GreenFaith: Mobilizing God's People to Save the Earth

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Praise for GreenFaith

Praise for GreenFaith

In this book, Fletcher Harper takes on the noble and critical task of inspiring and motivating the faith community to take action in caring for God’s creation. He challenges stereotypes about the Bible and Christian theology in regard to its message about nature, and he explores many of the world’s major faith traditions for significant practices and teachings on the environment. He shares meaningful stories from his work with GreenFaith that provide a window onto humankind’s troubled relationship to the natural world. This book contributes to a growing body of work that shows the religious and spiritual element of the ecological crisis and the importance of the faith community’s involvement in solving difficult environmental issues. Those who are seeking spiritual depth while wondering about the future of the planet—whether they are members of a faith community or not—will benefit immensely from taking the time to read this book and consider another narrative about the role of faith in ecological ethics.

—Rev. Dr. Daniel R. Smith, Lutheran Church of the Incarnation, Davis, CA

"From his very first sentence, ‘Nature, the outdoors, the environment, is fundamental to religious faith and spirituality,’ Harper makes it absolutely clear that religion and environment can be and should be closely linked. He provides a close reading of the Bible to demonstrate that environmental stewardship is, in fact, a central, though often overlooked, tenet of both Christianity and Judaism. Harper digs deeper, though, and explores the world’s other great religious traditions and demonstrates that a deep environmental ethic is embedded in each of them. He explains that, ‘To be a person of faith, a spiritual person, now means to love the earth as well as loving people.’

Harper’s text goes well beyond an analysis of various faith traditions, however, and becomes a clarion call to action. ‘We need to commit, and to act now. We need faiths to step forward, to use our collective influence in the service of this profoundly good, loving vision—eliminating dire poverty and restoring the earth.’ In compelling prose, Harper explains the dire consequences our unbridled actions have had on the earth and all of its species, both plants and animals. He explores what is likely to happen if we don’t act, and act soon. As he notes, ‘The time has arrived for Christianity to recognize creation’s basic dignity alongside humanity’s.’ But his is not a pessimistic message. He discusses numerous examples where religious communities have come together to make significant environmental differences and argues that together we can do much more. Together we can remake the world, if only we have the spiritual will to do so. Much of the impetus needed for actions of the sort most needed can be found within this provocative, insightful, and moving book."

—Michael Zimmerman, Founder and Executive Director, The Clergy Letter Project, and Vice President for Academic Affairs, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA

"Two generations after Aldo Leopold called for an ‘ecological conscience’ in his A Sand County Almanac, Fletcher Harper offers a context within which people of every major faith tradition, and no tradition in particular, can answer that call. He starts simply: ‘No earth, no faith.’ In the opening chapters he reveals how the earth is the gift that shapes our faith, and then in a pivotal interlude he gives a rich definition of environment that leads to the concluding chapters in which he presents realistic steps for shaping vision, encouraging economic development, and taking action. He makes complex concepts accessible and ends each chapter with provocative questions for every individual and group."

—Rev. Phil Blackwell, retired United Methodist minister, Chicago Temple

Title Page

Copyright Page

GreenFaith:

mobilizing god’s people to save the earth

Copyright © 2015 by Abingdon Press

All rights reserved.

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to Permissions, The United Methodist Publishing House, 2222 Rosa L. Parks Blvd., PO Box 280988, Nashville, TN 37228-0988, or e-mailed to [email protected].

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.

ISBN: 978-1-6308-8427-7

Scripture quotations unless noted otherwise are from the Common English Bible. Copyright © 2011 by the Common English Bible. All rights reserved. Used by permission. www.CommonEnglishBible.com.

Scripture quotations marked KJV are from The Authorized (King James) Version. Rights in the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom are vested in the Crown. Reproduced by permission of the Crown’s patentee, Cambridge University Press.

Dedication Page

To Lucy, Max, Mom, and Lisa

Contents

Foreword by Bill McKibben

Part 1: Earth and Faith

Chapter 1

Raw Awe: Religious Experience and the Great Outdoors

Chapter 2

Good, Good, and Very Good: The Hebrew Bible’s Teachings on Nature

Chapter 3

For the Bible Tells Me So: The New Testament and Nature’s Protection

Chapter 4

Many Faiths, One Earth: Eco-Teachings from the World’s Religions

Part 2: The Earth Itself

Chapter 5

What’s in a Word? The Many Meanings of Environment

Chapter 6

The Pale Blue Dot: Our Remarkable Planet

Part 3: Belief into Action

Chapter 7

A New Green Revolution: Faiths in Action for the Earth

Chapter 8

Our Kairos Moment: Why Faith Must Become GreenFaith

Foreword

We’ve had the Bible for several thousand years, and in most of that time the real action has been in the struggles of one human being with another. That drama has captivated us, in art and music and also in theology. Perhaps—we pray—it reached its crescendo with the awful, epic wars of the twentieth century.

But now a new conflict has come to the fore, the conflict between human beings and the world around them. It is an epic battle as well: this year we’ve learned that, along with melting most of the summer sea ice in the Arctic and acidifying the waters of the world’s oceans, humans have also destabilized the massive ice sheets of the West Antarctic. That is to say, of the seven or eight great physical features on this planet, three are irrevocably changed. On land we watch the rapid spread of drought, flood, and wildfire, and we know that all are tied to our habits—that they’re not, in the words of the insurance policies, an act of God, but increasingly an act of man.

That’s why it is powerful to turn back to our traditions and see—as this compelling book shows—that at their roots they have much to teach us about how to live in peace with the natural world. There are plenty of messages waiting to be discovered, in word and practice; they’ve been sitting there all along, but now that we need them we can find them and put them to use.

It’s not as if these are secondary messages: the very first thing that God asks of those of us in the Judeo-Christian tradition is to exercise dominion over this earth, to dress and to keep it. Our dominion so far has been a pretty sorry affair: we’re turning the generally benign order of the Holocene into overheated chaos. But if we pay attention we don’t need to be a wrecking ball. Pay attention to science, yes, which puts definite limits on how much we can demand of the earth. But also pay attention to the delight we feel in nature, and to the sorrow we feel at its destruction. We were born to love creation; it’s taken an act of will (thank you, Mr. Descartes) to divorce ourselves from it.

It’s the great adventure of our time to try and reconnect with the world around us, and to do it with sufficient speed to save as much of the DNA around us as we can. It’s too late to stop global warming or to avert extinctions, but not too late to minimize the damage. But it requires our species learning how to fit in to the larger whole, which is precisely the task we were assigned in Genesis 1. This slim volume is a handbook for starting that process—for the inquiry we need to undertake if we’re going to be the people we’ve been called to be. If ever there was a book for its moment in time, this is it.

Bill McKibben

Bill McKibben is a noted environmentalist, author, and journalist.

Part 1: Earth and Faith

Chapter 1

No Earth, No Faith

Nature, the outdoors, the environment, is fundamental to religious faith and spirituality. Human experience affirms this. The world’s sacred texts confirm it. Human life and vitality depend on it. And, healthy religious faith is incomplete without it.

In regards to God, nature is as primary and fundamental as sacred texts. As primary and fundamental as our beliefs and rituals. As primary and fundamental as religion itself. Not more primary and fundamental—but as primary and fundamental for sure.

There’s no spiritual life that does not involve, does not start, intimately and inescapably, with the Earth. That is not enriched and sustained by the Earth. That doesn’t depend on the Earth for reawakening, rejuvenation, and renewal, for restoration and forgiveness, for life and love. Without contact with the natural world, our faith and spirituality are dangerously incomplete.

No Earth, no faith.

It’s on purpose that this book starts not with the moral responsibility that spiritual and religious people have to protect the creation, but by exploring the role that the Earth can, does, and must play in our spiritual and religious lives. The Earth is a remarkable gift to our faith. It’s in relation to the natural world that many of us have our most profound spiritual experiences. It’s from the Earth that many of us draw a deep sense of awe and wonder, beauty and gratitude, community and love, and gain our first hints about the nature of God. The Earth is a gift that can shape our deepest

beliefs in many ways, if we allow it. So it’s right for a book on the relationship between Earth and faith to start by acknowledging this gift and by exploring it. By seeing what it offers us spiritually. How it moves us. What it teaches us.

Getting Past the Human Soul Alone

with God

For centuries, a dominant image of spiritual life and practice has been the solitary individual, deep in prayer or meditation or in the study of sacred writings. Another widespread image is that of a congregation at worship in its sanctuary, a group of people gathered in its sacred place.

The suggestion of these images is that a spiritual life is something that takes place between people alone with their Higher Power, their God, their Source. Nature doesn’t figure in either image except as a backdrop, an inert stage on which the most meaningful drama—between God and individuals—plays out.

These images no longer work.

They play into the dangerous and outdated tendency to view spirituality as something that takes place only between people, whether singly or in groups, and the divine. That it is somehow possible to connect with God outside of our actual being within the natural world. That we can, in some mysterious way, remove ourselves from the Earth when we seek oneness with our Creator.

On an obvious level, these images fail the most basic test of plausibility. We breathe, eat, and walk the Earth. Our lives take place in an incarnated context. And when we meditate or pray, worship and celebrate, seek spiritual aliveness and insight, we remain firmly within nature’s embrace, even as we reach more deeply into the heart of life for energy and meaning.

But these images of the solitary human seeker and the congregation joined in worship fail for another reason. They fail because they treat the Earth, a primary source of divine revelation, as an irrelevant distraction instead of an indispensable companion. They’re wrong because they ignore that the Earth is a gift that, very often, connects us to the sacred more powerfully than anything else. One of the primary reasons that people seek a spiritual life is because their lives feel pale, drained of vividness or energy or love or depth. Few things reconnect us with these energies more than nature.

It’s time for a new iconic image of the spiritual seeker. A congregation joined in worship should be shown outdoors, appreciating Creator through and with creation. A sage, immersed in meditation or sacred study, should be shown in the midst of a field, embracing the divine in, through, and with the natural world. People should be shown in relationship to the creation. On a mountainside. At the sea or the side of a brook. Beneath the stars. Nature must be shown. Because it is always present. Because it very often represents the medium through which or in which people rediscover their absent vividness and personhood, the better angels of their nature. Nature is our spiritual companion and inspiration, the medium of our renewal and our vital energy. It belongs firmly within the definition of what it means to have a spiritual life, and to have faith.

Spiritual seeking without a place for nature is as inconceivable as spirituality without people.

Or without spirit.

Or without God.

Can You Recall a Spiritual

Experience Outdoors?

In dozens of settings in churches, synagogues, mosques, temples, and more, I’ve sat with people in small groups and invited them, very simply, to recall a meaningful or spiritual experience they’ve had in nature. I invite people to sit. To recall. And to share.

It’s a remarkable thing to watch.

My daughter Lucy, now eleven, used to play with those small compressed sponges which, when dropped into the water, expanded into an animal’s shape. It was always surprisingly relaxing to watch those sponges grow. They remind me of human unwinding and creativity, exhaling and self-expression. They’re fun.

Watching people recall and share their spiritual experiences in nature is like watching the same kind of process—in the flesh and in real time. It is watching the Spirit reenter human life. It’s awesome.

Before describing the kinds of stories that I’ve heard most often, there are several things that are important to know about this process of reconnection and remembrance.

Universal

First, everyone has these experiences. I’ve spoken with groups of Jews and Christians, Muslims and Hindus, Unitarians and Buddhists. I’ve spoken with African Americans and Latinos, Asians and Caucasians, and Native People. Rich and poor. Young and old. Urbanites, suburbanites, and those who live as far from a city as they can. Regardless of their background or culture or social location or age, all of them have been able to remember this kind of experience. I’ve seen men in their eighties remember outdoor experiences from childhood that move them to tears seven

decades after the fact. I’ve seen teenagers describe their first spiritual awakening taking place outdoors. Several years ago I interviewed people at an environmental conference about their spiritual or religious experiences in nature. After several hours of interviews with people from various religious and spiritual traditions, two men approached me. We’re atheists, they said. Why aren’t you asking us about our spiritual experiences outdoors? It’s not like we don’t have them.

To be human is to connect meaningfully, spiritually, with the natural world. Our capacity to experience the spirit in and through nature is a universal human endowment.

Close at Hand

Second, memories of these experiences are both easily accessible yet oddly forgotten. When asked, people usually remember these experiences quickly. These aren’t repressed memories requiring great effort, decades of therapy to recover. In the small group exercises I mentioned above, I offer people one minute to recall their experiences. Most people recall them within ten seconds, and with clarity and vividness.

Yet, interestingly and sadly, few people have ever spoken of these experiences to others, let alone in a religious setting. For the most part, and for reasons we’ll explore later, people feel it can be risky to share these stories for several cultural and theological reasons. But when people do try to remember, the memories rush forward with a sudden freshness. It’s as if these stories are stuck in a closet in the middle of our conscious minds, straining to come out into the open. When the door is unlocked, they emerge bold and fresh, sharp and resonant. Even if they are years or decades old.

Spiritual Energy

Third, the impact of sharing these stories, and hearing others share them, is galvanizing and captivating. I’ve watched hundreds of people describe their outdoor experiences. When people tell these stories, they choose their words carefully. They inflect their voices as if their life depended on describing the inexpressible. They move their hands—jabbing at the air in excitement, caressing the open space in gratitude, lowering their tone in awe. It’s incredible to watch, like watching the sap rise in a real human life. In telling these stories, people aren’t just describing something that they’ve seen or observed. They’re describing something that’s become part of themselves, part of their own essence.

These experiences, at least in part, dissolve the human/nature divide like turpentine dissolves paint. What’s left is a deeply integrated moment, a place in people’s lives where they come together with themselves, the natural world, and the power behind it—all as one.

Variations and Themes

Over and over, people tell several distinct kinds of stories about their spiritual experiences outdoors. They tell stories about awe and wonder. They tell stories about beauty. They tell stories about relationships—with the human and the beyond-

human community of life.

Awe

I grew up a Baptist and must have sung How Great Thou Art¹ a thousand times by the time I was twelve. I never really got it. Then, one summer, my Boy Scout troop organized a trip to climb Mt. Whitney. It was a very difficult, challenging climb. I had never had to work so hard physically as I did to get to the top of that mountain. But I did, and I looked around at the hundreds of smaller peaks that fanned out below where we were standing. I looked at a huge expanse of land. Then, for the first time, I could say How Great Thou Art and mean it. —Darrell

Awe: an emotion variously combining dread, veneration, and wonder that is inspired by authority or by the sacred or sublime. —The Merriam-Webster Dictionary

The first kind of outdoor spiritual experience people share is stories about awe, of wonder, in relation to the Earth. Darrell, who grew up in south central Los Angeles, shared a memory that exemplifies this theme. It describes an encounter with something that is physically impressive, that evokes a sense of the sacred. Many awe stories contain similar themes, though it’s important to note that not all involve something of great physical size. The intricacy of nature’s design, the intensity of outdoor silence or nighttime’s thick darkness or a single, sublime feature of a tree can evoke awe. Awe isn’t just about size. It is about a largeness of presence, whether physical or spiritual, or both.

Awe, in these cases, expresses our sense that we’ve encountered something far more full and complete than ourselves, a momentary majesty that evokes our hunger for a larger life. Awe captivates us and evokes our sense of our own limits. It reminds us that we’re small, that the world doesn’t revolve around us. In a culture that teaches that gratifying the ego is the pathway to happiness, it’s notable that most people whom I’ve seen share memories of outdoor awe seem grateful to be reminded that there’s something bigger than us. Perhaps we need reminders that it’s a