The Life and Times of Alexander Hamilton

PREFACE.

The want of a complete and satisfactory yet succinct and popular life of Alexander Hamilton, has long been felt by the reading public; and when we remember the very eminent position which he occupies in American history, it is somewhat singular that no attempt has been made to execute such a work. The Memoir published by his son, John C. Hamilton, is excellent as far as it goes; although it is not only unfinished, but is also too cumbersome and diffuse for the popular reader. The small work of Dr. Renwick, though well adapted to the purpose for which it was written, was necessarily very superficial and incomplete. I am not aware that any other reliable Memoir of Hamilton is in existence.

In the preparation of the following pages, I have freely used and appropriated all the sources of information which were accessible to me on the subject. These include the most important publications which were cotemporary with the events narrated; together with all the published works of Hamilton, and the existing biographies of himself, his associates, and his opponents. The fierce passions and jealousies of that memorable era in which Hamilton figured and flourished, have now been laid to rest in the slumber of the tomb; and he who attempts at the present day to write the history of this great man, may claim at least one advantage over his predecessors—that he has no temptation from party prejudice and bias, either to color, exaggerate, or suppress the truth.

The remarkable incidents of Hamilton’s career will never lose their singular power to attract and instruct mankind; for they furnish impressive illustrations both of the brightest and the basest elements of human character. The brightest all appertained to himself; the basest belonged to those by whom he was surrounded and assailed. Few men have ever lived whose virtues were so transcendent, whose motives were so disinterested, whose usefulness was so extensive and so permanent; yet there never lived a man against whom the envious, the malicious, and the vile, fabricated so many baseless and absurd slanders, and illustrated by the aspersions which they cast upon him, and by the filthy slime of their hate with which they endeavored to pollute him, how despicable humanity in their own persons could become. To a very eminent degree Hamilton paid the natural penalty which superior genius and distinction must always suffer from the envious, the disappointed, and the obscure.

With the lapse of time the false impressions which once existed in reference to the political principles and personal qualities of the subject of this history, have gradually become, in a great measure, rectified. I have attempted in the following pages to aid in accomplishing this result.

My endeavor has been to describe Hamilton precisely as he was; neither to set down aught in malice, nor yet unfairly to extenuate. I remembered the severe order given by Cromwell to the limner who executed his portrait, to paint him as he was, and not to omit the warts which embellished his stern visage. Such defects as Hamilton really possessed have not been overlooked. The immortal statesman and orator would himself have directed his biographers thus to write of him, had he lived to guide and counsel them. And after having thus been true to history in exhibiting what may have been defective in the principles or the conduct of Hamilton, we are convinced that every impartial reader must admit that, if Washington is esteemed first in war, in peace, and in the hearts of his countrymen, Hamilton, beyond all question, deserves to be regarded as the second.

Samuel M. Smucker.

Philadelphia, November, 1856.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

INTRODUCTION.

MISSION OF AMERICAN STATESMEN—FIRST COLONY FOUNDED IN AMERICA—SUCCESSIVE ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL THE AMERICAN COLONIES THEIR GROWTH—THE OLD FRENCH WAR—SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE COLONIES—THE STAMP ACT CONDUCT OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT—OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE—FIRST MEETING OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS—DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE—THE GRAND DRAMA BEGINS.

The genius and enterprise of Columbus discovered an unknown world; but it fell to the lot of other men to perform the noble task of adorning that world with the triumphs of civilization, with the trophies of art and science, with fair, stately, and enduring structures of civil and religious liberty. In the accomplishment of this mission, some of the most remarkable personages who ever lived were called into prominence and activity; and in the fulfillment of the destiny designated for them by Providence, they won for themselves undying names, and erected monumenta aere perenniora, which will engage and retain the admiration of men in all coming time. One of the most distinguished of these was Alexander Hamilton.

As the life and abilities of this great man were devoted to the establishment of the government, and the attainment of the liberties of the American confederacy, it may not be inappropriate to preface the history of his remarkable career, by a brief survey of those events which immediately preceded his appearance on the scene of action, and which directly prepared the way for his own subsequent achievements.

The first attempt to found a colony in the new world was made by Sir Walter Raleigh, in the year 1585. It failed; but the enterprise was more successfully renewed by Captain John Smith, in Virginia, in 1607. That colony located at Jamestown was destined to live, though brought on several critical occasions to the verge of ruin. In the same year a small colony was also attempted on the Kennebec River, but it did not succeed. Yet the reports which were conveyed to England, in reference to the new continent, were the cause of the emigration of the Puritans, who, in 1620, founded the Plymouth colony in the province of Massachusetts. In 1636 the colony of Rhode Island was commenced by Roger Williams; and in the same year that of Connecticut was established by a clergyman named Hooker, who, like Williams, was an emigrant and an exile from Massachusetts. In 1623 New Hampshire was first settled, Maine in 1635, Maryland in 1633, South Carolina in 1650, New York about 1600, New Jersey in 1664, and Pennsylvania in 1682. The other colonies were afterward founded and established at successive periods; sometimes by emigration from the older communities already named, and sometimes by direct emigration from the countries of Europe. Georgia was the last of the thirteen original colonies which was established, having been founded by General Oglethorp, in 1732.

During the progress of a century this family of incipient empires flourished together in harmony; gradually increasing their strength, numbers, and resources. The only foe with whom they had to contend were the fierce savages of the primitive wilds, whose ancient and untilled heritage they had rudely appropriated to themselves. Many dark and bloody scenes were enacted between the belligerent races, some of the thrilling details of which have now descended to oblivion; but stout hearts were often requisite in those primeval times, to resist undismayed the vengeance of the despoiled and enraged children of the forest.

In 1754 the first conflict with an external and civilized foe took place. Then the old French war occurred between the British colonies, and those of the French, in Canada, and along the Mississippi. The question of boundary between England and France had, for many years, been a subject of useless and unavailing negotiation. The sword alone seemed able to solve the difficulty. In 1753 France endeavored, by establishing a chain of military posts along the Ohio River and the Lakes, to connect together their possessions in Canada with those on the Mississippi, and thus to confine the British colonists to a small and narrow territory along the Atlantic Ocean, and perhaps eventually even to expel them entirely from the country. Various conflicts ensued between the British and French colonial troops. In 1755 the memorable defeat of Braddock took place at Fort Du Quesne, and during three succeeding campaigns the French continued to triumph. On the accession of William Pitt to the British ministry in 1756, the tide of conquest was turned, the French were repeatedly routed, and in 1762, after hostilities had raged for eight years, a general peace was concluded, by which France ceded Canada to Britain; and Spain, unwilling to encounter the uncertainties of a conflict with a triumphant and formidable power, exchanged the Floridas for Cuba.

The British colonies then continued to flourish with increased prosperity; but a dark cloud began to hover over them. In 1765, under the auspices of Mr. Grenville, the British minister, the British parliament passed the celebrated and obnoxious Stamp Act, by which it was enacted that all legal instruments should be written only on stamped paper or parchment, in order to be valid. The price of this stamped paper was excessive; and during the seven months which elapsed before the act was ordered to take effect, the voice of murmur and discontent began to be heard in the American colonies. At first that discontent was uttered in whispers. It then became louder and louder. At length it sounded in thunder-tones, which reverberated over the whole length and breadth of the continent. The first organized resistance was made in the Virginia House of Burgesses. There, for the first time, the eloquent voice of Patrick Henry was heard, and he concluded his first speech in defense of American liberties, by declaring:—That every individual who, by speaking or acting, should assert or maintain that any person or body of men, except the General Assembly of the province, had any right to impose taxation there, should be deemed an enemy to his majesty’s colony. Soon the flame spread far and wide. The Assembly of Massachusetts passed a resolution in favor of the meeting of a Continental Congress, and proposed a day for its convocation in the city of New York. The proposition was accepted by all the other colonies, excepting four, and their deputies assembled at the appointed time. But their measures were as yet indecisive; and they adjourned without having accomplished any thing, except the adoption of a Declaration of Rights.

When the time arrived for the Stamp Act to go into operation, it was generally disregarded throughout the colonies. Associations were formed against importing British manufactures until the law should be repealed. The lawyers were prohibited from commencing any suits for money due to any inhabitant of England. The consequence of these vigorous measures was that in March, 1766, the British parliament repealed the obnoxious law. But at the same time they passed an act authorizing duties on glass, paper, painters’ colors, and tea imported into the colonies. The parliament doubtless supposed that if the colonists could abandon the use of stamped paper, they could not deny themselves the luxuries and conveniences of life. This measure only kindled the fires of opposition and rebellion still more fiercely than before. The Assembly of Massachusetts, having passed resolutions exceeding in boldness and severity those of any other deliberative body in the colonies, were dissolved by George III. In 1768, Mr. Hancock’s sloop Liberty was seized at Boston, for not having entered all the wines contained in her cargo; and British ships and regiments were sent to Boston to aid the British revenue officers. The colonies remained hostile and rebellious. This attitude of affairs induced the repeal, in 1770, of all the obnoxious duties, excepting that imposed upon tea. Large consignments of this article were sent by the British East India Company to several American ports. In New York and Philadelphia the popular fury prevented the attempt to discharge the cargoes. At Boston, the tea sent for the supply of that port being consigned to the particular friend of the British governor, Hutchinson, seemed to be in a fair way of delivery, when a party of patriots, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships, broke open the boxes and threw the contents into the sea.

The British parliament became enraged at this decisive step. They passed an act by which they closed the port of Boston, and removed its customhouse and trade to Salem. They remodeled the charter of the colony of Massachusetts, by which the whole executive government was taken from the people, and the nomination and appointment to all important offices was vested in the crown. Thus the property, life and liberty of the colonists were subjected to the arbitrary caprice of the British monarch.

This act of outrageous and unwarranted despotism threw the whole continent into a blaze of patriotic indignation, which was increased when General Gage arrived at Boston, in 1774, with a large British force, with the avowed purpose of dragooning the rebellious inhabitants into submission. His troops took military possession of Boston, and fortified it. At this crisis all the colonies, then thirteen in number, determined to summon a Continental Congress, for the purpose of deliberating on the existing state of their affairs, and ascertaining what course they would in future pursue. The deputies met in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. Fifty-four delegates appeared, and took their seats in the first Continental Congress. They met in a now obscure building entitled Carpenter’s Hall, which deserves the immortal honor of being the birthplace of the American republic. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen president. Among them were found the Adamses, the Livingstons, the Henrys, the Lees, the Randolphs, the Rutledges, and the Jays. It was here that the matchless and thrilling eloquence of Patrick Henry was first "heard in the Congress of the nation. After its organization, he was the first to break the long and painful pause which ensued. He spoke, and the pathos and power of that great speech have been recorded and remembered by generations since, and the fame of it has gone forth over all the world. The Congress unanimously published a Declaration of Eights, formed an association not to import or use British goods, sent a petition to the King of England, published an address to the inhabitants of that kingdom, another to the residents of Canada, and a third to the citizens of the colonies.

Incensed by these decisive measures the British parliament, instead of retracing their steps or conciliating the malecontents, passed an act restraining the trade of the middle and southern colonies to Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. This additional outrage aroused the patriotic indignation of the whole country. The day for the amicable adjustment of the difficulties between the colonies and the mother country had now passed by forever. Preparations were industriously made throughout all the States for conflict with the British forces, and soon the lurid flames of war were kindled. The first revolutionary blood was spilt at Lexington. That battle aroused the continent throughout the full extent of its countless vales, its fertile plains, its pathless forests, and its mountain heights. The glorious struggle for liberty had in fact begun. In July, 1776, Congress proclaimed the Declaration of American Independence; and immediately afterward General Washington assumed the command of the continental army, then assembled around the British batteries at Boston. Another era of immortal deeds had dawned upon the world, and the chief actors were preparing to enter on the stage and play their destined parts.

CHAPTER I.

BIRTH OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON—HIS ANCESTORS—HIS EARLY SCHOOLING—ENTERS A COUNTING-HOUSE—PROPITIOUS ACCIDENT—SAILS FOB NEW YORK—HIS STUDIES AT ELIZABETH-TOWN—HE ENTERS COLUMBIA COLLEGE—HIS STUDIOUS HABITS AND PROGRESS—HIS FIRST PUBLIC ORATION—ITS EFFECTS AND PROMISE OF FUTURE SUCCESS.

Alexander Hamilton was a native of the Island of Nevis, in the British West Indies. He was born on the eleventh day of January, 1759. His ancestors on the paternal side were Scotch; and were connected with the great clan of the Hamiltons, which has long possessed no inconsiderable consequence in Scottish history. His father had been reared in Scotland to mercantile pursuits; and being allured by the favorable prospects of trade which invited him to St. Christopher, he removed thither when comparatively young, and had there engaged in business.

Hamilton’s mother was of French extraction, and was directly descended from one of those noble old Hugonots who, after the infamous revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., in 1685, had deserted his native land rather than basely betray his religion, and had sought a refuge and a home on one of the blooming and verdant islands, which lie embosomed amid the western main. The mother of Hamilton was a woman of superior intelligence and rare beauty. When very young she had married a wealthy Dane, named Lavine, against her own wishes, at the instance of her family. But the parties were quite uncongenial in their tastes and characters; and the union proving a source of much misery to the lady, she applied for and obtained a divorce. She then removed to St. Christopher, and several years afterward became the wife of James Hamilton, and the mother of Alexander.

Whilst he was very young, Hamilton’s mother unfortunately died, and left him to the charitable care and protection of her relatives. They did not neglect the trust, and sent the orphan boy to school at Vera Cruz. His father was at that time very much impoverished, and he remained in that condition until his death in 1799. Alexander, who was diminutive for his age, was entirely dependent on his mother’s relatives not only for support, but also for the future guidance of his life. Yet at this early period the superior intelligence of the child attracted general attention; and those who were interested in his fate already began to indulge hopes of a brighter future for him, than the misfortunes of the commencement of his career had seemed to presage.

Yet the extent of his literary advantages was very limited. His schooling did not long continue. He had the good fortune at that time to enlist the charitable regard of a Presbyterian clergyman named Knox, and from him he received some useful instruction and many valuable hints. These were of great service to a youth so intelligent and so ardent in the pursuit of knowledge as Hamilton; but he was compelled by circumstances to relinquish his studies in 1769, and enter the counting-house of Nicholas Cruger at Vera Cruz. In this situation ho devoted himself attentively to the details of business; and his superior abilities and probity soon secured him the confidence of his employer. At the age of fourteen he was intrusted by him with the entire care of his establishment, during his absence on a visit to the United States in 1770.

Nevertheless during the period of Hamilton’s connection with Mr. Cruger, his active and inquiring mind was not content with the mere details and responsibilities of business, but he employed his leisure in extending his knowledge. He studied mathematical science, chemistry, history, and general literature. He seemed to be conscious that a higher destiny awaited him, than that which lay immediately before and around him; and he was assiduous in the acquisition of knowledge and the training of those superior faculties whose mighty and restless energies he already felt working within him.

While thus uncertain as to his future destiny, an accident occurred which immediately gave it a paramount and an appropriate direction. In 1772 a furious and destructive tornado, such as the tropical climes alone experience, swept over the Leeward Islands of the West Indies, carrying ruin and desolation along its pathway. The stoutest hearts were appalled by the fearful havoc which ensued; and while the public mind was still filled with awe and consternation at its effects, a description of the hurricane and of its consequences appeared in the public journal of the Island of St. Christopher.

In this event originated the future greatness and celebrity of Hamilton. The description in question was written with such ability, and bore throughout such unquestionable evidences of a superior intellect, that it attracted universal attention, and inquiries were industriously made for its author. When it was discovered that a lad so young, so small, so friendless as Hamilton, had penned that powerful production, the interest was increased tenfold; and many friends arose around him who offered to send him to the United States in order to complete his education. He gladly embraced the opportunity. He received letters of introduction from Mr. Knox to Dr. Mason and other distinguished clergymen in New York, and ample means were furnished him for his immediate support. In October, 1772, he sailed from the West Indies; bade farewell to the home of his childhood; and set foot on that land with whose rising splendors his own name and fame were destined afterward to become so closely and so honorably identified.

Having arrived in New York and presented his letters of introduction, Hamilton concluded, in accordance with the advice of his friends, to commence his studies at the Grammar-school of Elizabethtown, then ably conducted by Francis Barber. His industry and application here were such as to warrant the brightest prospects of his future success. In winter he frequently continued his studies till midnight. In summer the early hour of six found him intently at his books. Scarcely a year elapsed before he was deemed fit, by his instructors, to enter college. He accordingly visited Dr. Witherspoon, at that time president of Princeton College, for the purpose of being admitted to the Freshman class. Hamilton however desired to make one condition with the faculty of the college, preliminary to his matriculation,—a condition which furnishes singular evidence both of his attainments, of his future purposes of application, and of his confidence in the success of his endeavors. He wished to stipulate that he might be permitted to advance from one class to another, not by the usual gradations of progress but with as much rapidity as his improvement in learning would enable him to do. This proviso was in opposition to the usages and rules of the college; for if it were granted to one, it might be demanded by many; and such an arrangement would soon throw all the classes into confusion. In refusing his application Dr. Witherspoon however added, that he regretted the necessity which prevented him from complying with Mr. Hamilton’s request, inasmuch as he was convinced that the young gentleman would do honor to any seminary in which he should be educated.

Hamilton proceeded from Princeton to New York, and there entered the institution now known as Columbia College. In addition to the usual collegiate course he studied anatomy. He then thought it not improbable that he might devote his future life to the profession of medicine. He is represented as being, even at this early period of his life, unusually devout; that he was regular in his attendance on public worship; that he prayed night and morning on his knees; that his prayers were marked by unusual eloquence and fervor; and that he was a firm and sincere believer in the truth and divine origin of Christianity. One of his poetical productions at this time was a hymn entitled the Soul entering into bliss. Yet he was remarkable also for the cheerfulness and elasticity of his temper, and was not reluctant occasionally to enter into every species of innocent and honorable amusement.

But the most stirring and portentous times were now approaching in the land of his adoption; and while Hamilton was still a member of the college, his great talents were drawn out into active play by the force of unexpected circumstances, while yet a mere youth. At the early age of seventeen he took his place prominently among American orators and patriots; and his great political and national career may be said to have commenced before he left the quiet and contemplative shades of the academy.

The circumstances of the case were these. In the year 1769, the colony of New York, like the rest of the nation, was in a state of intense excitement. Resistance to the increasing tyranny of the British crown had already begun. Furious conflicts daily arose between the incensed populace and the civil and military powers of the colony. A duty having been laid on tea, the British ministry determined that none of that article should be imported except through the East India Company, whose privileges were exorbitant. The people determined to resist this arbitrary enactment—the forerunner, as they justly feared, of other and more detestable encroachments on their liberties. The British ministers then took the first step of retaliation, and, as we have said, closed the port of Boston—an act of the most ruinous tyranny. A resolution being formed to summon a general Continental Congress, to take into consideration the existing evils and the peculiar state of the country, delegates were to