened bread testified that our fathers were delivered out of Egypt (in haste), and the bitter herbs were a reminder that the Egyptians made bitter the lives of our fathers in Egypt."¹³ There are other instructions which deal with the arrangements for the meal. From the time of the evening sacrifice no food was to be eaten until the Paschal Supper, so that all might come to the feast with relish.¹⁴ It is not altogether clear whether at the time of Jesus’ ministry two or as at present three large cakes of unleavened bread were used in the meal. The Mishnah mentions several kinds of vegetables which could be used to represent bitter herbs, namely lettuce, endive, succory, charchavina, and bitter coriander.¹⁵ The bitter herbs appear to have been taken at two points during the meal, once dipped in salt water or vinegar and at a second occasion in a mixture of dates, raisins, and vinegar, though the Mishnah makes it plain that this second dipping is not obligatory.¹⁶ Some of these may possibly have been among the items which Jesus told the disciples to attend to as they prepared the Passover room (Mark 14:12–16).

The Mishnah is manifestly clear that only red wine is to be used and always mixed with water.¹⁷ Each of the four cups were required to contain at least the fourth quarter of a hin, which approximates to one gallon and two pints. There was to be no Aphikomen (after dish) or something akin to dessert after the end of the meal.

All those who took part in the Passover meal were required to be ritually clean in the manner described in Numbers 19:19, The person being cleansed must wash his clothes and bathe with water and that evening he will be clean. The Mishnah gave the following instruction on the matter of cleansing for the Passover meal.

He that mourns his near kindred may, after he has immersed himself, eat the Passover-offering in the evening, but he may not eat [other] Hallowed Things. If a man heard of the death of one of his kindred or caused bones of his dead to be gathered together, he may, after he has immersed himself, eat Hallowed Things. The School of Shammai say: If a man became a proselyte on the day before Passover he may immerse himself and consume the Passover-offering in the evening. And the School of Hillel say: He that separates himself from his uncircumcision is as one that separates himself from a grave.¹⁸

Those who were not clean in this way were to be cut off from the community because they had defiled the sanctuary of the Lord. There is a passing reference to this cleansing in John 11:55. The apostle recorded that when it was almost time for the Jewish Passover, many went up from the country to Jerusalem for their ceremonial cleansing before the Passover. This is the point at which details of Jesus girding himself with a towel and washing the disciples’ feet fits into the Passover narrative. When he came to wash Peter’s feet he refused saying, not just my feet but my hands and my head as well (John 13:9). To this Jesus replied, reminding him that he was already ritually clean [for the Passover meal] since he had had a bath (John 13:10)! It was therefore only necessary at that point that he should have his feet washed in order that he should be visually reminded that he, like the other disciples, was called to