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    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies: SABR Digital Library, #58
    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies: SABR Digital Library, #58
    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies: SABR Digital Library, #58
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    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies: SABR Digital Library, #58

    By Society for American Baseball Research

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    About this ebook

    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies
    provides a look at the first 25 years (1993 through 2017) of the major-league baseball team in
    Denver, the Colorado Rockies. Included are essays on the birth of the Rockies and biographies
    of 24 of the most important players, managers, and club executives as selected by the Rocky
    Mountain chapter of SABR. We added "ballpark bios" of the two fields on the Rockies have
    called home: Mile High Stadium and Coors Field. In addition, 18 memorable and historic games
    are recapped here.
    Including a foreword by beat writer Thomas Harding, who has covered the Rockies since the
    year 2000, and illustrated with over 30 photos from the archives of the Colorado Rockies and
    the National Baseball Hall of Fame, Major League Baseball A Mile High is the perfect addition to
    any Rocky Mountain baseball fan's personal library.
    This book is a production of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). Over three
    dozen SABR members contributed as authors, editors, fact-checkers, and pitched in with ideas
    to shape the book.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherSociety for American Baseball Research
    Release dateApr 30, 2018
    ISBN9781943816767
    Major League Baseball A Mile High: The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies: SABR Digital Library, #58
    Author

    Society for American Baseball Research

    The Society for American Baseball Research is a thirty-five-year-old nonprofit organization whose 7,200 members include university professors; television commentators; baseball journalists; Major League executives; great writers and historians such as Bill James, Andrew Zimbalist, John Thorn, and Alan Schwarz; and former players such as Stan Musial, Larry Dierker, and Jim Bouton. SABR publishes several annuals, including The National Pastime and the Baseball Research Journal, which Sports Illustrated called "a sort of Antioch Review for the diamond set."

    Read more from Society For American Baseball Research

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      Book preview

      Major League Baseball A Mile High - Society for American Baseball Research

      Rockies-cover-1500x2100px

      Edited by Bill Nowlin and Paul T. Parker

      Associate Editors: Len Levin and Carl Riechers

      Society for American Baseball Research, Inc.

      Phoenix, AZ

      SABR logo

      Major League Baseball A Mile High -- The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies

      Edited by Bill Nowlin and Paul T. Parker

      Associate Editors: Len Levin and Carl Riechers

      Front cover photograph:

      Top of the ninth, Game Four of the NLCS, October 15, 2007. Before the NLCS began, Arizona’s Eric Byrnes said in an interview that the Diamondbacks were simply a better team than the Rockies. Colorado had won 14 of their last 15 games, including a tiebreaker with the Padres, then swept the Phillies in the Division Series. They took the first three games from Arizona and completed the sweep in this game, Byrnes lying face down, having made the last out as first baseman Todd Helton exults at the Rockies having — against all odds — coming from fourth place on September 16 to earn a berth in the World Series. Photograph courtesy of John Leyba.

      Photographs courtesy of the Colorado Rockies Baseball Club and the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

      Courtesy of the Colorado Rockies Baseball Club: 8, 27, 31, 71, 76, 80, 89, 94, 108, 118, 123, 128, 140, 160, 179, 180, 194, 251.

      Courtesy of the National Baseball Hall of Fame: 19, 38, 45, 56, 66, 85, 99, 146, 151, 167, 174, 209.

      Copyright © 2018 Society for American Baseball Research, Inc.

      All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

      ISBN 978-1-943816-77-4

      (Ebook ISBN 978-1-943816-76-7)

      Book design: Gilly Rosenthol

      Society for American Baseball Research

      Cronkite School at ASU

      555 N. Central Ave. #416

      Phoenix, AZ 85004

      Phone: (602) 496-1460

      Web: www.sabr.org

      Facebook: Society for American Baseball Research

      Twitter: @SABR

      DETAILED Contents

      Foreword

      By Thomas Harding

      Introduction

      The Birth of the Colorado Rockies Baseball Club

      By Roger L. Kinney

      PLAYERS AND EXECUTIVES

      PEDRO ASTACIO

      By Gregory H. Wolf

      Garrett Atkins

      by Paul Hofmann

      CLINT BARMES

      By Kurt Wells

      DON BAYLOR

      By Malcolm Allen and Alfonso L Tusa C

      DANTE BICHETTE

      By Manny Randhawa

      ELLIS BURKS

      By Robert Brustad

      VINNY CASTILLA

      By Kyle Eaton

      AARON COOK

      By Joy Hackenmueller and Bill Nowlin

      JEFF FRANCIS

      By Alex Marks

      BRIAN FUENTES

      By Ryan Keeler

      Andres Galarraga 

      By Brian Werner

      BOB GEBHARD

      By Paul Parker

      BRAD HAWPE

      By John Paul

      Todd Helton

      By Alan Cohen

      CLINT HURDLE

      By Brian C. Engelhardt

      JASON JENNINGS

      By Michael T. Roberts

      Keli McGregor

      By Alex Marks

      JERRY McMORRIS

      By Bob LeMoine

      The Monforts - Dick and Charlie

      By Roger L. Kinney

      DAN O’DOWD

      By Christopher Williamson

      KEVIN RITZ

      By Chad Moody

      Larry Walker

      By Alan Cohen

      WALT WEISS

      By Ken Reed

      ERIC YOUNG SR.

      By Mike Cooney

      THUMBNAILS OF SOME CURRENT ROCKIES

      by Ed Meserko and Gwen Meserko,

      and Carm Reale

      Nolen Arenado / Charlie Blackmon / Jorge de la Rosa / Dexter Fowler / Carlos Gonzalez / Matt Holliday / Ubaldo Jimenez / Trevor Story / Troy Tulowitzki

      THE BALLPARKS

      MILE HIGH STADIUM

      By Curt Smith

      Coors Field

      By Thomas J. Brown Jr.

      MEMORABLE GAMES

      April 9, 1993: A Rocky Mountain High on Opening Day

      by John Bauer

      April 26, 1995: The Opening of Coors Field and the Birth of the Blake Street Bombers

      by Eriel F. Barcenas

      October 1, 1995: The Most Consequential Comeback

      by John Bauer

      July 7, 1998: Denver Ballpark Hosts Highest Scoring All-Star Game - Ever!

      by Alan Cohen

      June 19, 1999: Rockies’ Todd Helton Hits for the Cycle With Four Lead-off At-bats

      by Mike Huber

      April 10, 2000: Ken Griffey Jr. Youngest Player to Hit 400th Home Run

      by Richard A. Cuicchi

      August 22, 2000: The Winning Pitcher Was the Catcher

      by Paul Hofmann

      August 23, 2001: Jason Jennings Homers, Shuts Out the Mets in Debut Game

      by Joseph Wancho

      April 4, 2005: Rockies Resilient Rookies Lead Comeback

      by Paul Hofmann

      October 1, 2007: Game 163

      by Lauren Cronin

      July 4, 2008: Rockies Out-blast Marlins in Fireworks Night Game

      by Mike Huber

      August 10, 2009: Rockies’ Troy Tulowitzki has 5 for-5, 7-RBI Night as He Hits for the Cycle

      by Mike Huber

      August 24, 2009: Spilborghs’ Walk-Off Slam Boosts Playoffs Drive

      by Jack Zerby

      April 17, 2010: Ubaldo Jimenez’ Big Night

      by Michael T. Roberts

      April 4, 2014: A Record, the Rooftop, and a Rout: Opening Day 2014 at Coors Field

      by John Bauer

      September 15, 2015: Rockies and Dodgers

      Combine for a Record 24 Pitchers, 58 Total Players, in 16-inning Game

      by Mike Huber

      June 18, 2017: Rockies’ Nolan Arenado Completes

      Cycle for the Ages with Walk-off Homer

      by Michael Huber

      August 14, 2017: Chad Bettis Comes Home

      by Bill Nowlin

      2009, Jim Tracy, and the Miracle at 20th & Blake

      by Michael T. Roberts

      Contributors

      Thanks and Acknowledgments

      Foreword

      By Thomas Harding

      We reporters root, just not like the fans. We tell each other that we root for the story so often that the statement is on the border of crossing from truth to cliché. But sometimes we root for something even more trivial. We root for ourselves to make deadline. It’s not that we are machines, and it’s not that we so high and mighty that we can’t share feelings with the fans. It’s a job, and somebody’s gotta do it when the stadium is shaking.

      But writing is often about sharing feelings. When you reach that point, it’s beautiful.

      On October 1, 2007, after shamelessly and selfishly rooting for myself, I took time to feel the Coors Field tremble and just enjoy it.

      I have covered the Colorado Rockies since December 1999, for two seasons with The Gazette in Colorado Springs and since 2002 for MLB.com, when newly hired general manager Dan O’Dowd was frantically trading everyone he could while trying to stop the Rockies’ inevitable decline from success early in their days as an expansion club. By ’07, I had covered exactly one better-than-.500 season — the first.

      In September 2007, it wasn’t so much that the Rockies turned hot while going 12-1 to finish the 162-game schedule and force the October 1 National League Wild Card tiebreaker with the San Diego Padres. It was how it was done. A team worth rooting for and a story worth rooting for became one in the same.

      There were tremendous feats along the way. Matt Holliday’s finish should have earned him NL Most Valuable Player honors and Troy Tulowitzki’s performance should have been worthy of NL Rookie of the Year (baseball writers didn’t deem those good enough for the honors, but many of them still haven’t taken the time to understand baseball in Denver … here’s a book for ya). However, it was the kind of baseball my dad preached and my youth coaches tried to teach. When a runner needed to be moved, it happened. If a fielder got to a ball, it was an out. Runners ran when prudent. Throws went to the right base. Cutoffs and relays were sharp.

      Of course, Game 163 was fraught with wild twists and turns, but somehow you got the feeling it would turn out right for the Rockies. The folks at Coors sure did. After Scott Hairston’s home run in the top of the 13th quieted the house and gave the Padres an 8-6 lead, the fans broke into a wild ovation as the Rockies trudged to the dugout for what turned out to be not their last chance but a new beginning to a wild postseason.

      And the Rockies won the game the right way.

      Tie score, Matt Holliday at third after his triple. Jamey Carroll up against future Hall of Famer Trevor Hoffman. Sure it would have been nice if Carroll had homered and made it all easy. But Carroll did his thing — a fly ball to right fielder Brian Giles. Holliday’s slide into home plate — no matter what Padres fans or stop-action replay says, he was safe — sent the Rockies to the playoffs in fitting fashion, for it was Carroll’s sixth sacrifice fly. Nothing like fundamental baseball.

      But that wasn’t why I pounded my fist and screamed, Yes! as the celebration began. I wish I could say that’s why I let out the cheer. It would have been unprofessional.

      The reason for my elation was simple.

      MLB.com is for the speedy writer. As soon as something happens, fans are refreshing their smartphones and hitting F8 on their browser. They expect detailed, accurate, and readable information right now.

      So, while the Padres were ahead and anticipating a postseason trip and the Rockies fans were trying to will them into a comeback, I quickly completed a story on the Padres winning and advancing to the NL Division Series against the Phillies. (If this book falls into the hands of a San Diego fan, just know this: It was a well-written piece of sports journalism).

      Had Hoffman locked down the save, I was set.

      But the second I turned that story in, I began crafting a story on a Rockies comeback. I can’t say I knew it was going to happen, but A) I had seen this team pull off unexpected feats night after night, and B) I didn’t want to be caught unready should it actually happen. So even before Kazuo Matsui doubled on Hoffman’s 2-2 pitch, I was ready for a Mile High miracle.

      For me, the sound of the crowd faded and I was locked. See Troy Tulowitzki double in Matsui, add to my Rockies win story; save that detail for my Padres win story in case the nothing else happens. See Holliday, who had gone 1-for-5, drive one off the right-field wall, just over the leaping Giles, to tie the game; really get cracking on the comeback story. I’m in tune with the game as I’m dealing with these details, so I know the Padres will walk Todd Helton and I’ll have time.

      Now, even if you’re on a deadline, you don’t cheat and write a detail before it occurs. You don’t want to forget you wrote it and end up with a mistake. But I looked at Carroll in the box, and even before he lifted that first pitch into short right field I could feel my fingers typing sacrifice fly.

      As quickly as it all happened, somehow within seconds of the safe call, I e-mailed in my story. It was my walkoff, and I broke into a little celebration at my spot in the press box.

      At that moment, it hit me: My outburst violated all social press box norms. I looked around and actually announced to a more-veteran reporter, who was staring at me, This is because I made deadline. Not because I’m cheering.

      He looked back, more concerned with his story, and said, I don’t care.

      Fine.

      But at that moment, I stopped myself.

      Suddenly, I could feel the thunder and see the jubilation. It was wilder than I thought. Later I was told total strangers were hugging and kissing. I didn’t smooch anyone. Hey, the curmudgeonly reporter was not an option. But instead of running down to position myself for interviews during the celebration, I simply stopped, took a deep breath and sat, and just took in the moment. Maybe at some point, there will be a World Series-clinching moment. But right then, right there, this was as good as it could get. Players were all over the field, grasping their heads in disbelief. Holliday, after colliding with Padres catcher Michael Barrett’s shin guards, was dazed, with head athletic trainer Keith Dugger making sure he was OK — and possibly telling him he’s going to the playoffs.

      The story I was rooting for, and the fact I met deadline, faded. I took the time to forget all that, take in the jubilation, hear the crowd’s roar — which was louder than the fireworks set off beyond the right-field wall.

      Elsewhere, the moment is remembered for the controversy over whether Holliday actually touched the plate. If anything, that’s what makes Holliday’s daring slide a fitting Rockies moment.

      This book is full of great performers and performances that might have gone unseen by a national audience, largely because the Rockies play in a time zone that usually isn’t even acknowledged when networks announce their schedules. So many of the bios of stars contained here have references to players being discredited for playing at Coors Field, even though many of the discrediting media members haven’t truly assessed the effects of playing at 5,280 feet. That’s partly because even the mathematicians and stat analysts often leave out factors, or have stopped short of true accuracy.

      Well, that and nationally televised Rockies games have been rare. Catcher Brent Mayne’s pitching win in a crazy extra-innings game against the Atlanta Braves (page 216), Ubaldo Jimenez’s no-hitter at Atlanta (page 235), and Nolan Arenado’s cycle with a walkoff homer against the San Francisco Giants (page 243) were at best brief late highlights on the networks.

      To much of the baseball world, the Rockies winning 21 of 22 games in ’07 was rendered meaningless by the sweep at the hands of the Boston Red Sox in the World Series.

      But that’s fine. We’re used to it, and it doesn’t dissuade us. The Rockies fans who willed a team to Denver when many believed the market was too small and the time zone was too hard to remember have these many moments that can’t be taken away.

      And, like that glorious October night, I will continue to take a few moments from deadlines to enjoy them with you.

      When you need to remember, Major League Baseball A Mile High — The First Quarter-Century of the Colorado Rockies will be here for you.

      —February 2018

      Major League Baseball A Mile High — The First Quarter Century of the Colorado Rockies

      Although the history of the Colorado Rockies is only 25 years old at this writing, the game’s presence in Colorado and Denver’s long pursuit of a major-league baseball franchise stretches back considerably longer.

      Most local historians agree the first mention of Base Ball appeared as an advertisement in the Rocky Mountain News in 1862. This was only four years after the discovery of gold in the Rocky Mountains, when Denver was a small settlement along the banks of the South Platte River, containing as many teepees of the Arapahoe and Sioux tribes as wooden structures built by white settlers migrating from the East and Midwest in pursuit of metallic riches.

      The advertisement called for interested parties to assemble by the river on a Sunday afternoon for the purpose of participating in the first organized game of ball in the area. It was not long before base ball was flourishing in mining towns throughout the Colorado Territory.

      Statehood arrived in 1876, and by 1886 the first openly professional baseball team was representing Denver in intercity competitions. That Denver team was first referred to as the Bears during the 1900 season, and they competed in various configurations of the Western League during much of the first half of the twentieth century.

      Due to socioeconomic factors influenced by the Great Depression and World War II, professional baseball took a hiatus from Denver from 1933 until 1947. The Denver Bears returned to action in 1948 and that summer moved into their new home, Bears Stadium, which was later renamed Mile High Stadium.

      Colorado’s first flirtation with major-league baseball came in 1959, when Branch Rickey and others explored the possibility of creating the Continental League, a new major league to challenge the long established American and National Leagues. Denver was used as a leveraged pawn in the ultimately unsuccessful effort to launch the new league.

      The 1960s and 1970s saw Denver become one of the stronger-Triple-A markets in America, often drawing attendance in major-league-like numbers.

      Another big-league tease for Denver unfolded after the 1977 season. The unconventional and often controversial owner of the Oakland Athletics, Charles O. Finley, decided to sell the A’s to Denver oil billionaire Marvin Davis. A deal was struck, and everything was in place to move the Athletics to Denver and begin play there in 1978 … until Finley changed his mind and made an eleventh-hour pullout on the agreement. The Denver major-league bride was left standing at the altar.

      There were other proposals involving the Chicago White Sox and San Francisco Giants using Denver as a bargaining chip to win better stadium deals in those cities, but none came as close to fruition as the Oakland experience.

      Baseball had gone through a series of labor conflicts throughout the years, and the National League declared it would turn its attention to expansion following a labor peace accord in 1990. Just before Christmas of 1990 the six finalist cities for two National League expansion franchises were announced: Miami, Tampa Bay/St. Petersburg, and Orlando in Florida, plus Washington, Buffalo, and Denver.

      On July 5, 1991, Denver’s major-league dream was finally and officially fulfilled. The other new team was awarded to Miami.

      This book endeavors to pursue an in-depth exploration of the first quarter-century of that major-league team in Denver, the Colorado Rockies. Included in that exploration are biographies of 24 of the most important players, managers, and club executives as selected by a panel of members of the Rocky Mountain chapter of SABR. In addition, 18 memorable and historic games were chosen for detailed examination.

      We hope this presentation provides the readers, both the casual Rockies fans and the more serious baseball historians among us, with insightful knowledge of the first 25 years of Rockies history, as well as pleasurable and entertaining reading.

      Paul T. Parker

      Denver, Colorado

      Birth of the Colorado Rockies Baseball Club

      By Roger L. Kinney

      The year 1959 was a good one —

      a very important year for baseball in Colorado. It was the first time a formidable, well-assembled plan was presented for bringing major-league baseball to Denver.

      During the late ’50s, the Denver Bears were the Triple-A farm team of the New York Yankees. The team was loaded with future major-leaguers including Bobby Richardson, Tony Kubek, Ryne Duren, Mark Freeman, and Marv Throneberry. Ralph Houk was the manager. Denver fans loved their baseball and they supported the team with record attendance among minor-league cities.

      Denver was emerging as a major transportation hub as well as a leading financial center in the Rocky Mountain area. Enthusiastic fans in the Denver area were eager to welcome and support major-league professional sports. The Denver Broncos began play in the American Football League in 1960 and the fans hoped a major-league baseball team would soon follow.

      Bob Howsam, president of Rocky Mountain Sports, and US Senator Edwin Big Ed Johnson, his father-in-law, created a plan to bring major-league baseball to Colorado. Actually, they began to formulate the plan in the early ’50s while the Howsam family was building a successful leadership team, both on and off the field. They met with Branch Rickey, who agreed that there was a need throughout the country for more major-league teams. While Howsam discussed plans with representatives of other major- and minor-league cities, Senator Johnson met with colleagues and friends in Congress. They made lasting friendships and paved the way for future alliances.

      In 1958, the city of New York lost the Dodgers and Giants when they moved to California. New York Mayor Robert Wagner and Bill Shea formed a committee to attract another team for the city. They were unable to attract an existing franchise to move to New York. Once they considered an expansion team, they joined forces with Howsam and potential candidates from seven other cities for gaining major-league status. Thereafter, with extensive study and faced with rejection from the existing major-league teams, the eight cities gave their support to the formation of a new major league.

      The Continental League was officially organized on July 27, 1959.¹ The original members of the league were: Denver, Houston, New York, Buffalo, Dallas-Fort Worth, Toronto, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Atlanta. The new league appeared to be formidable, especially with some wealthy and determined owners and the abundance of talented players in the minor leagues who were capable of playing at the major-league level. But the announcement of the new league was met with strong opposition from the existing major-league teams. National League and American League owners united in opposition and directed Commissioner Ford Frick to appeal to Congress for support. With a negative vote from the Senate, the new league was derailed and eventually terminated. However, with the threat of the new league, the existing major-league teams responded with a promise that eventually all of the cities from the Continental League would someday have major-league baseball.²

      Denver’s presentation was important because it set the stage. From then on, Denver became a player in the ongoing game whenever a new city was considered for a major-league franchise. Although it took 33 years, Denver became the seventh city of the original Continental League to have major-league baseball when the Colorado Rockies began play in 1993. What happened during those 33 years of knocking on the door and waiting for a team is a fascinating story, filled with great expectations, some sad and disappointing setbacks, and wild jubilation when the team finally arrived.

      The Early Years

      The first recorded game of base ball in Denver was played on April 26, 1862, when the McNeils Side defeated the Hulls Side, 20-7.³ After the Civil War, as settlers moved west, baseball grew in popularity throughout the mining towns, the farming communities, and Denver, the Queen City of the Plains. Common rivalries grew in popularity as baseball outings became the social and family entertainment throughout the summer. George Patsy Tebeau (December 26, 1861- February 4, 1923) and David Rowe (October 9, 1854 - December 9, 1930), who both played major-league baseball, are referred to as the fathers of Colorado baseball.⁴ They were instrumental in developing amateur teams and bringing barnstorming teams to play in Denver. The first professional team was the Denver Browns in 1879 and the first team to play in the Western Baseball League was the Denvers in 1886.⁵

      As Denver’s population increased and the economy grew stronger, youth baseball programs flourished throughout the state. As baseball grew in popularity, there were many sandlot fields and ballparks where the games were played. In Denver, Merchants Park was built in 1922 and provided the site for Denver Post Tournaments and exhibition games involving barnstorming teams. Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig played in Denver in 1927 on a barnstorming tour. Baseball in Denver gradually developed a strong grass-roots following and a reputation as a good baseball town as local players developed and the visiting players, who had favorable experiences in Denver, traveled about the country.

      Professional Baseball

      After World War II, the Western League was reorganized and began play with eight teams: Denver (farm team of the New York Yankees), Pueblo (Brooklyn Dodgers), Omaha (St. Louis Cardinals), Des Moines (Chicago Cubs), Sioux City (New York Giants), and Lincoln (Philadelphia A’s). The country was in a rebuilding period; the success and the fortunes of all the professional baseball teams rested heavily with the ownership of the local minor-league teams.

      The owner of the Denver Bears was a group headed by former Mayor Will Nicholson, his brother Eddie Nicholson, and Colorado financial magnate Charles Boettcher.⁶ In 1948, Bob Howsam and his family purchased the Bears and moved to a new location in central Denver where they built Bears Stadium.⁷ Howsam proved to be a knowledgeable baseball entrepreneur as well as a popular and successful businessman. He made friends and loyal supporters throughout the country, and he never lost his zeal or support for Denver’s bid for a major-league team. After the demise of the Continental League, on May 26, 1961, Howsam sold the Denver Bears to Rocky Mountain Sports, Inc., headed by Gerald and Allan Phipps. Shortly thereafter, Howsam moved to St. Louis and later, to Cincinnati, where he was the general manager of the Cardinals and then the Reds. His teams won four World Series before he returned with his family to Colorado.

      Gerald Jerry Phipps, a legend in his own right, had a genuine love for baseball, the Denver Bears, the Denver Broncos, and his beloved state of Colorado. He hired Jim Burris, former general secretary of the American Association, to be the general manager of the Bears. Burris, a baseball loyalist, became the leader of Denver’s ongoing campaign to attain a major-league team. Whenever an opportunity occurred, he would trumpet the favorable attributes of Colorado for a big-league team. Burris attended major-league baseball meetings every year. While other prospective cities were often represented with elaborate displays and well-organized promotional teams, Denver’s presence was sometimes a lonely affair. Burris, who had a charming sense of humor, used to tell friends that he held the meetings for the Denver delegation in a telephone booth.

      Over time, Denver’s presence began to change, and in 1974, the Denver Chamber of Commerce sent four members, Jim Burris, Larry Varnell, Rex Jennings, and Dale Mitchell (a former player with the Cleveland Indians), to New Orleans with a model of Mile High Stadium (formerly Bears Stadium) and a presentation promoting the attractions of Denver.⁸ For 21 years, Burris continued to carry the torch for Denver at the major-league meetings, often escorting supporting members of the Denver delegation.

      Destination Denver

      In the early 1970s, a formal bid was made to hold the Winter Olympics in Colorado. The International Olympic Committee approved the bid and the Winter Olympics were scheduled to be held in Colorado in 1976. But there was strong opposition to the organizers’ plan. After a heated campaign, the voters rejected the plan and the Colorado Olympics were canceled. (The 1976 Winter Games were instead held in Innsbruck, Austria .)

      The Colorado sports scene was shaken for several years. Some people called it a black eye for the state. Promoters were hesitant to submit bids to attract other sporting events. Some hostelries said tourism suffered with Denver becoming known as an airport city on the way to the mountains. In time, the city rebounded and its desire to attract major sporting events was renewed. Denver Convention and Visitors Bureau president Roger Smith vowed to attract major events, including national conventions and sporting events. This eventually led to a successful vote to finance a new Denver Convention Center. Presidents Rex Jennings and Shelby Harper of the Denver Chamber of Commerce created the Denver Metro Sports Committee. This eventually led to support for the Denver Nuggets of the NBA and for the NBA All-Star Game, which was held in Denver in 1984. This in turn led to the NCAA Final Four basketball tournament. held in Denver in 1990. With these successes and the improving economy, sports fans again set their sights on a major-league baseball franchise.

      High Hopes — Disappointing Results

      When Marvin Davis, a wealthy oil investor, expressed an interest in owning a big-league team and bringing it to Denver, the fans were hopeful for success. There were reports that Davis tried to purchase the Chicago White Sox in 1976 and the Baltimore Orioles in 1977.⁹ Larry Varnell, past president of the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame, became the public spokesman for Davis as he made numerous attempts to purchase a team. Varnell said, One year when I went to the winter (baseball) meetings, Davis said, you find the team, I’ll write the check.¹⁰ In 1985, there were reports that the San Francisco Giants might make a temporary move to Denver to facilitate the construction of a new stadium in San Francisco. There were other rumors involving the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Cleveland Indians, and the Minnesota Twins.

      Perhaps the closest possibility for a sale came in two stages. First, in 1977-78 when Marvin Davis was negotiating with Charlie Finley to move the Oakland A’s to Denver, Varnell reported that the American League owners were agreeable to a sale to Davis if a settlement could be made with the Oakland Coliseum Authority. After extensive negotiations, the parties could not reach a settlement and the sale was canceled. The second proposal come in 1979-80 when an official of the Oakland Coliseum made a public disclosure that the Oakland Coliseum would consider a cash offer to allow Finley to break his lease and sell the team to Davis.¹¹ Rumors circulated that a deal was close to completion. But Marvin Davis denied the rumors and a sale was never completed.

      The Denver Baseball Commission, created by Mayor Federico Pena and led by executive director Steve Katich and City Attorney Steve Kaplan, worked in support of Marvin Davis. To gain fans’ support, the commission held a Baseball Symposium and sponsored exhibition games played by visiting major-league teams. In 1984, the commission hosted a display booth at the winter baseball meetings and distributed a daily newspaper extolling Denver’s worthiness for a major-league team.

      Marvin Davis eventually lost interest in bringing a team to Denver, and the Denver Baseball Commission shifted support to John Dikeou and his family. The Dikeous had purchased the Denver Bears from Gerald and Allan Phipps in 1984 and renamed the team the Zephyrs. A popular Denver native and a successful businessman, Dikeou assembled a strong management team led by Robert Howsam Jr. and Tom Maloney. The team won the Triple-A championship in 1991. The fans responded, and as the Zephyrs prospered, the momentum for a major-league team gained strength. John Dikeou became the likely and assumed new owner of an expansion team.

      Congress and the Commissioner

      In 1985, Peter Ueberroth became commissioner of baseball, succeeding Bowie Kuhn. At that time, baseball owners were dealing with a wide range of financial problems involving the players’ salaries, free agency, and the wide disparity of economic interests among the owners. In l986 Tim Wirth of Colorado was elected to the US Senate. In the spring of 1987, Wirth suggested to Ueberroth that, Major League Baseball and the Senate could talk to each other about expansion.¹² Extolling the attractions of Denver for a new franchise, Wirth continued to attempt to convince Ueberroth that expansion would be good for baseball and the country. Wirth gained support from other members of Congress, and on November 4, 1987, they formed a Senate Task Force on Expansion of Major League Baseball. Their goal was to have six new major-league teams by 2000.¹³

      For the next two years, Wirth and his colleagues made a persistent campaign for expansion. Commissioner Ueberroth resisted any public commitments to expansion and continued to deal primarily with the financial concerns of the major-league owners, the players, and their union. But in the summer of 1988, while announcing that he planned to step down, he indicated that expansion was coming in the not too distant future.¹⁴

      A. Bartlett Giamatti was selected to succeed Ueberroth in the spring of 1989. Giamatti was popular, dedicated, and a forceful advocate for the traditional values associated with the national pastime. In the summer of 1989, at the owners’ quarterly meeting, they agreed to expand by two teams in the National League.¹⁵ Giamatti died of a heart attack on September 1, 1989, just five months after becoming commissioner. Fay Vincent succeeded him.

      The Invitation

      Shortly after a contract agreement was signed with the Players Association on June 16, 1990, Vincent presented a timeline for all prospective new owners.¹⁶ The owners’ Expansion Committee would receive presentations from the applicants by September 30, and the finalists would be announced by the end of the year. The committee would make its recommendation to the major-league owners and the final selection would be made by September 30, 1991.

      It soon became apparent that the application would have four major requirements. First, the owners of a new franchise (preferably local people) must be acceptable to the current owners. This is the fundamental thing to remember in expansion. Cities are never awarded franchises. Owners are rewarded franchises.¹⁷ Second, there must be a new, baseball-only stadium that is first class in all respects. Third, there must be sufficient support from the fans and general public. This meant a support base of at least 20,000 season-ticket holders. Fourth, the entry fee would be $95 million. The applicants needed to agree to all the accompanying conditions regarding the expansion process, including the draft of eligible players, the finance schedule, and the nonparticipation in television revenue for the initial season.

      Colorado’s Response — House Bill 1351

      In 1988, Pat Grant, a Colorado legislator, had been instrumental in creating a successful district taxing authority to support the cultural arts in the Denver area. Faced with a stalemate over the financing of a new ballpark, Neil Macey, a Denver real-estate entrepreneur and avid baseball fan, envisioned a similar plan as a practical way to finance the planning and construction. Macey envisioned the creation of a five-county authority that would expand the tax base, oversee the project, and impose a 0.01 percent sales tax. Macey took his plan to John Dikeou and Kathi Williams, a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from Adams County. They took the plan to Governor Roy Romer, and after considerable negotiating, they presented Colorado House Bill 1351. With an appeal to all the state legislators who supported major-league baseball, the bill passed the Colorado legislature and sent the measure to the electorate in August 1990.¹⁸

      The bill created a Colorado Baseball Stadium Authority with a seven-member board responsible for site selection, financial planning, construction, and the ongoing operation of the ballpark. The bill also created an 18-member Colorado Baseball Commission tasked to conduct the election campaign and any activities necessary to support the prospective owners and meet the requirements set by the major leagues’ expansion committee. The commission would go out of existence once its mission was completed.

      The Colorado Baseball Stadium Authority

      After House Bill 1351 was passed, Governor Romer, with input from Neil Macey and Kathi Williams, began to make appointments to the Stadium Authority and the Baseball Commission.¹⁹ All appointments were subject to approval by a committee of the Colorado Senate. Senator Claire Taylor conducted many of the appointment hearings and passed along the recommendations to the governor. Once the seven members were selected and approved, the Stadium Authority began meeting on a regular basis.

      At the first meeting, John McHale Jr. was elected chairman. Shortly thereafter, Jack Sperling and Craig Umbaugh of the legal firm Fairfield and Woods were named legal counsel. Lee White, an investment banker, was chosen to be the financial adviser. Since there were minimal funds available for the operations of the authority, in-kind contributions were solicited. Many supporters responded, including Dave Herlinger, president of the Colorado Housing Authority, who provided office and meeting space for the authority.

      Under McHale and Ray Baker (who succeeded McHale as chairman), the board began seeking a site for the new stadium. Many sites were considered. With recognition of the large amount of land along the Amtrak rail lines, the site at 20th and Blake was selected on March 13, 1991.²⁰ In addition to the availability of the land for parking, the site had other attractive features: The site was above the flood plain, which would facilitate building the playing field at the lower level, and it was within walking distance of the downtown area and Union Station, the transportation center for the metropolitan area. Shortly thereafter, HOK Sports was selected to be the architectural firm for the stadium.

      Once the site was selected and the election neared, the Stadium Authority created an ambitious schedule, making public presentations to all five of the counties in the voting district. The presentations included a display of the plans for the stadium, followed by a no holds barred question-and-answer session with the board members. The response throughout the five-county area from those attending was positive and they were asked to seek the support of their neighbors and friends, especially those who would vote in the election slated for August 1990.

      As the time neared for the National League expansion committee to visit Denver, the Stadium Authority Board turned its attention to the lease of the new stadium to the owners. John McHale, as chairman of the MLB Stadium District and Steve Ehrhart, then president of the Colorado Baseball Partnership, signed a memorandum of agreement for the lease of the new stadium on March 14, 1991.²¹ The lease caught the immediate attention of major-league owners and the expansion committee. Carl Barger, president of the Florida Marlins, said, It’s a great lease. I gotta hand it to those people who negotiated it.²² With the site and the lease in place, the Stadium Authority prepared to meet with the expansion committee, who were planning to be in Denver in March 1991.

      The Colorado Baseball Commission

      The Colorado Baseball Commission was created with 15 members representing all of the five counties in the district. John Dikeou was named chairman and Neil Macey was the executive director. After a difficult start to raise money for its operational needs, cable magnate Bill Daniels and the Greater Denver Chamber of Commerce made substantial contributions to set the campaign on a winning track. United Airlines made a generous contribution to facilitate goodwill visits to six National League teams, the Dodgers, Padres, Giants, Cardinals, Reds, and Cubs. Many supporting companies and loyal fans made monetary and in-kind contributions. A record number of volunteers donated their time and talents to the campaign.

      The commission had a wide range of projects to address. One of the first was to create a plan for the sale of season tickets. With help from the accounting firm of Deloitte Touche and the legal firm of Holme, Roberts and Owen, who donated office space and telephone service, they began the season-ticket drive in early May 1990. The conditions for a commitment were well publicized by the media, including a deposit for obtaining a priority number on a first-come (via a telephone call), first-served basis. Priority would be given to season-ticket holders of the Denver Zephyrs, the Triple-A farm team. A team of volunteers would man the telephones, ready to take orders. When the switchboard opened, the telephone calls (including those for the law firm) overwhelmed the system. Callers were desperate in their attempts to make a deposit and obtain a low priority number. Carolyn Skinny Writer, a supervisor for the event, said, It was the most frantic, and the most gratifying experience I could possibly imagine.²³ It took several days to properly record the initial ticket requests and return the telephone system to normal operation. The season-ticket campaign was off to a great start.

      At that time, the Denver Broncos had a huge following in the area and dominated the sports pages. Some avid baseball fans were concerned that the Broncos not support the drive for a baseball team. Just the opposite was true. The Broncos were very supportive, and when the season-ticket drive was close to reaching its goal, Rod Buscher, president of John Elway Motors, committed to purchase enough season tickets to surpass the goal of 20,000, putting the drive over the top. Eventually, the sale of season tickets reached 28,250. The success of the drive had a positive impact as the election for the stadium bond issue approached.

      The vote was scheduled for August 14, 1990. The campaign theme was simple: The cost of the ballpark would be a penny on a purchase of ten dollars. The bonds would be paid off within 20 years. (Actually they were paid off in about eight years.) With the leadership of co-chairmen Larry Varnell and Sam Suplizio, the Colorado Baseball Commission campaigned with public appearances, media coverage, and personal calls to sports fans in the area. The early polls were discouraging because they predicted defeat. Since the election would be held as a primary, not a general election, a smaller than average turnout was expected. Rick Reiter, the campaign adviser, developed a selective plan to target key areas.

      As the voting results came in, the celebration party at the downtown Radisson Hotel grew with optimism and excitement as it became apparent that the bond issue would pass. The votes in favor were 187,539, about 54 percent, and the opposing votes were 157,954, about 46 percent.²⁴

      The votes in Arapahoe and Jefferson Counties were so overwhelmingly favorable that they overshadowed the negative votes in Denver and Adams County. The election was a big step forward. It meant that if Colorado were awarded a franchise, the plan was in place, approved by the electorate, to build a new, first-class ballpark.

      The next step was to solidify the ownership and support their presentation to the expansion committee. When John Dikeou withdrew his ownership interest, there was widespread uncertainty about finding a new owner. Several potential ownership groups expressed an interest. The Colorado Baseball Commission informed Governor Romer of the potential problems. He quickly responded, drawing on business leaders, involving Dick Robinson, Jim Baldwin, and Tryg Myhren, to conduct a search and identify the best qualified ownership group. Romer identified the Ehrhart-Nicklaus group as the local ownership official leaders on August 23, 1990.²⁵

      Paul Jacobs, a Denver lawyer and sports enthusiast, became the driving force to assemble the new ownership group. As potential owners moved in and out of the picture, Jacobs worked night and day to assemble an ownership group with sufficient investment to pay the franchise fee of $95 million and the initial startup costs. The ownership group gained strength and momentum when Peter Coors, representing the Coors Brewery, made a major commitment of $25 million, part of which would be allocated to the naming rights of the new stadium. Several very important commitments followed, including those from Cary Teraji, Linda Alvarado, Bill Fletcher, representing the Rocky Mountain News, Lee Larson, representing radio station KOA, and the Beverage Distributing Company.

      Jacobs established a good relationship with National League President Bill White and members of the expansion committee, Doug Danforth, Fred Wilpon, and Bill Giles. Jacobs later became executive vice president and general counsel of the Rockies, instrumental in creating the partnership agreements, the leases, and other initial legal documents.

      The Visit

      The National League expansion committee visited Denver on March 26, 1991.²⁶ It was billed as the biggest day in Denver’s baseball history.²⁷ Before making the trip, the committee had requested that there be no elaborate displays, wining, or dining. They simply wanted it to be a business trip. But the CBC, with the agreement of business leaders, disagreed. This was Denver’s biggest chance and they were going to make the most of it.

      Shortly after the arrival at Stapleton Airport, the eight members of the expansion committee were taken on a helicopter tour of the Denver area with a landing on the outfield grass at Mile High Stadium. It was anticipated that the new team would play one or two years at Mile High while the new ballpark was being built. Next the committee went to the governor’s mansion for a festive lunch and a visit with the governor and other dignitaries. As the committee traveled throughout the city, baseball fans, all volunteers, lined the streets with welcome signs and a mile-long petition supporting the campaign for a big-league team.

      After lunch, the committee went to the United Bank Center, where about 5,000 baseball fans had gathered to welcome them. As scheduled by Don Hinchey, director of the event, when the committee arrived, the crowd sang Take Me Out to the Ball Game, followed by cheers and applause for the visitors. Sportscaster Norm Jones gave a short welcoming address, several of the guests responded, and the crowd continued to sing and cheer for the distinguished visitors. The committee was visibly moved by the enthusiastic reception. That visit, highlighted by the forbidden rally, sealed the deal.²⁸ On the way to the business meeting, Doug Danforth of the Pittsburgh Pirates said, I never get an ovation like this back in Pittsburgh.²⁹

      While the warm reception set a positive stage, the committee still wanted to know the financial condition of the owners. Jerry McMorris, Steve Ehrhart, and Paul Jacobs led their presentations, providing updated information about the ownership and their ability to meet the required financial investment. The meeting lasted about 2½ hours. At the press conference after the meeting, the mood was upbeat with favorable comments from the committee about the owners’ presentation. The expansion committee would continue to evaluate the applicants and a decision would be anticipated later in the spring.

      The Announcement

      Bill White, president of the National League, came to Denver on July 5, 1991. A crowd of fans, dignitaries and the media gathered at the Denver Hyatt Hotel. White spoke directly: I am here to tell you that at 10:40 A.M., you officially became a member of the National League.³⁰ The audience reacted with a boisterous standing ovation. When the celebration calmed, White continued his remarks, indicating that Miami and Denver would be the new franchises, and that he anticipated both teams would be competitive much sooner than expansion teams in the past. Players from the National and American Leagues would be available to the expansion teams and both leagues would participate in the distribution of the funds from the expansion fees. White spoke with confidence that Denver and Miami had the potential to be very successful franchises for the long term.

      Shortly after the announcement, John Antonucci, the chairman of the new team, and Steve Ehrhart, the president, set up offices in the United Bank Center and began to hire key personnel for the business operations. Michael Kent, formerly with the Philadelphia Phillies, and Sue Ann McClaren, formerly with the St. Louis Cardinals, joined the organization. Paul Egins, from the Atlanta Braves, was named assistant director of scouting and player development. They announced that purple would be one of the colors for the team, with reference to the purple mountain majesties as written by Katharine Lee Bates in the song America the Beautiful.

      With an effort to reach out to the entire state and the Rocky Mountain areas, they introduced the logo and announced that the team would be called the Colorado Rockies.³¹ Governor Romer gave special recognition to the governors of Wyoming, New Mexico, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Kansas for their support in bringing major-league baseball to the region, at that time America’s only time zone without a team.

      The first Rockies banquet, billed as Colorado Welcomes Major League Baseball, was held on September 25, 1991, at the Denver Marriott Hotel.³² Jim Wilkins was the general chairman and Commissioner Fay Vincent and Bill White were the honored guests.

      In September, Bob Gebhard was selected to be the general manager for the Rockies. At the time, Gebhard was working for the soon-to-be American League champion Minnesota Twins, and it was agreed that he would not come to Denver until after the World Series. The Twins won the World Series and Gebhard arrived one day later, ready to begin a new career in Denver. It did not take long for everyone in the organization to recognize his devotion and commitment to building a championship organization.

      New Leadership

      Jerry McMorris became the chairman, president, and CEO of the Colorado Rockies on January 26, 1992.³³ He assumed the leadership position after he, Oren Benton, and Charlie Monfort purchased the stock in a buyout agreement from Steven Kurtz and Paul Jacobs. Confronted with extensive legal problems, Michael Mickey Monus and Antonucci left the team after Monus was charged with embezzlement and fraud at Phar Mor. Kurtz and Jacobs purchased the stock from Monus and Antonucci, and held it during the interim period.

      As the transition of ownership moved forward, McMorris set his sights on selecting key personnel, commencing business operations, and making preparations for the selection of coaches and players. General manager Bob Gebhard hired Pat Daugherty to head the scouting department and veterans Larry Bearnarth and Dick Balderson joined the staff.

      Gebhard drew up elaborate plans for himself and his scouting staff to cover the entire country in preparation for the draft of players and the formation of the Rockies’ farm teams. It was reported that "Pat Daugherty’s 15 scouts traveled

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