The Little Green Book of Gardening Wisdom
By Barbara Burn
()
About this ebook
- Some men like to make a little garden out of life and walk down a path.
Jean Anouilh, The Lark (1952)
words of encouragement
-Then seek your job with thankfulness and work till further orders,
If it's only netting strawberries or killing slugs on borders;
And when your back stops aching and your hands begin to harden,
You will find yourself a partner in the Glory of the Garden.
Rudyard Kipling, The Glory of the Garden” (1911)
reflection
- To sit in the shade on a fine day, and look upon verdure, is the most perfect refreshment.
Jane Austen, Mansfield Park (1814)
and the practical
- Three fundamental aspects of border designsite, shape, and sizehave at least as great an effect on the ease of garden maintenance as does the actual selection of plants.
Frederick McGourty, The Perennial Gardener (1989)
and much more. Drawing on sources ranging from the earliest agrarian civilizations to the present, The Little Red Book of Gardening Wisdom is a treasury of great ideas that will delight amateur and expert gardeners alike.
Barbara Burn
Barbara Burn is an art book editor and writer with a special interest in gardening and gardening literature. She is the author of North American Wildflowers in the National Audubon Society Collection Nature Series, as well as The Horseless Rider and A Practical Guide to Impractical Pets. She serves on the board of the Bartow-Pell Conservancy and is a member of the Garden Club of City Island. She lives on City Island in The Bronx, New York.
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The Little Green Book of Gardening Wisdom - Barbara Burn
Introduction
When I first began gathering tidbits of gardening lore for The Little Green Book of Gardening Wisdom, I was surprised to find there were so many quotes about gardening that deserved to be collected. Although I perused only a hundred or so volumes about gardening and agriculture out of the thousands that have been published since the invention of written language, I concluded that the subject of growing things was of far more universal interest than I had anticipated, and a great deal more uplifting than all the volumes devoted to war and political history. Indeed, many of the words devoted to the subjects of love and religion rarely conveyed attitudes as positive and generous as those demonstrated by gardeners toward other gardeners.
Historians have placed the beginnings of language and civilization with the development of agriculture, and it is fascinating to read about gardens of the Ancient Near East and archaic Greece, which are known to us today through cuneiform tablets and oral histories, later supplemented by texts in the Old Testament and eyewitness accounts from Xenophon, Diodorus, and other Greek and Roman historians. These gardens were not all created merely for growing food; many were personal gardens designed to sustain the soul and please the eye (and nose). In these descriptions, you can follow the evolution of the Garden of Eden from Genesis into the hortus conclusus (enclosed garden) of the Middle Ages and eventually into the formal gardens of France in the seventeenth century and even the charming cottage gardens of England in the nineteenth century. And throughout that journey you will be able to see how the garden has represented for so many the connections between themselves and the natural world, the link with their gods, the bond to their fellow humans.
The most surprising part of my treasure hunt was learning that so many people known to us for their achievements in other fields were enthusiastic gardeners. Many literary figures, including Jane Austen, Edith Wharton, and Colette, were well known for their devotion to gardening, but that group also includes Edgar Allan Poe, Henry James, Rudyard Kipling, and Jamaica Kincaid. Philosophers from Socrates to John Locke to Ralph Waldo Emerson and politicians from Cicero to Andrew Marvell and Thomas Jefferson have all had wise words to share on the subject of man’s relationship with the natural world through their gardening experience, along with such naturalists as the Comte de Buffon, Henry David Thoreau, and Edwin Way Teale.
The richest material, naturally, was provided by landscape and garden designers, from the personal gardens of Pliny the Elder and Gertrude Jekyll to the public spaces of Alexander Jackson Davis and Frederick Law Olmsted, and by amateur gardeners who have found fulfillment in the simple acts of digging, planting, weeding, and harvesting. It was refreshing to discover, as I read through garden history, how interconnected many of these writers were. The critic and artist John Ruskin was a great admirer of Homer’s description of classical gardens in the Odyssey, and Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of Central Park, among other masterpieces, admired Ruskin, as did Gertrude Jekyll, whose influence on flower gardening is still significant today. William Kent designed many important gardens in eighteenth-century England, virtually revolutionizing landscape design as he went, but he apparently had little to say on the subject. However, his friend the poet Alexander Pope, another devotee of Homer’s garden descriptions, was able to put Kent’s work into words when he wrote that All gardening is landscape painting,
and garden chronicler Horace Walpole praised Kent as an innovative genius who saw that all nature was a garden.
It is interesting to note that several writers on the subject of garden and landscape design were actually outspoken advocates of new ideas and tastes, choosing natural over formal approaches or dismissing annual beds in favor of perennial borders.
Another surprise for me was the large number of websites devoted to the subject of garden quotes, and at first I thought they would make my task easier, having captured many of the bits of garden wisdom handed down through the ages. In fact, however, these sites proved problematic, since most of them gave no sources for the quotes other than the name of those who presumably originated the phrases, and many of them contained quotes that were inaccurate or incorrectly attributed. I decided at the outset to restrict myself to using only those pieces of garden wisdom that could be traced to their origins, but instead of making my work more difficult, the chore in fact allowed me to find a great many bits of wisdom that the websites had missed.
Although there are many wise words in the pages that follow, there is not an overabundance of specific gardening advice, although most of the books on the subject, beginning in ancient Greece, were actually intended for use as how-to manuals. I put in a few bits of advice here and there, but my main criterion for inclusion here was the quality of the language, whether it was eloquent or straightforward, insightful or humorous. This is not a book that will give you useful pruning techniques or help you choose between a formal parterre and a colorful perennial border, but it will, I hope, give every reader a sense of comfort to know that we are not alone when we are down on our hands and knees fighting with weeds or planting a row of seeds that will one day bring us great pleasure.
A word about the organization of the this book: most subjects, including art of the garden, holy gardens, learning from the past, and design, seem to work best when the quotes are given in chronological order, but others, such as working the garden and plant selection, made more sense if arranged by subject rather than date. Readers looking for specific authors may find them in the index or the notes on selected writers.
One can experience wonder and delight in creating a garden, not just because others may admire our accomplishment or because it is inspiring to work successfully with nature to make something beautiful. As these writers tell us, the joy of gardening is the act itself—whether it involves using artistic talent to design a garden or doing the actual physical labor of preparing the soil and enabling the plants to fulfill their promise.
Barbara Burn
City Island, New York
September 2013
Camille Pissarro: The Artist ’s Garden at Eragny. 1898
CHAPTER 1
The Art of Gardening
[Gardening], too, is that kindliest of arts, which makes requital tenfold in kind for every work of the labourer. She is the sweet mistress who, with smile of welcome and outstretched hand, greets the approach of her devoted one, seeming to say, Take from me all thy heart’s desire. She is the generous hostess; she keeps open house for the stranger. For where else, save in some happy rural seat of her devising, shall a man more cheerily cherish content in winter, with bubbling bath and blazing fire? Or where, save afield, in summer rest more sweetly, lulled by babbling streams, soft airs, and tender shades?
—XENOPHON, OECUMENICUS V (362 BC)
• • •
All art is but imitation of nature.
—SENECA, EPISTLE 65 (1ST CENTURY AD)
• • •
But Nature here hath been so free
As if she said leave this to me.
Art would more neatly have defac’d
What she had laid so sweetly wast;
In fragrant Gardens, shaddy Woods,
Deep Meadows, and transparent Floods.
—ANDREW MARVELL, UPON APPLETON HOUSE (EARLY 1650S)
• • •
All gardening is landscape-painting.
—ALEXANDER POPE, RESPONSE TO JOSEPH SPENCE (AFTER 1727)
• • •
Landskip [landscape] should contain variety enough to form a picture upon canvas; and this is no bad test, as I think the landskip painter is the gardener’s best designer. The eye requires a sort of balance here; but not so as to encroach upon probable nature. A wood, or hill, may balance a house or obelisk; for exactness would be displeasing.
—WILLIAM SHENSTONE, INTERVIEW (1746)
• • •
No occupation attaches a man more to his duty, than that of cultivating a taste in the fine arts: a just relish of what is beautiful, proper, elegant, and ornamental, in writing or painting, in architecture or gardening, is a fine preparation for the same just relish of these qualities in character and behavior.
—HENRY HOME, BEAUTY,
ELEMENTS OF CRITICISM, VOL. 1 (1762)
• • •
John Constable: Wivenhoe Park, Essex, 1816
Gardening, in the perfection to which it has been lately brought in England, is entitled to a position of considerable rank among the liberal arts.
—THOMAS WHATELEY, OBSERVATIONS ON MODERN GARDENING (1770)
• • •
The Art of Gardening may be deemed the most useful and entertaining of all others, as it expands the variegated beauties of nature, and administers the most wholesome food to the body.
—SAMUEL COOK, THE COMPLETE ENGLISH GARDENER, OR GARDENING MADE PERFECTLY EASY (1780)
• • •
Painters and poets have had