Attack out of the Sun: Lessons from the Red Baron for Our Business and Personal Lives

Copyright © 2010 by Durwood J. Heinrich, Ph.D.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

iUniverse books may be ordered through booksellers or by contacting:

iUniverse

1663 Liberty Drive

Bloomington, IN 47403

www.iuniverse.com

1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677)

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any Web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

ISBN: 978-1-4502-5740-4 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-4502-5742-8 (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-4502-5741-1 (hbk)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010914501

Printed in the United States of America

iUniverse rev. date: 10/04/2010

Contents

DEDICATION

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

1 SEEK THE BLUE MAX (Formulate Your Vision)

Look to the Sky

Climb the Steeple (Be Ambitious)

Insist on Flying a Fokker (Be Determined)

Somersault Skills May Help (Draw on Your Talents)

Chapter 1 Summary

2 SELECT YOUR BOELCKE

(Find a Mentor)

Ask How to Be Victorious

Be Humble and Appreciative of Your Hero

Strive to Gain Experience in Your Machine

Chapter 2 Summary

3 BE FIRST OF THE CHASERS

(Establish Goals)

Understand the Mission

Abandon Your Barges (Remove Obstacles)

Set Your Sights

Make Yourself Irreplaceable

Count Your Victories (Measure)

Chapter 3 Summary

4 ENVISION YOUR TARGET

(Visualize Victory)

See It in Your Mind

Think Clearly

Put Your Change in Your Left Pocket (Don’t Overanalyze)

Never Enter a Fight You Don’t Think You Can Win

Be Able to Control the Outcome

Use Situation Awareness

Chapter 4 Summary

5 FLY IN FORMATION

(Grow Your Team)

Develop Teamwork

Organize (Into Teams of Five or Six)

Chapter 5 Summary

6 MAKE YOUR FIRST SHOTS COUNT

(Be Aggressive)

Be Aggressive

Be Willing to Take Calculated Risks

Don’t Hesitate to Get Your Chin Dirty

Chapter 6 Summary

7 FUNCTION IN PERFECT UNITY

(Know Your Strengths and Weaknesses)

Know Your Strengths and Weaknesses

Count on Ability, not Trickery

Seek Quality Rather Than Quantity

Select the Right Equipment

Know Your Equipment

Be Daring

Be Flexible

Remain Calm

Be Prepared

Learn from Your Mistakes

Chapter 7 Summary

8 FIGHT WITH CHIVALRY (Respect the Competition)

Fight with Chivalry

Respect the Competition

Know When to Leave the Fight

Don’t Be Discouraged

Be Courageous

Chapter 8 Summary

9 ATTACK OUT OF THE SUN

(Secure the Upper Hand)

Secure the Upper Hand

Stay on the Offensive

Focus

Chapter 9 Summary

10 COUNT BULLET HOLES (Be an Efficient Manager)

Accept Duty and Responsibility

Use Your Common Sense

Establish Priorities / Communicate

Do It Now

Don’t Waste Resources

Train

Be Demanding, but Fair

Brief and Debrief

Be Safety Conscious

Pay Attention to Your Health

Chapter 10 Summary

11 MOUNT A GUN TO YOUR MACHINE

(Be an Effective Leader)

Be a Leader

Be Innovative

Establish Trust

Handpick Your Staff

Inspire Others

Support Your Personnel

Encourage Others

Give Credit to Others

Encourage Healthy Competition

Be a Good Teacher

Be Willing to Adapt

Be Willing to See Opportunity

Consider the Greater Good

Compare Notes

Don’t Be a Base Hog

Chapter 11 Summary

12 PAINT YOUR MACHINE RED

(Make Your Product Stand Out)

Make Your Product Stand Out

Chapter 12 Summary

13 TAKE YOUR CIRCUS ON THE ROAD

(Stay Close to Your Customers)

Stay Close to Your Customers

Chapter 13 Summary

14 BE MODEST IN YOUR VICTORIES

(Be True to Yourself)

Be Humble

Beware of Pride

Laugh with Yourself

Chapter 14 Summary

15 TIE YOUR HANDKERCHIEF TO A STEEPLE

(Value Family and Friends)

Value Family and Friends

Chapter 15 Summary

16 GET A DOG

(Relax)

Relax

Count Your Blessings

Experience Life Fully

Chapter 16 Summary

DEBRIEFING

(Conclusions)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ENDNOTES

GLOSSARY OF GERMAN TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GLOSSARY OF GERMAN RANKS WITH THEIR APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DEDICATION

To all military aviators and soldiers who have made the Ultimate Sacrifice and also to those who risk their lives daily in the service of their Country.

PREFACE

The year was 1966. The author had not yet been airborne, but he was fascinated with flying. Therefore, there was never a question that he would go see the then recently-released film The Blue Max starring George Peppard cast in the leading role as fictional German pilot, Bruno Stachel. Not only was the author captivated by the action-packed flying sequences, but he also developed a deep interest in the Pour le Merite (The Blue Max) medal, which Stachel sought throughout the movie. The Orden Pour le Merite (Order of Merit) was established three hundred years earlier by King Frederick I, and the medal was subsequently presented by Frederick William III as Prussia’s highest military honor to officers for repeated and continual gallantry in action during World War I. It was equivalent to the United States Medal of Honor and the British Victoria Cross.

Although he was never a pilot, the author’s father worked in a defense plant in Dallas and had helped build many of the military aircraft that his family watched takeoff, maneuver, or land—separately or in spectacular air shows—at nearby Hensley Field or Carswell Air Force Base on Sunday afternoons. Occasional performances by the Air Force Thunderbirds and the Navy Blue Angels were especially impressive because of the precision displayed by the airmen, whether they were marching sharply to their aircraft or flying in close formation with their wingtips literally just inches apart. The author was intrigued with the freedom, the control, and the power these masters of the sky seemed to possess. In spite of his mother’s concerns, he set his mind early on to venture into an aviation career. As a child, he assembled plastic models and later built and flew airplane models using his own designs. But it would be 1967 before the author would himself take the controls for the first time in a slow single-engine Cessna and two more years before he would graduate from the USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training Program, culminating with the requisite mastery of the dual-engine supersonic T-38A White Rocket.

Years later, a James Dietz limited edition print—Last Word—hung on the wall opposite the author’s desk in the airport hangar where he served as Director of Aviation and Chief Pilot for a multi-national corporation. The print depicts Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Manfred von Richthofen briefing his men of Jagdstaffel 11 (Fighter Squadron 11) beside his all-red Fokker DRI triplane just before takeoff from Cappy airfield on April 21, 1918. Richthofen’s dog, Moritz, is waiting patiently at the feet of his master for an anticipated playful goodbye. As a special touch, the individual who framed the print had included a replica of the Blue Max medal beneath the picture. The handsome medal consists of a striking Maltese cross of deep blue enamel with eagles between the arms trimmed in gold; and even this replica brightly radiated the streaks of sunlight in the office. That very picture was presented to the author when he retired from that company.

Because of its size, the picture of von Richthofen is now hanging in the hallway just outside of the author’s home office. But even there it catches the light from the array of windows in the high-ceiling formal dining room. As always, it remains a colorful and fascinating piece that continues to draw admirers and questions—and that’s how it has affected this author. In fact, the author reflected one day, why not learn more about the intriguing hero that it portrays? Why not investigate the imposing Wing Commander who is standing in the picture with his walking stick—fashioned from an opponent’s propeller and the symbol of the office of Jagdgeschwader I (Fighter Wing I)—obviously the focus of the admiring eyes of his pilots? Why not examine further why the Red Baron seems as alive today as he was ninety-two years ago and is featured not only in numerous films, documentaries, and books but also in everything from comic strips and pizza sales to electronic games and racing? Instead of simply writing another history of the Baron, why not explore the real person behind the mystique and the enduring principles that Richthofen apparently championed for application to business and everyday living for those of all ages? Why not use quotes from the Baron himself, his family members, his superiors, and his comrades to establish his personality and philosophies and then expand and explore them further? Why not utilize this author’s strengths: a long career in aviation and pilot instructing; degree in aeronautical engineering, advanced degree in business, and doctorate in organizational psychology; proven management and leadership skills; years of teaching and lecturing experience; numerous published articles and presentations; and lifelong determination to learn and improve as an individual? Why not use some time, now primarily devoted to speaking and consulting, to record these concepts that can potentially be a benefit to many (including the author) for their personal and business lives? Why not write about the Red Baron? Accordingly, the author has accumulated a sizable Richthofen library—hundreds of books, articles, and videos—and has been researching and giving presentations on the Red Baron for several years. You now hold the envisioned product in your hands.

As an example of the book’s content, Chapter 9 is entitled Attack Out of the Sun (Secure the Upper Hand). The German fighter squadrons were greatly outnumbered throughout the war, and Richthofen—as did his mentor Oswald Boelcke before him—taught his pilots the importance of securing the advantage before charging head-on into battle. One of those tactics, utilized by both sides, was to dive out of the sun’s blinding glare to produce a surprise attack that could not be easily detected or defended. Another method was to approach the opponent from behind or below, again making defense more difficult. However, a critical strategy to achieve victory, recognized early on by both Boelcke and Richthofen, was the necessity of recruiting the best pilots, providing them with proper and extensive training, and supplying them with superior aircraft and equipment. Richthofen constantly demanded these elements when he was in command of his squadron and later his wing. Richthofen also knew that his planes were typically in the minority, his pilots fatigued, and that the opponents’ aircraft and crews were becoming increasingly more capable as the war progressed. He instructed his men when attacked to remain clear-headed, focus, be innovative, and seize the offensive as quickly as possible following the assault.

These concepts, then, as applied to employees and businesses—given a particular goal or mission—imply that success is more probable if we utilize the right machines and provide the proper tools to carefully-chosen, well-trained workers. As did Richthofen, however, we must also understand our strengths and weaknesses, the dynamic environment, and our competition. Lessons for us as individuals include: selecting and learning from an appropriate mentor; recognizing the importance of enhancing our skills and continuing our education; disciplining ourselves to be calm; avoiding procrastination; focusing; and permitting ourselves to secure healthy nourishment and adequate rest. Less obvious lessons are developing core strengths, establishing trust, supporting our teams, and tapping external resources as required. Developing visioning and goal-setting skills; management and leadership qualities; team-building capabilities; operational and competitive strategies; personal strengths; and much more are all topics covered in the other chapters.

So who really was Rittmeister Manfred Albrecht von Richthofen, affectionately known as the Red Baron? How could a man who only lived to be twenty-five years old have had such a brilliant career and have been so highly decorated? How was it that he was such an admired and beloved commander and also a feared and yet respected foe? He was clearly idolized by his comrades and a famous hero to the German people who anxiously followed his prowess in their newspapers. The British Royal Flying Corps referred to him as the dear old baron or the jolly old baron, even drinking toasts to his health in their messes. What can we learn from his personality, skill sets, management style, leadership ability, strategy formation, focused determination, and family-focus? How can we apply his legacy to our own personal lives and businesses? That is what this book is about.

This volume is not meant to be another typical motivational or self-help book. Rather, as mentioned, it was conceived with the idea of presenting an informative history of the legendary Manfred von Richthofen while attempting to paint his footprints as potential templates for lessons in our personal lives and businesses. It is often easier to learn through examples, particularly those taken from real-life stories, and especially if those stories are about famous heroes. Further, although you will most likely recognize many of the timeless principles and concepts presented, the author hopes that looking at them from an airborne perspective will help bring them into greater focus for easier application. In this context, it must be remembered that Richthofen only lived two and a half decades. Obviously, in that short span of time—more than ninety years ago—we are only able to glimpse a minute segment of who he really was and how he lived. Accordingly, there are many aspects of daily living and characteristics of the business world that are not part of this treatise. Even so, Richthofen’s life was lived to its fullest and there is much to be learned.

The author has made a considerable effort to present the material in this book as accurately as possible using quotes from many sources and historical facts to support the fundamental concepts in each chapter. However, it should be remembered that the memoires written by Richthofen and others of the time were subject to wartime censorship. Similarly, material written after the war, even by those who were actually there, most likely resulted in some recollection or reconstruction errors. Nonetheless, readers are encouraged to interpret the character of Richthofen and other heroes of the time in the context of other materials and testimonies as well as their own.

Additionally, in some cases because of the time element involved and because information that may have been initially incomplete, the author came across some inconsistencies in facts, especially those related to documentation of combat victories. Although there is little dispute as to whether or not Richthofen actually achieved eighty or even more victories, there are at times discrepancies as to exactly which specific aircraft were credited or on what dates those air battles actually occurred. In the dogfights, sometimes consisting of hundreds of aircraft, it was difficult at best for aerial and ground observers to always make accurate identifications. Further, there were inconsistencies regarding any romantic relationships Richthofen may have had. Regardless, while the author utilized all available sources to provide the most accurate information, some details are not critical to the overall thrust of the book. In cases of contradictions in historical information, the author either used material that has been later proven to be accurate or commonly accepted over time. History that was considered to be based on rumors or questionable in its own right, he either excluded or referenced in endnotes for the reader to judge.

By nature, the author tends to be a positive person, but he is well aware that the Baron, like any of us, was not perfect. In his significant research in writing this book, however, the author was pleasantly surprised to find that Richthofen apparently possessed numerous attributes and characteristics of personality to which many of us aspire. The author concentrated primarily on those. If you happen to be an individual who hoped for an argument of Richthofen’s positive traits contrasted with some envisioned dark side, you will be disappointed. That said, there was no intention to glorify in any way the horrors of war. Again, this book is about the numerous positive attributes of a wartime hero of the skies who fought his battles in defense of his beloved country. When one is driving down the highway, concentration on not running over the yellow lines and the shoulder markers will inevitably result in just that! Why not just simply follow the course that the construction crew has laid out and enjoy the journey?

The course is straightforward. It consists of the introduction, which provides a complete biography of Manfred von Richthofen, meant to serve as a broad glimpse of the Baron and foundation for the chapters. The next sixteen chapters that follow are essentially divided into three sections: preparation and planning for success (Chapters 1–5), execution for results (Chapters 6–13), and evaluation and renewal (Chapters 14–16). The section that follows, Debriefing (Conclusions), is a general summary.

The author wishes to thank the countless individuals who have gone before him in writing about Richthofen, beginning, of course, with Manfred von Richthofen himself in his 1917 autobiography, Der Rote Kampfflieger (The Red Fighter Pilot); and his mother, Kunigunde Freifrau von Richthofen, in her 1937 Mein Kriegstagebuch (My War Diary). An important earlier work in English was that of Floyd Gibbons The Red Knight of Germany in 1927. William Burrows published Richthofen: A True History of the Red Barron in 1969. Numerous other outstanding authors have also studied Richthofen extensively and published excellent works. These include Suzanne Fischer, Norman Franks, Hal Giblin, Peter Kilduff, Nigel McCrery, Greg VanWyngarden, Nicolas Wright, and many others, most of whom are included in the bibliography.

I want to thank my lovely wife, Charlene, who patiently endured the many hours I spent barricaded in my office, bent over my laptop, beneath stacks of books, reference materials, and notes in putting together this book. I also wish to thank my good friends, James W. Robertson and Paul H. Smith, whose encouragement and support enabled this book to be written.

Durwood J. Heinrich, Ph.D.

Austin, Texas USA

April 2010

INTRODUCTION

It is early in the morning of March 27, 1918. A red German Fokker DR.1 triple-winged triplane has taken off with five additional triplanes of Jasta 11 (Fighter Squadron 11) from their new base at Lechelle in northern France.¹ Each aircraft’s engine cowling, wheel covers, and wing struts are painted bright red, but only the leader’s machine also has a red upper wing, upper fuselage, aft fuselage, horizontal tail, and vertical tail. The wingmen have chosen various individual colors and markings of their own to facilitate quick identification by their comrades in aerial combat and also by observers on the ground. Pilots of the Red Baron’s colorful Flying Circus glance back through the scattered low clouds at the rapidly-receding aerodrome. The airfield had been chosen by the Wing leader because it is closer to the Front. It had only recently been abandoned by the British 3 Squadron in the wake of what would arguably become the largest and most important offensive of World War I. Jagdgeschwader I Kommandeur (JGI Fighter Wing Commander) Manfred von Richthofen is focused and determined as he leads his Kette (flight section) to seek out the English aircraft that are taking advantage of the good weather to conduct low bombing and strafing sorties against the advancing Germans near Albert. This is particularly disturbing to Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) von Richthofen because he holds a special mutual connection not only with his men of JGI, but also with the field-grey uniformed soldiers who are forced to fight in the trenches and on the battlefields below.

At 0900 hours, Richthofen singles out a Sopwith Camel biplane fighter of 73 Squadron Royal Flying Corps (RFC) being flown at low altitude by six-victory ace, Captain Thomas Sharpe. Even though the Camel is slightly faster than the triplane, the battle is typical of most of Richthofen’s victories—brief, at close range, and with prudent and effective use of precious ammunition. Additionally, the Rittmeister attacks using the bright morning sun and scattered low clouds as a cover. He expends only 150 bullets, equating to several quick bursts from his twin Spandau 7.92 mm machine guns. White gasoline vapor streams from the crippled Camel, confirming that the fuel tanks have been hit. Wounded and forced to shut down his engine to avoid a fire, Sharpe goes down into a flooded part of the Ancre River area northeast of Albert, now controlled by Germany, where he is promptly taken prisoner.

It is late afternoon the same day, and Richthofen is now flying another, but newer, triplane. This aircraft sports red on its cowling, wheel covers, struts, all three upper wings, upper horizontal tail, and vertical tail. The weather has turned somewhat misty and hazy. This time the Red Baron is leading six triplanes of Jasta 11. At 1630 hours, he attacks an Armstrong Whitworth AWFK8 two-seater bomber/reconnaissance aircraft of 2 Squadron RFC being piloted by Lieutenant Edward Smart and observer/gunner Lieutenant Kenneth Barford, who are once again making life even more miserable for the advancing German army personnel. Approaching unnoticed from below and behind, Richthofen is able to quickly dispatch the AWFK8 following some one hundred shots from less than fifty meters. The aircraft falls near Foucaucourt, along the main road from Amiens to St-Quentin.

Just five minutes later, at 1635 hours, northeast of Chuignolles, Richthofen notes that one of his pilots is being attacked by a formidable Sopwith Dolphin fighter of 79 Squadron RFC flown by Second Lieutenant George Harding. Incessantly vigilant and fiercely protective of his men, Richthofen swiftly positions his highly maneuverable triplane behind the Dolphin and registers his 73rd victory, his third of the day!

Richthofen’s Fighter Wing, JGI, consisting of Jastas 4, 6, 10, and 11, would conduct 118 combat flights by the end of the day and down thirteen enemy aircraft without a single corresponding loss. Richthofen would post another victory the following day against a new AWFK8 from 82 Squadron RFC crewed by Second Lieutenants Joseph Taylor and Eric Betley. The Red Baron would go on to achieve eighty combat victories by April 20, 1918, to punctuate his place as the greatest pilot and ace of World War I.

Manfred Albrecht von Richthofen was born on May 2, 1892, in Kleinburg, a suburb of Breslau, Selesia, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). He was the eldest son of a Prussian aristocratic family whose father, Albrecht von Richthofen, born in 1859, was a professional military officer. However, Richthofen’s father was forced to retire early following the rescue of one of his men who had fallen off his horse while crossing the icy Oder River. He had leapt from the bridge in full uniform to save the young dragoon. The severe cold that he subsequently sustained left him deaf in one ear. His mother was Baroness Kunigunde von Richthofen, born in 1868. Manfred’s siblings included Elisabeth Therese Luise Marie (called Ilse), born on August 8, 1890; Lothar Siegfried, born on September 27, 1894; and Karl Bolko, born on April 16, 1903.

Manfred was a very healthy and athletically-gifted child and could easily turn standing somersaults and climb the pine trees in the forests of Silesia. He especially enjoyed swimming, horses, dogs, and shooting. He was a natural marksman and took pride in his ability to deliver clean shots that precluded suffering of his prey. When his father retired with the military rank of Major to Schweidnitz, a small industrial city southwest of Breslau in the Weistritz Valley, Manfred’s love for hunting continued to grow. He made frequent hunting trips with his father into the forested mountain ranges that bordered the valley where game was abundant. Manfred was also fascinated with the hunting stories told by his mother’s brother, Uncle Alexander, who had claimed trophies in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and who frequently visited the Richthofens.

Manfred’s father—probably frustrated that his own military career had been interrupted and also recognizing Manfred’s considerable leadership, horsemanship, marksmanship, and athletic abilities—sent him to the Germany Military School at Wahlstatt in 1903 at age eleven. Manfred was not sure that he desired a military career, but thoughts of military adventure leading his men into battle on horseback with sabers drawn certainly had its appeal. Regardless, his personal wishes were not considered and it never occurred to Manfred to oppose his father. Although he was intelligent, Manfred studied only enough to get by, but excelled in athletics, vaulting horse, parallel bars, and ropes. He won several awards for his skills. One day, deciding to test his abilities to the limit, he scaled the famous church steeple at Wahlstatt using the lightning conductor as a rope and tied his handkerchief to the top. He noticed that the handkerchief was still in place ten years later when he visited his brother Bolko at the school. While the strict, Spartan regimen at Wahlstatt certainly wasn’t to his liking, he later felt new freedom at the senior school at the Royal Military Academy at Lichterfelde in 1909, where cadets were treated more like adults. He became wholly enthusiastic about the military when he was finally able to wear his epaulettes and be addressed as "Herr Lieutenant."

Upon completion of cadet training at Lichterfelde on April 27, 1911, Manfred von Richthofen was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. Following final training at the War Academy in Berlin, he was assigned to the elite Uhlan (cavalry) Regiment Number 1 (Emperor Alexander III’s) at Ostrovo, some six miles from the Russian frontier. Because Ostrovo was in his beloved Selesia, Manfred took advantage of the frequent opportunities to hunt. Further, his regiment included a number of friends and relatives, so the officer’s mess was in many ways like a family reunion. Generous leave provisions provided him with ample opportunities for sporting activities at the estates of other Richthofens. Also, to his pleasure, he was able to get all the riding he wished, and officers in the German army were encouraged to ride their own horses in races and steeplechases. Manfred regularly competed, often with success. His last win was the Imperial cross-country race for army officers in the Kaiser Prize Race in 1913, in spite of suffering a broken collar bone in the middle of the race when his mount (Blume) encountered a rabbit hole.

On June 27, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the ruler of Austria-Hungary, and his wife, were assassinated while visiting Serbia. Austria-Hungary subsequently declared war on Serbia on July 28th. When Russia—an ally of Serbia—mobilized its armed forces, Germany—an ally of Austria-Hungary—declared war on Russia on August 1st and then on France August 3rd. Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary August 4th. Italy—previously an ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary—declared its neutrality but then joined Britain, France, and Russia on May 24, 1915. World War I had begun. The Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The United States would not join the Allied Powers (Russia, UK, France, Canada, Australia, Italy, Japan, Portugal, and the United States) until April 6, 1917.

Manfred von Richthofen experienced some cavalry action on the Eastern Front in August of 1914 and was subsequently awarded the prestigious Prussian Iron Cross on September 12, 1914. However, following his unit’s transfer to the Western Front, Richthofen’s vision of leading horse-mounted charges against the enemy soon faded with the reality of the trench and barbed wire stalemates of the war. His subsequent service as a communications officer in the Signal Corps, Ordonnanzoffizier (assistant adjutant), and finally supply officer proved unacceptable to the young Uhlan. Visualizing possibilities flying with the cavalry of the air, he applied and was accepted to aircraft observer school at Cologne, Aviation Replacement Section No. 7, in May 1915. At the time, the observers were the officers and were responsible for the two-seat aircraft, while the NCO (non-commissioned officer) pilots served as chauffeurs. Besides, Richthofen was anxious to get into the air and was afraid the war might be over by the time he had obtained his pilot’s certification, which would take three months versus two weeks for that of observer. Even though the observer program was difficult and few survived the extensive training, the focused Baron studied hard and was the first in his class of thirty to graduate. He was assigned to Flieger-Abteilung 69 (No. 69 Flying Squadron) June 21,1916, on the Eastern Front, flying in a large Albatros BII three-bay biplane with Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Georg Zeumer, a reckless individual dying of tuberculosis. Zeumer was known as the Black Cat because of his almost total disregard for caution. Richthofen performed his reconnaissance work from the front cockpit and was armed with only a rifle and a pistol.² When Zeumer was transferred, Richthofen crewed with Rittmeister Erick Graf (Count) von Holck flying the Albatros CI, which looked somewhat like the BII but positioned the observer in the rear cockpit. There the observer could easily perform his reconnaissance duties and more effectively protect the aircraft. Richthofen and Holck were well suited to each other because of their similar tastes and a common background as cavalrymen.

In August 1915, Richthofen was transferred to the Brieftauben-Abteilung Ostende (BAO) on the 4th Army Front in Flanders, where once again he was teamed with Oberleutnant Zeumer. This time Richthofen was flying in the twin-engine AEG G-type Grosskampffugzeug (Big Combat Aircraft) bombers. In the G-II, the observer/bombardier sat in the Kanzel (pulpit) that protruded from the front of the fuselage and was equipped with a machine gun. This gave Richthofen’s air-cavalry machine a