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    2018 The State of the World’s Forests: Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development
    2018 The State of the World’s Forests: Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development
    2018 The State of the World’s Forests: Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development
    Ebook311 pages3 hours

    2018 The State of the World’s Forests: Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development

    By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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    About this ebook

    This edition of The State of the World’s Forests is aimed at enhancing our understanding of how forests and their sustainable management contribute to achieving several of the SDGs. Time is running out for the world’s forests: we need to work across sectors, bring stakeholders together, and take urgent action.

    The State of the World’s Forests 2018 identifies actions that can be taken to increase the contributions of forests and trees that are necessary to accelerate progress towards the SDGs. It is now critical that steps be taken to work more effectively with the private sector, and the informal forest sector must be transformed in order to bring broader economic, social and environmental benefits.

    Seventy years ago, when FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources, the major concern was whether there would be enough timber to supply global demand; now we recognize the greater global relevance of our forests and trees. For the first time, The State of the World’s Forests 2018 provides an assessment of the contribution of forests and trees to our landscapes and livelihoods.

    The purpose of this publication is to provide a much wider audience with an understanding of why forests and trees matter for people, the planet and posterity.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Release dateJul 6, 2018
    ISBN9789251305607
    2018 The State of the World’s Forests: Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development
    Author

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.

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      2018 The State of the World’s Forests - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

      Recommended citation:

      FAO. 2018. The State of the World’s Forests 2018 - Forest Pathways to sustainable Development. Rome.

      Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

      The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      ISBN 978-92-5-130561-4

      E-ISBN 978-92-5-130560-7 (EPUB)

      © FAO 2018

      Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

      Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.

      Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force.

      Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

      Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected].

      COVER PHOTOGRAPH ©Suman Acharya/Alamy Stock Photo

      NEPAL: Two female farmers walk through a forest pathway.

      CONTENTS

      FOREWORD

      METHODOLOGY

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

      EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

      KEY MESSAGES

      CHAPTER 1

      INTRODUCTION

      CHAPTER 2

      QUANTIFYING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORESTS TO THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

      2.1 Approach taken

      2.2 Quantification of contributions

      2.3 Information and data gaps

      CHAPTER 3

      WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ACHIEVE THE SDGS? COUNTRY CASE STUDIES: SUCCESSES AND CONSTRAINTS

      3.1 Introduction

      3.2 Country case studies

      3.3 Emerging common solutions and lessons learned

      CHAPTER 4

      MOVING FORWARD

      4.1 Introduction

      4.2 Key findings

      4.3 Strengthening forest pathways to sustainable development

      ANNEX

      METHODOLOGY FOR CHAPTER 2

      REFERENCES

      TABLES

      1.  Distribution of rural people living on less than USD 1.25 per day and residing in or around tropical forests and savannahs

      2.  Forest ownership

      3.  Visit rates in terrestrial protected areas (PAs) and direct expenditure by visitors

      4.  Percentage of urban World Heritage Sites (WHS) that include natural elements as a key component

      FIGURES

      1.  Percentage of agricultural area with tree cover

      2.  Percentage of household income from non-wood forest products (NWFPs)

      3.  The water cycle

      4.  Changes in erosion and baseline water stress (BWS)

      5.  Percentage of forested area managed for soil and water protection, by region and country

      6.  Trends in management of forests for soil and water conservation, by forest type

      7.  Primary purpose of management for protection of soil and water

      8.  Percentage of households relying on woodfuel for cooking

      9.  Proportion of roundwood used as fuel in different regions and across countries

      10.  Biomass energy in global final energy consumption

      11.  Contribution of fuels derived from wood to global biomass energy resources

      12.  Forest and tree components of selected World Heritage Sites (WHS)

      13.  Changes in the extent of urban protected areas (PAs), km² (2000–2017)

      14.  Access to green spaces in Germany

      15.  Global Production Index

      16.  Average share of recovered wood in total consumption of raw wood by the European particleboard industry, 2005–2016

      17.  Global Per Capita Consumption Index

      18.  Global consumption per capita, m³/1000 inhabitants

      19.  Global paper and recovered paper, consumption and collection

      20.  Global paper recycling rate

      21.  Percentage of forest area affected by disasters

      22.  Forest area burned

      23.  Forest area affected by wind damage (Europe)

      24.  Forest area as a proportion of total land area in 1990, 2010 and 2015

      25.  Average worldwide coverage of terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)

      26.  Progress towards sustainable forest management for each of the sub-indicators of Indicator 15.2.1, by SDG regional group

      27.  Average proportion of mountain Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas (PAs), 2000, 2010 and 2017 (percentage)

      28.  Baseline data of the Mountain Green Cover Index, 2017

      29.  Red List Index of species survival, 1980–2016

      30.  Fluctuating three-year average of official development assistance (ODA) disbursement on forestry compared to total ODA from 2000 to 2015, and proportion of forestry-related disbursements of total ODA

      31.  Resource partners and recipients for official development assistance (ODA) in forestry, 2000–2015

      BOXES

      1.  Illustrations to show how forests and trees can contribute to the SDGs that are not analysed in The State of the World’s Forests 2018

      2.  SDG global indicators framework

      3.  The importance of forest products: the case of Uganda

      4.  Forest cover and poverty overlap in the tropics: spatial association from seven countries

      5.  Securing rights for improved incomes from forests in India, Guatemala and Mexico

      6.  Forests and trees as a safety net and source of food

      7.  Amount of NWFPs consumed at household level

      8.  NWFPs provide nutritional diversity

      9.  Community forestry enterprises in Guatemala

      10.  Caterpillar fungus as a source of income in the Nepalese Himalayas

      11.  Forging dialogue between community women and male foresters in Nepal

      12.  Number of women employed in NWFPs and agroforestry

      13.  Women’s increased employment, income and skills development from the shea industry in West Africa

      14.  Women’s secure tenure rights over forest land in Nepal

      15.  Water in the drylands – the role of forests for water security

      16.  Paving the way for ‘green’ infrastructure in Lima, Peru

      17.  Countries and territories where 100 percent of forests are managed for soil and water conservation

      18.  Contribution of informal chainsaw milling to timber production in Cameroon

      19.  Contributions from nature-based tourism to GDP and employment in Finland

      20.  Nature-based tourism expenditure in Costa Rica

      21.  Measuring the ecosystem services of urban forests and trees: i-Tree Eco

      22.  Case study: Tijuca National Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

      23.  Innovative wood-based products in Norway

      24.  FairWild Standard

      FOREWORD

      It is now almost three years since world leaders agreed to chart a course towards a better, more prosperous future for the planet and all its people. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has become the central framework for guiding development policies in countries throughout the world.

      Given the ambition of the SDGs, transformation is needed if we are to end poverty and hunger, achieve inclusive growth, narrow inequalities, respond to climate change and sustainably manage our natural resources.

      The 17 SDGs are comprised of 169 targets with 230 indicators identified to help measure progress. While this number may at first glance appear daunting, the Agenda is purposely fashioned in an integrated way, with goals ‘interlinked and indivisible’. The key to unlocking the door of progress will be understanding the golden threads that tie multiple goals and targets together.

      The 2018 edition of The State of the World’s Forests aims to do just that, presenting new information to help recognize these interlinkages and enhance our understanding of how policies on forests and trees go beyond SDG15, Life on Land, to contribute to achieving many other goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda.

      The State of the World’s Forests 2018 provides detailed analysis aimed at capturing the contribution of forests and trees to 28 targets relating to ten SDGs. Through thematic metrics bringing together available evidence from a wide range of sources, a clearer picture is emerging of the full impact that forests and trees have on many other crucial areas of development.

      We have greater evidence of how forests are critical to livelihoods, with a better understanding of the trade-offs and more exact confirmation that healthy and productive forests are essential to sustainable agriculture. And we have proof of the significance of forests and trees for the quality of water, for contributing to the energy needs of the future, and for designing sustainable, healthy cities.

      With this year’s High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) focusing on SDG15, as well as SDGs 6, 7, 11, 12 and 17, the timing of The State of the World’s Forests could not be more opportune in helping to inform experiences and ideas on the actions that must be taken and the partnerships and alliances that must be struck to realize the ambition of the 2030 Agenda.

      Forest pathways to sustainable development will be fundamentally strengthened by legal frameworks that recognize and secure the rights of local communities and smallholders to access forests and trees, by fortifying an enabling environment and helping to incentivize private sector engagement in pro-sustainability activities. There is also great potential in transforming the informal sector, both for those who rely on it for their livelihoods and because it will also bring wider economic, social and environmental benefits. Ultimately, ending hunger and poverty and transforming to a sustainable world can only be realized if sectoral ministries – forestry, agriculture, rural development and national development – coordinate policies across governments.

      While more evidence on forests and trees exists today than ever before, there is still a need to dig deeper. Investing in effective monitoring at national and subnational levels will help plug data gaps so that policy-makers can calculate incentives, manage sector trade-offs, and better design forest and food-security initiatives.

      Seventy years ago, FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources. At that time the major concern was whether there would continue to be sufficient timber to satisfy global demand. Since then we have increasingly come to recognize the broader global relevance of our forests and trees, as reflected in the most recent editions of FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). Complementing the FRA, The State of the World’s Forests 2018 provides a comprehensive assessment of quantifying the contributions of forests to the SDGs. I hope you will find it valuable.

      METHODOLOGY

      The State of the World’s Forests 2018 was prepared by the FAO Forestry Policy and Resources Division in collaboration with a number of international organizations involved in forestry programmes.

      The development of the report was guided by a core team of four senior staff members in charge of each of the key chapters, and led by the Divisional Director who assumed overall coordination for the publication. For Chapter 2, responsibility for each of the 10 SDGs was assigned to a staff member with technical expertise. All chapters benefitted from the support of consultants for data collection and/or writing. The final document was assembled by a senior consultant.

      During the process the core team met at regular intervals and produced a number of interim outputs, including a concept note, an annotated outline and a first draft of the key chapters. The core team also selected the SDGs, SDG targets and thematic metrics for the analysis based on previously agreed criteria. When the drafts of Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were ready, including the key findings, a meeting was held with the core team, all authors (staff and consultants) and the senior consultant to jointly identify the conclusions, recommendations and key messages.

      The final report underwent a rigorous technical review by senior management and technical experts from different divisions in FAO. In addition, it was peer-reviewed by four external experts. Comments were incorporated into the final draft, which was submitted to the Director-General for clearance in March 2018.

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      The State of the World’s Forests 2018 was prepared under the overall direction of Eva Muller, who led a core team comprising Andrey Kushlin, Thais Linhares-Juvenal, Douglas Muchoney and Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff. David Henderson-Howat assisted the core team in editing the publication.

      Chapter 2 was coordinated by Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff, with assistance from Anne-Maud Courtois. The main contributors were Thais Linhares-Juvenal (Approach); Jeffrey Campbell, Erik Andervad and Safia Aggarwal (SDG1); Dominique Reeb, Basundhara Bhattarai and Sooyeon Laura Jin (SDG2); Dominique Reeb, Basundhara Bhattarai and Taylor Tondelli (SDG5); Elaine Springgay, Robert Nylander and Cara Pratt (SDG6); Xia Zuzhang (SDG7); Thais Linhares-Juvenal, Matleena Kniivilä and Eeva Alho (SDG8); Simone Borelli, Michela Conigliaro, Stefano Quaglia, Fabio Salbitano and Florencia Pineda (SDG11); Valeria Khristolyubova, Arvydas Lebedys and Mats Nordberg (SDG12); Simmone Rose, Simona Savini, Anna Tjarvar, Maria Ruiz-Villar, Serena Fortuna and Nina Lande (SDG13); Douglas Muchoney, Anssi Pekkarinen, Lars Gunnar Marklund and Valentina Garavaglia (SDG15); Ilaria Palumbo and Anne-Maud Courtois (data gaps); and Thais Linhares-Juvenal, Anne-Maud Courtois, Ilaria Palumbo, Lars Gunnar Marklund, Arvydas Lebedys and Nathalia Formenton Cardoso (Annex).

      Chapter 3 was coordinated by Andrey Kushlin. The country case studies in this chapter were prepared by Jaime Terán (Bolivia, Plurinational State of), Bassirou Belem (Burkina Faso), César Sandoval (Guatemala), Mauro Agnoletti (Italy), Don Koo Lee (Republic of Korea), Rabindra Roy (Nepal), Yuri Trubin (the Russian Federation) and Martin Kijazi (United Republic of Tanzania). Nora Berrahmouni, Moctar Sacande, Anni Vuohelainen and Jhony Zapata contributed to the cases studies. The lead author of the chapter was Marjory-Anne Bromhead.

      The State of the World’s Forests 2018 also benefited from peer reviews by Peter Dewees, Pia Katila, Michael Martin and Isilda Nhantumbo, as well as comments from many colleagues in other technical divisions within FAO.

      The FAO Meeting Programming and Documentation Service provided printing services and carried out the translations, in addition to the contributors mentioned above.

      The Publishing Group (OCCP) in FAO’s Office for Corporate Communication provided editorial support, design and layout, as well as production coordination, for editions in all six official languages.

      ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

      BWS

      baseline water stress

      CAP

      Common Agricultural Policy

      CCE

      climate change education

      CFM

      community forest management

      CFUG

      Community Forest User Group

      CIFOR

      Center for International Forestry Research

      COFO

      Committee on Forestry

      DRR

      disaster risk reduction

      EU

      European Union

      EUROSTAT

      EU Directorate-General for statistics

      FAO

      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      FAOSTAT

      FAO statistics database

      FECOFUN

      Federation of Community Forest User Groups Nepal

      FLEGT

      Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade

      FLR

      forest and landscape restoration

      FRA

      Forest Resource Assessment

      FSC

      Forest Stewardship Council

      GACC

      Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

      GDP

      gross domestic product

      GHG

      greenhouse gas

      GVA

      gross value added

      HLPF

      High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

      IAEG-SDGs

      Interagency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators

      ICRAF

      World Agroforestry Centre

      IEA

      International Energy Agency

      IFAD

      International Fund for Agricultural Development

      ILO

      International Labour Organization

      ILOSTAT

      International Labour Organization statistics database

      INDC

      Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

      IPCC

      Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

      ISIC

      International Classification of All Economic Activities

      ISSC-MAP

      International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

      IUCN

      International Union for the Conservation of Nature

      KBA

      Key Biodiversity Area

      LDC

      Least-developed countries

      LUD

      land use dialogue

      NAMA

      Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

      NAP

      National Adaptation Plan

      NAPA

      National Adaptation Programme of Action

      NDC

      Nationally Determined Contribution

      NGO

      non-governmental organization

      NWFP

      non-wood forest products

      ODA

      official development assistance

      OECD

      Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

      PA

      protected area

      PEFC

      Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification

      PFM

      participatory forest management

      PIPRTIG

      Inter-Institutional Action Plan for the Prevention and Reduction of Illegal Logging in Guatemala

      PP

      Pulp and Paper products

      PPP

      public-private partnership

      REDD+

      Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

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