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    Classic Westerns
    Classic Westerns
    Classic Westerns
    Ebook1,878 pages57 hours

    Classic Westerns

    By Owen Wister, Willa Cather, Zane Grey and

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    Discover six classic novels as you follow the footsteps of the trailblazers who settled the American West.

     
    As the American West opened up to settlers after the Civil War, people were eager for tales of great adventures, endless possibilities, and the pioneering spirit. Classic Westerns is a collection of six novels that captured this sense of exploration and brought the rugged landscape into the homes of readers everywhere. These novels—The Virginian by Owen Wister, O Pioneers! by Willa Cather, The Lone Star Ranger and The Mysterious Rider by Zane Grey, and Gunman’s Reckoning and The Untamed by Max Brand—tell of life on the open plains, in dusty outposts, and alongside majestic mountain ranges that rose to greet travelers who ventured forth into the unexplored country to find their destinies.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCanterbury Classics
    Release dateOct 1, 2017
    ISBN9781684121052
    Classic Westerns
    Author

    Owen Wister

    Owen Wister (1860–1938) was a classmate of Theodore Roosevelt’s at Harvard University and an editor of the Harvard Lampoon. He frequently traveled in the American West, and the region inspired much of his fiction, including the groundbreaking novel The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains, considered by many to be the first true Western.

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      Classic Westerns - Owen Wister

      INTRODUCTIO

      N

      The Western is the most potent myth in American culture. It is how we view ourselves. It is our ideal. It is the dream of easterners, the birthright of westerners. Its traces can be found to this day in Texas and California and Montana and Wyoming, where gold miners still toil, where hunters still pursue deer, and where ranchers still ride the range. Of course, it can also be found on cable TV, in video games, at rodeos, and at cowboy action shooting competitions around the world. From the books in this volume, to the movies of John Wayne and John Ford, to the plays of Sam Shepard, to HBO’s Westworld, the West permeates how we view our history and how we view ourselves as Americans—more than the colonial era, the Industrial Revolution, the Civil War, Prohibition, World War II, or the 1960s.

      The Western myth was popularized immediately—it arose as westward expansion was occurring, turning the political idea of Manifest Destiny into mass entertainment. It comes from dime novels and from Buffalo Bill’s Wild West shows, from the chronicles of Teddy Roosevelt and the artwork of Frederic Remington. It’s usually associated with the 1870s, but it was going on as late as the 1910s and, in a way, it was brought here by the first European colonists in the sixteenth century, always moving west into the setting sun, toward a new frontier. By the time Horace Greeley advised Go west, young man, the myth was already established.

      The Western myth is a standard melodrama, a triangle consisting of a persecutor/villain, a rescuer/hero, and a victim. Sometimes the villain is a gunfighter, sometimes it’s Native Americans, sometimes it’s greedy ranchers. The victims may be townspeople, homesteaders, or virtuous maidens. But the hero is always the same: some variation of a man on a horse with a gun. The Western hero is a man out of place. He is never truly at home. He moves between the savage and the civilized because he belongs to both but doesn’t fully belong to either. He moves among Native Americans, among outlaws, and represents a buffer between them and the coming civilization of towns and farms and railroads, protecting the settlers, if reluctantly, in the end. He is a product of civilization but is always trying to stay ahead of it. He is part of the wilderness but can’t stay there forever. He must always keep moving on, praying never to be fenced in, yet occasionally returning—at least for a time—to town and its comforts. He is most at home when he’s alone, save for his horse, on the range. The Western myth is not confined to cowboys. James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans is a classic Western, as is the 1981 science-fiction film Outland, starring Sean Connery.

      Many of the ideas that modern-day readers have of the Old West and the frontier era come from the four authors in this volume.

      Of course, that familiar gunslinger romance of Zane Grey and Louis L’Amour, of Hopalong Cassidy and Roy Rogers, is not the true West, nor is it the only West. The bucolic West of hardy settlers and beautiful rolling prairies peopled not by outlaws and lawmen but by farmers and townsfolk, of people who do want to settle down and stay put—that is part of the Western tradition as well. This is the West of Little House on the Prairie and Oklahoma! It’s this West that Willa Cather and, to a lesser extent, Owen Wister write about—and it can be found in Zane Grey and Max Brand, but only in an ancillary way. It is this world that the Western hero is trying to escape, the one he must occasionally go back to and sometimes protect. As with all such myths, it is the normal—the West of toiling farmers and common landowners and townsmen—that made up most of that real West (and Cather’s gift, in particular, is to give that world weight).

      The Virginian, Ow

      en Wister

      Owen Wister was an unlikely candidate to be the most important writer of Western fiction. He was a lawyer, a classical composer, and an aristocrat. He was not a son of the West. Wister was born into a wealthy Philadelphia family in 1860. He studied music at Harvard and graduated summa cum laude in 1882. He went to Paris to study composition, and was known to both Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In 1885 a dispute between his parents over his future (his father wanted him to go into business) forced a deep melancholy on Wister. As a cure, he was advised to travel west by his friend Theodore Roosevelt, who had famously sought out the West after his mother and his wife both died on the same day just a year prior. Wister traveled to Wyoming, the first of fifteen trips he took to the West, often accompanying Roosevelt on his hunting and ranching expeditions. Like Roosevelt, Wister found there not just a cure for melancholy but a cure for the soft Victorian lifestyle and values of the East. In several books, Roosevelt documents the severity of Western life and the hardiness of those who lived it. Roosevelt wrote of cowboys and horse thieves. He was among the first to write about another of those larger-than-life Western heroes, his friend Seth Bullock. But while Roosevelt was an important historian and chronicler of the West, it would be Wister’s gift to fictionalize it and bring the Western myth from the dime novel into the mainstream. In 1890, as the story goes, Wister decided to fashion himself into the Rudyard Kipling of the West, writing about the things he had witnessed with his own eyes. Over the next twelve years, he published several short stories about life on the plains.

      The Virginian (1902) was dedicated to Roosevelt, who by then was president of the United States. To say, as some do, that Wister invented the Western myth is too broad a claim. The dime novels existed already, and many Western themes go back as far as James Fennimore Cooper in the 1820s, but the importance of The Virginian is hard to overstate. In it, Wister introduces most of the well-known Western tropes. There’s the green tenderfoot, the strong silent hero, and the virtuous schoolmarm; there’s the sidekick, the dastardly villain, and the benevolent ranch owner. There’s also the shootout in the street and the lynching of cattle rustlers. The latter incident, justified in the story as a necessary piece of frontier justice, presents the hero with a moment of Shakespearean tragedy straight out of Henry V. This moment of torment is one of the many elements that elevates The Virginian above the dime novels that had come before it.

      Unlike a lot of Victorian novels, The Virginian is very readable for a modern audience. Wister was a minimalist and something of a naturalist. His prose was terse and his stories often violent and uncompromising. He had a strong influence on Ernest Hemingway, who knew Wister later in life. His best device is how he uses the narrative voice. The Virginian is told in first person by the tenderfoot, who, like Wister himself, takes the train to Medicine Bow, Wyoming, in 1885 and steps off into a strange new land. Both narrator and hero, the tenderfoot and the Virginian, are unnamed throughout the book. Both are émigrés from the eastern United States; they are the yin and yang of the Western experience.

      While the dime novels, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West shows, Remington’s paintings, and Roosevelt’s chronicles all helped to popularize the American West, Wister created its most enduring images. The Virginian was adapted for the stage in 1904 by Wister and the Broadway impresario Kirke La Shelle, in a production starring Dustin Farnum. The play was adapted to the screen (or, as it says in the credits, picturized) by Cecil B. DeMille in 1914, with Farnum reprising the lead role. It was remade as a movie five times, and inspired the popular TV show that ran from 1962 to 1971. Wister created a heroic type that Hollywood turned into a global phenomenon, especially in the films of John Ford. John Wayne played heroes closely modeled on Wister’s Virginian—from Stagecoach at the height of the Western story, to The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and The Shootist at its sad end, when the encroachment of civilization that both Wister and Roosevelt predicted and mourned had fenced in the West.

      O Pioneers!, Wil

      la Cather

      Of the four authors in this volume, none stands as tall in literary history as Willa Cather. A Pulitzer Prize winner and author of twelve critically acclaimed novels, Cather is an important figure in both modernist literature and American feminism. She is the subject of countless scholarly articles, books, and dissertations. Critical assessment of her work is the stuff of graduate seminars and PhD dissertations. The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, in conjunction with the Willa Cather Foundation, publishes a biennial journal, Cather Studies, devoted to criticism of her work. In literary and scholarly circles, she is considered to be as important as William Faulkner and Edith Wharton.

      Willa Cather was born in 1873 in Back Creek Valley, near Winchester, Virginia. When she was nine years old, her family moved to an area near Red Cloud, Nebraska, to join her grandparents and some other relatives in what is now known as Catherton. The change was a shock. She described moving from hills and streams and woods that were a part of her to a land as barren as a sheet of iron. In O Pioneers! she wrote of Nebraska: Of all the bewildering things about a new country, the absence of human landmarks is one of the most depressing and disheartening.

      After failing as a farmer, her father Charles became a businessman in Red Cloud and Willa began attending school. She also wrote for the local newspaper. She attended the University of Nebraska, intending to become a doctor. She edited the school newspaper, and began to be published regularly in the Nebraska State Journal. She changed her major to English and graduated in 1894.

      Cather moved back East, first to Pittsburgh and then, eventually, to Greenwich Village in New York City. She taught English and Latin, edited women’s magazines, and wrote: first essays and short stories, then books. O Pioneers! (1913) was her second novel. It was both popular and highly acclaimed. It was followed by The Song of the Lark (1915) and My Ántoina (1918), which together form the Prairie Trilogy for which she is best known.

      Cather’s West is not the West of cattle drives and gunslingers. It is the lonely West of immigrants pushing into a land emptied of its inhabitants by disease and war, scratching a living out of dirt. It is a land of sod shacks and diseased hogs. Violence here is not the casual byproduct of conquest, as it is in so many Westerns. It is terrible and pathetic, a twisted, unnecessary thing brought on by drunkenness and jealousy. Most of Cather’s characters are immigrants not just to Nebraska but to the United States. Instead of displaced Virginians and New Yorkers, Cather’s settlers are Swedes and Bohemians and Russians, a population doubly out of place—the population she came to know in Red Cloud.

      As in The Virginian, the land itself is a character in O Pioneers!, but here, instead of a land big and beautiful, sublime and rejuvenating, the land is bleak and hard, a place where men don’t really belong. This sense of bleakness is an oppressive force in O Pioneers! But the great fact was the land itself, which seemed to overwhelm the little beginnings of human society that struggled in its sombre wastes. It was from facing this vast hardness that the boy’s mouth had become so bitter; because he felt that men were too weak to make any mark here, that the land wanted to be let alone, to preserve its own fierce strength, its peculiar, savage kind of beauty, its uninterrupted mournfulness. Of the settlers’ houses she writes, Most of them were built of the sod itself, and were only the unescapable ground in another form.

      The writing in O Pioneers! evokes loneliness, hope, and forgiveness with a descriptive delicacy not found in most Westerns. Many Western writers write about bleakness; Cather makes the bleakness palpable. But the thing that stands out in her writing is a strong female viewpoint. Cather is a type of prairie feminist, one of the strong independent women who helped settle the West and often had to fend for themselves. To the rest of the Edwardian world, prairie women like Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane seemed transgressive, but on the plains, where it was a struggle just to survive to the next day, self-sufficient women were not exotic or threatening, they were the norm.

      Cather was one of these independent women, and so is Alexandra Bergson, the protagonist of O Pioneers! Molly, the love interest in The Virginian, is innocent and a bit helpless, with a heart too feeling for the harsh life of the frontier. She needs men—the Virginian and Judge Henry—to help her navigate Western life. Not so Alexandra. While she eventually marries, she has no need for a man. When her father dies he puts her—not her brothers—in charge of the farm, because she’s the most competent. While the other farms fail, hers prospers. When her brothers object to her choices, she ignores them. She does not try to conquer the West, as men do; she learns to work with it, to coax it, to nurture it. Even when she has reason to hate and seek revenge, she forgives, not out of religious fervor but out of practicality. Revenge and hate are wastes of her time. At times Alexandra is feminine, but at others she is quite masculine. Gender roles are somewhat fluid in Cather’s world.

      The Lone Star Ranger and The Mysterious Rider,

      Zane Gr

      ey

      The writer most closely associated with cowboys and gunfighters, Pearl Zane Grey was born on January 31, 1872, in Zanesville, Ohio, a city founded by his great-grandfather Ebenezer Zane. His father was a dentist. He grew up with a love of fishing, baseball, reading, and writing, the last of which his father disapproved. When Grey wrote his first story, his father tore it up and beat him. When his father’s practice collapsed, the Greys moved to Columbus, where Zane performed dentistry (without a license), and he and his brother Romer played minor league baseball. Grey was scouted by several universities, and eventually took a baseball scholarship at the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied dentistry. He was a star baseball player but a mediocre student. He was also involved in a scandal that resulted in a paternity suit. After graduating, he played minor league baseball in New Jersey and set up a dental practice in New York City. In 1900 he met Dolly Roth, whom he married in 1905. She became his editor and business manager. Though Grey had several affairs, which were known to Dolly, they stayed married and their partnership flourished.

      Grey was strongly influenced by James Fenimore Cooper’s The Leatherstocking Tales, as well as the art of Frederic Remington, but his biggest influence was The Virginian. He meticulously copied Wister’s style. His first few novels, based on the adventures of his ancestors in the American Revolution, were rejected, but after a hunting trip to Arizona, he started to write about the Old West, and his novels began to be accepted. They quickly became best-sellers. In 1912 he had his greatest success with Riders of the Purple Sage. He grew rich, moved to California, and split his time between writing and fishing. Grey spent an average of 300 days each year fishing. Like Ernest Hemingway, he pursued everything, from brook trout to marlin; and, also like Hemingway, he wrote about it, as a regular contributor to Outdoor Life magazine. Living in California put him close to Hollywood, where his stories were grist for the Western movie mill—well over a hundred films have been based on his works.

      The Lone Star Ranger represents an early phase of Grey’s development as a writer. It doesn’t have the flow of Cather’s or Wister’s novels. It’s less imaginative and less evocative. His characters are wooden, like cutouts of people, with little depth and predictable emotions. Exposition comes in the form of tedious speeches being made from one character to another. Grey hasn’t yet mastered the descriptive style for which he will become famous. What’s best in The Lone Star Ranger is action. It’s exciting, thrilling even, and wonderfully plotted.

      The Lone Star Ranger is a story told in two parts. In the first half, the hero, Buck Duane, kills a man in self-defense. Duane is the son of an outlaw and feels the rage of blood pump whenever he finds himself threatened. In Buck Duane, the Western hero has moved past the literary realism of Wister and Cather. Where the Virginian and Alexandra Bergson were the most competent people around them, Buck Duane is superhuman. He is the biggest, the toughest, the fastest draw, the best shot. He can split a playing card on edge at twenty paces. He rides the biggest and the ugliest horse. With Buck Duane, we have entered the realm of the tall tale.

      The killing forces Duane to go on the run. He has a series of adventures among the outlaw gangs of the Big Bend country—and a series of gunfights, by which his reputation grows. He hates the outlaw life, and wants desperately to clear his name. He feels remorse, not so much for the men he killed but for the act of killing itself. He also finds friendship where he didn’t expect it. To his surprise, Duane discovers a few outlaws who are decent men. There’s something of a familiarity of blood among them: good people can spot the good qualities in Duane. His curse is not simply to be an outlaw, it’s to be the best. He is warned early on that winning a gunfight enhances his reputation, but that, in turn, makes him a target for men seeking theirs. An’ every town you ride into will scare up some cowpuncher full of booze or a long-haired four-flush gunman or a sheriff—an’ these men will be playin’ to the crowd an’ yellin’ for your blood. Thet’s the Texas of it.

      In the second half, Duane joins the Rangers and works to clear west Texas of outlaws. He’s been guaranteed a pardon if he helps the Rangers settle Texas. He becomes the first literary version of the lone ranger, working along the border, alone, undercover as an outlaw, bringing violence to violent men. The gunfights become more violent and the dangers greater. But now he has the law on his side. As with all his books, Grey insisted that The Lone Star Ranger was based on real events and people. Grey was an obsessive note taker and strived for realism. This is even true of Buck Duane. Grey had spent time meeting members of the Texas Rangers in order to get to know them and to collect story ideas. The Lone Star Ranger is based on a story one of the Rangers told him. In a dedication written as a letter to Captain John Hughes of the Texas Rangers, Grey described how the story, learned from a Ranger named Coffee, had haunted him (there was later speculation that the hero of The Lone Star Ranger was modeled on Hughes himself; Hughes is also believed to be the inspiration for the masked Lone Ranger of radio and television).

      The Mysterious Rider is a very different book from The Lone Star Ranger. It was written six years later, and by then Grey had developed the descriptive style for which he is now known. As in the stories of Cather and Wister, the land is now a fully fleshed-out character in Grey’s novels. The main character, Columbine, is much more interested in the beauty of the Colorado hillsides than Buck Duane was of the landscape of southwest Texas. The story is a love triangle. Columbine is in love—though she won’t admit it to herself—with the gallant cowboy Wils Moore. Belllounds, the rancher who raised her after she was found by some miners, wants her to marry his drunkard son Jack. All of the conflict revolves around their tension.

      This story is problematic from a modern viewpoint. The main concern of the rancher Belllounds is to rid the mountains of the predators attacking his cattle. He keeps a huge pack of dogs for this purpose, and won’t rest until every predator is exterminated: ‘Yes, an’ the range’ll be thankin’ me when I rid it of all these varmints,’ declared Belllounds. ‘Lass, I swore I’d buy every dog fetched to me, until I had enough to kill off the coyotes an’ lofers an’ lions. I’ll do it, too. But I need a hunter.’ This paradigm is still a source of tension between rural westerners who want to conquer and mold the West, and environmentalists—usually from the cities—who want to preserve it. The reintroduction of wolves into areas around Yellowstone National Park continues to spark conflicts between ranchers and environmentalists today.

      The presence of predators—coyotes and wolves in particular—hangs like a shadow over The Mysterious Rider. There are sinister forces lurking just beyond sight. To Belllounds they are a threat, but Columbine finds their calls soothing. There is a suppressed wildness inside her, and these predators have a freedom she comes to envy. She loves the coyotes in particular, and doesn’t want them to be wiped out. Columbine’s reaction to the wolves and to the cowboy Wils Moore demonstrates the place that instinct plays in Zane Grey’s world. Not only are his characters true to their essence, but that essence drives them to action without thought. Columbine feels her love for Wils without knowing that she loves him. Buck Duane feels the instinct to kill that he inherited from his father without knowing, at first, what it means. Both these protagonists struggle against their instincts in vain. They can’t control what they are.

      The Mysterious Rider of the title is neither Wils nor Jack, but an older gunfighter named Hell-Bent Wade, who appears, like some sort of guardian angel, to unravel the tangle of loyalties and secrets that make up the plot. He’s an early example of the Western antihero, a prototype of Clint Eastwood’s Man with No Name. But he’s even more than this—not just a lone man with a horse and a gun, not a tortured soul never at home in civilization or the wild, but a divine and vengeful presence. He is, as Belllounds describes him, a pale rider, and hell travels with him. The link to the Bible’s book of Revelations and the fourth horseman of the apocalypse—the Pale Rider who is so often referenced in Westerns—should not be ignored. Hell-Bent Wade is divine retribution.

      Gunman’s Reckoning and The Untamed,

      Max Bra

      nd

      Max Brand is one of the many pen names of Frederick Schiller Faust. He was a prolific writer of short stories, novels, and screenplays in many genres. Of the four authors in this volume, Faust is the only one who actually worked as a cowboy. He is also, by far, the most prolific. Born in Seattle and orphaned at an early age, he grew up in central California and worked as a ranch hand there. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he began his writing career, but he never graduated. He joined the Canadian Army, deserted, and wound up in New York City, writing pulp fiction. He was so prolific, writing fourteen pages a day, every day, for thirty years, that he often had two or three pieces, under different pen names, in one magazine issue. Faust wrote under fifteen pen names, and was said to have produced 1.5 million words a year throughout his entire career. In the 1930s, he was among the highest-paid authors in the world. His most famous creation—not a Western character—was Dr. Kildare, which made him a fortune when the stories were turned into a series of MGM films. The series was revived on radio and (twice) on television. He also wrote the Western classic Destry Rides Again. For all his success, Faust never signed his real name to anything but his poetry, which was the work he most cared about. He became a war correspondent during World War II and died in action, in Italy, in 1944.

      The two Max Brand novels in this collection are the type of pulp fiction that he was famous for. He is a meticulous storyteller, and his narrative is deeply layered. He spends entire chapters on action that takes just a moment. He also moves easily between points of view and, writing in the third person, switches from one character to another from chapter to chapter, each time with a clear difference in psychology and perspective.

      Gunman’s Reckoning begins with a murder attempt. Several pages are devoted to the murderer contemplating his act and stalking his prey. Then what should have been the knifing of a sleeping man turns into a fight to the death, painstakingly detailed. Only at the end of the fight do we realize that the character whose point of view we’ve been following is not the protagonist—it’s his victim. All of the action is like that—complex, intricate, and extremely entertaining. Gunman’s Reckoning is a mining town mystery. The hero, Donnegan, links up with an evil robber baron and his beautiful daughter to try and coax her wayward fiancée—who’s struck it rich—back into the fold. Donnegan, a confirmed railroad tramp who loathes the very idea of work, is happy to hire himself out as a gunfighter. He is on a mysterious quest that will come to a head in a boom town, oddly named The Corner. Like Hell Bent Wade, Donnegan is an early version of the dark Western antihero, who is the good guy only in this instance, and only out of circumstance. He’s a criminal and a murderer—he never even tries to hide the fact. He’s lazy and selfish. He’s at home fighting on the railroad, running with outlaws, or matching wits with a clever femme fatale. This is a pretty dark tale for an early Western. It’s a dense, complicated book that defies convention. The plot never plays out like you expect it to: People get shot, but not quite the ones you expect. People fall in love, but confusedly. The double-twist ending leaves much unresolved.

      In The Untamed, we again meet a rancher with a beautiful daughter who is just becoming a woman—we’ve found another Western trope. Once again, she must find a way to love a wild cowboy, but in this case he’s what the title calls him—untamed. He loves deeply, wanders endlessly, his vengeance is terrible, he’s always true, but he’ll never stick around. The Untamed is just as convoluted, formulaic, and entertaining as Gunman’s Reckoning. It begins with a short, eleven-paragraph side story. It’s not marked as such. It’s marked as a chapter called Pan of the Desert. But really, it’s a self-contained story, a brief encounter between a man, a horse, a wolf, and a rattlesnake. It tells us all we need to know about the hero and his animal sidekicks. He is noble, the horse is beautiful, the wolf dog is cunning, and all three are wild. He’s also fast. He cuts the head off the rattler in midstrike. He’s called Pan of the desert because of his melodic whistling, akin to the exultant improvisations of a master violinist, but also because he’s not quite human. Faust had a long fascination with mythology. A common complaint about his writing is that his characters are often more mythic than human. Referring to his hero as a god right off the bat reinforces this. Whistling Dan, as he’s called, is indeed mythic. He is more of a caricature than a character. He is too heroic, too wild, and, like Buck Duane, superhuman. Cumberland, the old rancher, describes him as not like regular folks, as though he’s part of a fairy tale. He’s slight, but he’s stronger than the biggest of men. He can calm savage beasts. No one but Dan could ride the wild Arabian horse Satan. No one but Dan could tame the wolf Black Bart. Dan is, as Cumberland puts it, queer—powerful queer, just like Pan. To top it off, Dan goes up against a band of outlaws led by Jim Silent. Just as Pan breaks the silence of the morning, Whistling Dan will break the Silent Gang. Along the way Dan will get framed, get jailed, break out, and kill—all in the single-minded pursuit of justice. Like Pan, he will be terrible in his vengeance; and, like Pan, he will drift away, incapable of settling down.

      Conclus

      ion

      These six novels helped to create the Western myth that lives on to this day. They provided the blueprints for movies, television, plays, and even opera. But, more than that, they are the expression of a deeply held American ideal, one that seeks out the wild places where one can be alone, one where right and wrong are simple and obvious, and where a lone man on a horse with a gun, half civilized and half wild, can save the world.

      Michael A. Cramer, PhD

      Brooklyn, New York

      April 14, 2017

      THE VIRGINIA

      N

      Owen Wister

      TO THEODORE ROOSEVELT

      Some of these pages you have seen, some you have praised, one stands new-written because you blamed it; and all, my dear critic, beg leave to remind you of their author’s changeless admiration.

      TO THE READER

      Certain of the newspapers, when this book was first announced, made a mistake most natural upon seeing the subtitle as it then stood, A Tale of Sundry Adventures. This sounds like a historical novel, said one of them, meaning (I take it) a colonial romance. As it now stands, the title will scarce lead to such interpretation; yet nonetheless is this book historical—quite as much so as any colonial romance. Indeed, when you look at the root of the matter, it is a colonial romance. For Wyoming between 1874 and 1890 was a colony as wild as was Virginia one hundred years earlier. As wild, with a scantier population, and the same primitive joys and dangers. There were, to be sure, not so many Chippendale settees.

      We know quite well the common understanding of the term historical novel. Hugh Wynne exactly fits it. But Silas Lapham is a novel as perfectly historical as is Hugh Wynne, for it pictures an era and personifies a type. It matters not that in the one we find George Washington and in the other none save imaginary figures; else The Scarlet Letter were not historical. Nor does it matter that Dr. Mitchell did not live in the time of which he wrote, while Mr. Howells saw many Silas Laphams with his own eyes; else Uncle Tom’s Cabin were not historical. Any narrative which presents faithfully a day and a generation is of necessity historical; and this one presents Wyoming between 1874 and 1890.

      Had you left New York or San Francisco at ten o’clock this morning, by noon the day after tomorrow you could step out at Cheyenne. There you would stand at the heart of the world that is the subject of my picture, yet you would look around you in vain for the reality. It is a vanished world. No journeys, save those which memory can take, will bring you to it now. The mountains are there, far and shining, and the sunlight, and the infinite earth, and the air that seems forever the true fountain of youth, but where is the buffalo, and the wild antelope, and where the horseman with his pasturing thousands? So like its old self does the sagebrush seem when revisited, that you wait for the horseman to appear.

      But he will never come again. He rides in his historic yesterday. You will no more see him gallop out of the unchanging silence than you will see Columbus on the unchanging sea come sailing from Palos with his caravels.

      And yet the horseman is still so near our day that in some chapters of this book, which were published separate at the close of the nineteenth century, the present tense was used. It is true no longer. In those chapters it has been changed, and verbs like is and have now read was and had. Time has flowed faster than my ink.

      What is become of the horseman, the cowpuncher, the last romantic figure upon our soil? For he was romantic. Whatever he did, he did with his might. The bread that he earned was earned hard, the wages that he squandered were squandered hard—half a year’s pay sometimes gone in a night—blown in, as he expressed it, or blowed in, to be perfectly accurate. Well, he will be here among us always, invisible, waiting his chance to live and play as he would like. His wild kind has been among us always, since the beginning: a young man with his temptations, a hero without wings.

      The cowpuncher’s ungoverned hours did not unman him. If he gave his word, he kept it; Wall Street would have found him behind the times. Nor did he talk lewdly to women; Newport would have thought him old-fashioned. He and his brief epoch make a complete picture, for in themselves they were as complete as the pioneers of the land or the explorers of the sea. A transition has followed the horseman of the plains; a shapeless state, a condition of men and manners as unlovely as is that moment in the year when winter is gone and spring not come, and the face of Nature is ugly. I shall not dwell upon it here. Those who have seen it know well what I mean. Such transition was inevitable. Let us give thanks that it is but a transition, and not a finality.

      Sometimes readers inquire, Did I know the Virginian? As well, I hope, as a father should know his son. And sometimes it is asked, Was such and such a thing true? Now to this I have the best answer in the world. Once a cowpuncher listened patiently while I read him a manuscript. It concerned an event upon an Indian reservation. Was that the Crow reservation? he inquired at the finish. I told him that it was no real reservation and no real event; and his face expressed displeasure. Why, he demanded, do you waste your time writing what never happened, when you know so many things that did happen?

      And I could no more help telling him that this was the highest compliment ever paid me than I have been able to help telling you about it here!

      CHARLESTON, S.C., MARCH 31ST, 1902

      CHAPTER I

      ENTER THE MAN

      Some notable sight was drawing the passengers, both men and women, to the window; and therefore I rose and crossed the car to see what it was. I saw near the track an enclosure, and round it some laughing men, and inside it some whirling dust, and amid the dust some horses, plunging, huddling, and dodging. They were cow ponies in a corral, and one of them would not be caught, no matter who threw the rope. We had plenty of time to watch this sport, for our train had stopped that the engine might take water at the tank before it pulled us up beside the station platform of Medicine Bow. We were also six hours late, and starving for entertainment. The pony in the corral was wise, and rapid of limb. Have you seen a skilful boxer watch his antagonist with a quiet, incessant eye? Such an eye as this did the pony keep upon whatever man took the rope. The man might pretend to look at the weather, which was fine; or he might affect earnest conversation with a bystander: it was bootless. The pony saw through it. No feint hoodwinked him. This animal was thoroughly a man of the world. His undistracted eye stayed fixed upon the dissembling foe, and the gravity of his horse-expression made the matter one of high comedy. Then the rope would sail out at him, but he was already elsewhere; and if horses laugh, gayety must have abounded in that corral. Sometimes the pony took a turn alone; next he had slid in a flash among his brothers, and the whole of them like a school of playful fish whipped round the corral, kicking up the fine dust, and (I take it) roaring with laughter. Through the window-glass of our Pullman the thud of their mischievous hoofs reached us, and the strong, humorous curses of the cowboys. Then for the first time I noticed a man who sat on the high gate of the corral, looking on. For he now climbed down with the undulations of a tiger, smooth and easy, as if his muscles flowed beneath his skin. The others had all visibly whirled the rope, some of them even shoulder high. I did not see his arm lift or move. He appeared to hold the rope down low, by his leg. But like a sudden snake I saw the noose go out its length and fall true; and the thing was done. As the captured pony walked in with a sweet, church-door expression, our train moved slowly on to the station, and a passenger remarked, That man knows his business.

      But the passenger’s dissertation upon roping I was obliged to lose, for Medicine Bow was my station. I bade my fellow-travelers good-by, and descended, a stranger, into the great cattle land. And here in less than ten minutes I learned news which made me feel a stranger indeed.

      My baggage was lost; it had not come on my train; it was adrift somewhere back in the two thousand miles that lay behind me. And by way of comfort, the baggage-man remarked that passengers often got astray from their trunks, but the trunks mostly found them after a while. Having offered me this encouragement, he turned whistling to his affairs and left me planted in the baggage-room at Medicine Bow. I stood deserted among crates and boxes, blankly holding my check, hungry and forlorn. I stared out through the door at the sky and the plains; but I did not see the antelope shining among the sagebrush, nor the great sunset light of Wyoming. Annoyance blinded my eyes to all things save my grievance: I saw only a lost trunk. And I was muttering half-aloud, What a forsaken hole this is! when suddenly from outside on the platform came a slow voice: "Off to get married again? Oh, don’t!"

      The voice was Southern and gentle and drawling; and a second voice came in immediate answer, cracked and querulous. It ain’t again. Who says it’s again? Who told you, anyway?

      And the first voice responded caressingly: Why, your Sunday clothes told me, Uncle Hughey. They are speakin’ mighty loud o’ nuptials.

      You don’t worry me! snapped Uncle Hughey, with shrill heat.

      And the other gently continued, Ain’t them gloves the same yu’ wore to your last weddin’?

      You don’t worry me! You don’t worry me! now screamed Uncle Hughey.

      Already I had forgotten my trunk; care had left me; I was aware of the sunset, and had no desire but for more of this conversation. For it resembled none that I had heard in my life so far. I stepped to the door and looked out upon the station platform.

      Lounging there at ease against the wall was a slim young giant, more beautiful than pictures. His broad, soft hat was pushed back; a loose-knotted, dull-scarlet handkerchief sagged from his throat; and one casual thumb was hooked in the cartridge-belt that slanted across his hips. He had plainly come many miles from somewhere across the vast horizon, as the dust upon him showed. His boots were white with it. His overalls were gray with it. The weather-beaten bloom of his face shone through it duskily, as the ripe peaches look upon their trees in a dry season. But no dinginess of travel or shabbiness of attire could tarnish the splendor that radiated from his youth and strength. The old man upon whose temper his remarks were doing such deadly work was combed and curried to a finish, a bridegroom swept and garnished; but alas for age! Had I been the bride, I should have taken the giant, dust and all. He had by no means done with the old man.

      Why, yu’ve hung weddin’ gyarments on every limb! he now drawled, with admiration. Who is the lucky lady this trip?

      The old man seemed to vibrate. Tell you there ain’t been no other! Call me a Mormon, would you?

      Why, that—

      Call me a Mormon? Then name some of my wives. Name two. Name one. Dare you!

      —that Laramie wido’ promised you—

      Shucks!

      —only her doctor suddenly ordered Southern climate and—

      Shucks! You’re a false alarm.

      —so nothing but her lungs came between you. And next you’d most got united with Cattle Kate, only—

      Tell you you’re a false alarm!

      —only she got hung.

      Where’s the wives in all this? Show the wives! Come now!

      That corn-fed biscuit-shooter at Rawlins yu’ gave the canary—

      Never married her. Never did marry—

      But yu’ come so near, uncle! She was the one left yu’ that letter explaining how she’d got married to a young cyard-player the very day before her ceremony with you was due, and—

      Oh, you’re nothing; you’re a kid; you don’t amount to—

      —and how she’d never, never forgot to feed the canary.

      This country’s getting full of kids, stated the old man, witheringly. It’s doomed. This crushing assertion plainly satisfied him. And he blinked his eyes with renewed anticipation. His tall tormentor continued with a face of unchanging gravity, and a voice of gentle solicitude: How is the health of that unfortunate—

      That’s right! Pour your insults! Pour ’em on a sick, afflicted woman!

      The eyes blinked with combative relish.

      Insults? Oh, no, Uncle Hughey!

      That’s all right! Insults goes!

      Why, I was mighty relieved when she began to recover her mem’ry. Las’ time I heard, they told me she’d got it pretty near all back. Remembered her father, and her mother, and her sisters and brothers, and her friends, and her happy childhood, and all her doin’s except only your face. The boys was bettin’ she’d get that far too, give her time. But I reckon afteh such a turrable sickness as she had, that would be expectin’ most too much.

      At this Uncle Hughey jerked out a small parcel. Shows how much you know! he cackled. There! See that! That’s my ring she sent me back, being too unstrung for marriage. So she don’t remember me, don’t she? Ha-ha! Always said you were a false alarm.

      The Southerner put more anxiety into his tone. And so you’re a-takin’ the ring right on to the next one! he exclaimed. Oh, don’t go to get married again, Uncle Hughey! What’s the use o’ being married?

      What’s the use? echoed the bridegroom, with scorn. Hm! When you grow up you’ll think different.

      Course I expect to think different when my age is different. I’m havin’ the thoughts proper to twenty-four, and you’re havin’ the thoughts proper to sixty.

      Fifty! shrieked Uncle Hughey, jumping in the air.

      The Southerner took a tone of self-reproach. Now, how could I forget you was fifty, he murmured, when you have been telling it to the boys so careful for the last ten years!

      Have you ever seen a cockatoo—the white kind with the top-knot—enraged by insult? The bird erects every available feather upon its person. So did Uncle Hughey seem to swell, clothes, mustache, and woolly white beard; and without further speech he took himself on board the East-bound train, which now arrived from its siding in time to deliver him.

      Yet this was not why he had not gone away before. At any time he could have escaped into the baggage-room or withdrawn to a dignified distance until his train should come up. But the old man had evidently got a sort of joy from this teasing. He had reached that inevitable age when we are tickled to be linked with affairs of gallantry, no matter how.

      With him now the East-bound departed slowly into that distance whence I had come. I stared after it as it went its way to the far shores of civilization. It grew small in the unending gulf of space, until all sign of its presence was gone save a faint skein of smoke against the evening sky. And now my lost trunk came back into my thoughts, and Medicine Bow seemed a lonely spot. A sort of ship had left me marooned in a foreign ocean; the Pullman was comfortably steaming home to port, while I—how was I to find Judge Henry’s ranch? Where in this unfeatured wilderness was Sunk Creek? No creek or any water at all flowed here that I could perceive. My host had written he should meet me at the station and drive me to his ranch. This was all that I knew. He was not here. The baggage-man had not seen him lately. The ranch was almost certain to be too far to walk to, tonight. My trunk—I discovered myself still staring dolefully after the vanished East-bound; and at the same instant I became aware that the tall man was looking gravely at me—as gravely as he had looked at Uncle Hughey throughout their remarkable conversation.

      To see his eye thus fixing me and his thumb still hooked in his cartridge-belt, certain tales of travelers from these parts forced themselves disquietingly into my recollection. Now that Uncle Hughey was gone, was I to take his place and be, for instance, invited to dance on the platform to the music of shots nicely aimed?

      I reckon I am looking for you, seh, the tall man now observed.

      CHAPTER II

      WHEN YOU CALL ME THAT, SMILE!

      We cannot see ourselves as others see us, or I should know what appearance I cut at hearing this from the tall man. I said nothing, feeling uncertain.

      I reckon I am looking for you, seh, he repeated politely.

      I am looking for Judge Henry, I now replied.

      He walked toward me, and I saw that in inches he was not a giant. He was not more than six feet. It was Uncle Hughey that had made him seem to tower. But in his eye, in his face, in his step, in the whole man, there dominated a something potent to be felt, I should think, by man or woman.

      The Judge sent me afteh you, seh, he now explained, in his civil Southern voice; and he handed me a letter from my host. Had I not witnessed his facetious performances with Uncle Hughey, I should have judged him wholly ungifted with such powers. There was nothing external about him but what seemed the signs of a nature as grave as you could meet. But I had witnessed; and therefore supposing that I knew him in spite of his appearance, that I was, so to speak, in his secret and could give him a sort of wink, I adopted at once a method of easiness. It was so pleasant to be easy with a large stranger, who instead of shooting at your heels had very civilly handed you a letter.

      You’re from old Virginia, I take it? I began.

      He answered slowly, Then you have taken it correct, seh.

      A slight chill passed over my easiness, but I went cheerily on with a further inquiry. Find many oddities out here like Uncle Hughey?

      Yes, seh, there is a right smart of oddities around. They come in on every train.

      At this point I dropped my method of easiness.

      I wish that trunks came on the train, said I. And I told him my predicament.

      It was not to be expected that he would be greatly moved at my loss; but he took it with no comment whatever. We’ll wait in town for it, said he, always perfectly civil.

      Now, what I had seen of town was, to my newly arrived eyes, altogether horrible. If I could possibly sleep at the Judge’s ranch, I preferred to do so.

      Is it too far to drive there tonight? I inquired.

      He looked at me in a puzzled manner.

      For this valise, I explained, contains all that I immediately need; in fact, I could do without my trunk for a day or two, if it is not convenient to send. So if we could arrive there not too late by starting at once— I paused.

      It’s two hundred and sixty-three miles, said the Virginian.

      To my loud ejaculation he made no answer, but surveyed me a moment longer, and then said, Supper will be about ready now. He took my valise, and I followed his steps toward the eating-house in silence. I was dazed.

      As we went, I read my host’s letter—a brief hospitable message. He was very sorry not to meet me himself. He had been getting ready to drive over, when the surveyor appeared and detained him. Therefore in his stead he was sending a trustworthy man to town, who would look after me and drive me over. They were looking forward to my visit with much pleasure. This was all.

      Yes, I was dazed. How did they count distance in this country? You spoke in a neighborly fashion about driving over to town, and it meant—I did not know yet how many days. And what would be meant by the term dropping in, I wondered. And how many miles would be considered really far? I abstained from further questioning the trustworthy man. My questions had not fared excessively well. He did not propose making me dance, to be sure: that would scarcely be trustworthy. But neither did he propose to have me familiar with him. Why was this? What had I done to elicit that veiled and skilful sarcasm about oddities coming in on every train? Having been sent to look after me, he would do so, would even carry my valise; but I could not be jocular with him. This handsome, ungrammatical son of the soil had set between us the bar of his cold and perfect civility. No polished person could have done it better. What was the matter? I looked at him, and suddenly it came to me. If he had tried familiarity with me the first two minutes of our acquaintance, I should have resented it; by what right, then, had I tried it with him? It smacked of patronizing: on this occasion he had come off the better gentleman of the two. Here in flesh and blood was a truth which I had long believed in words, but never met before. The creature we call a gentleman lies deep in the hearts of thousands that are born without chance to master the outward graces of the type.

      Between the station and the eating-house I did a deal of straight thinking. But my thoughts were destined presently to be drowned in amazement at the rare personage into whose society fate had thrown me.

      Town, as they called it, pleased me the less, the longer I saw it. But until our language stretches itself and takes in a new word of closer fit, town will have to do for the name of such a place as was Medicine Bow. I have seen and slept in many like it since. Scattered wide, they littered the frontier from the Columbia to the Rio Grande, from the Missouri to the Sierras. They lay stark, dotted over a planet of treeless dust, like soiled packs of cards. Each was similar to the next, as one old five-spot of clubs resembles another. Houses, empty bottles, and garbage, they were forever of the same shapeless pattern. More forlorn they were than stale bones. They seemed to have been strewn there by the wind and to be waiting till the wind should come again and blow them away. Yet serene above their foulness swam a pure and quiet light, such as the East never sees; they might be bathing in the air of creation’s first morning. Beneath sun and stars their days and nights were immaculate and wonderful.

      Medicine Bow was my first, and I took its dimensions, twenty-nine buildings in all—one coal shute, one water tank, the station, one store, two eating-houses, one billiard hall, two tool-houses, one feed stable, and twelve others that for one reason and another I shall not name. Yet this wretched husk of squalor spent thought upon appearances; many houses in it wore a false front to seem as if they were two stories high. There they stood, rearing their pitiful masquerade amid a fringe of old tin cans, while at their very doors began a world of crystal light, a land without end, a space across which Noah and Adam might come straight from Genesis. Into that space went wandering a road, over a hill and down out of sight, and up again smaller in the distance, and down once more, and up once more, straining the eyes, and so away.

      Then I heard a fellow greet my Virginian. He came rollicking out of a door, and made a pass with his hand at the Virginian’s hat. The Southerner dodged it, and I saw once more the tiger undulation of body, and knew my escort was he of the rope and the corral.

      How are yu’ Steve? he said to the rollicking man. And in his tone I heard instantly old friendship speaking. With Steve he would take and give familiarity.

      Steve looked at me, and looked away—and that was all. But it was enough. In no company had I ever felt so much an outsider. Yet I liked the company, and wished that it would like me.

      Just come to town? inquired Steve of the Virginian.

      Been here since noon. Been waiting for the train.

      Going out tonight?

      I reckon I’ll pull out to-morro’.

      Beds are all took, said Steve. This was for my benefit.

      Dear me, said I.

      But I guess one of them drummers will let yu’ double up with him.

      Steve was enjoying himself, I think. He had his saddle and blankets, and beds were nothing to him.

      Drummers, are they? asked the Virginian.

      Two Jews handling cigars, one American with consumption killer, and a Dutchman with jew’lry.

      The Virginian set down my valise, and seemed to meditate. I did want a bed tonight, he murmured gently.

      Well, Steve suggested, the American looks like he washed the oftenest.

      That’s of no consequence to me, observed the Southerner.

      Guess it’ll be when yu’ see ’em.

      Oh, I’m meaning something different. I wanted a bed to myself.

      Then you’ll have to build one.

      Bet yu’ I have the Dutchman’s.

      Take a man that won’t scare. Bet yu’ drinks yu’ can’t have the American’s.

      Go yu’ said the Virginian. I’ll have his bed without any fuss. Drinks for the crowd.

      I suppose you have me beat, said Steve, grinning at him affectionately. You’re such a son-of-a——when you get down to work. Well, so long! I got to fix my horse’s hoofs.

      I had expected that the man would be struck down. He had used to the Virginian a term of heaviest insult, I thought. I had marvelled to hear it come so unheralded from Steve’s friendly lips. And now I marvelled still more. Evidently he had meant no harm by it, and evidently no offence had been taken. Used thus, this language was plainly complimentary. I had stepped into a world new to me indeed, and novelties were occurring with scarce any time to get breath between them. As to where I should sleep, I had forgotten that problem altogether in my curiosity. What was the Virginian going to do now? I began to know that the quiet of this man was volcanic.

      Will you wash first, sir?

      We were at the door of the eating-house, and he set my valise inside. In my tenderfoot innocence I was looking indoors for the washing arrangements.

      It’s out hyeh, seh, he informed me gravely, but with strong Southern accent. Internal mirth seemed often to heighten the local flavor of his speech. There were other times when it had scarce any special accent or fault in grammar.

      A trough was to my right, slippery with soapy water; and hanging from a roller above one end of it was a rag of discouraging appearance. The Virginian caught it, and it performed one whirling revolution on its roller. Not a dry or clean inch could be found on it. He took off his hat, and put his head in the door.

      Your towel, ma’am, said he, has been too popular.

      She came out, a pretty woman. Her eyes rested upon him for a moment, then upon me with disfavor; then they returned to his black hair.

      The allowance is one a day, said she, very quietly. But when folks are particular— She completed her sentence by removing the old towel and giving a clean one to us.

      Thank you, ma’am, said the cowpuncher.

      She looked once more at his black hair, and without any word returned to her guests at supper.

      A pail stood in the trough, almost empty; and this he filled for me from a well. There was some soap sliding at large in the trough, but I got my own. And then in a tin basin I removed as many of the stains of travel as I was able. It was not much of a toilet that I made in this first wash-trough of my experience, but it had to suffice, and I took my seat at supper.

      Canned stuff it was—corned beef. And one of my table companions said the truth about it. When I slung my teeth over that, he remarked, I thought I was chewing a hammock. We had strange coffee, and condensed milk; and I have never seen more flies. I made no attempt to talk, for no one in this country seemed favorable to me. By reason of something—my clothes, my hat, my pronunciation, whatever it might be, I possessed the secret of estranging people at sight. Yet I was doing better than I knew; my strict silence and attention to the corned beef made me in the eyes of the cowboys at table compare well with the over-talkative commercial travelers.

      The Virginian’s entrance produced a slight silence. He had done wonders with the wash-trough, and he had somehow brushed his clothes. With all the roughness of his dress, he was now the neatest of us. He nodded to some of the other cowboys, and began his meal in quiet.

      But silence is not the native element of the drummer. An average fish can go a longer time out of water than this breed can live without talking. One of them now looked across the table at the grave, flannel-shirted Virginian; he inspected, and came to the imprudent conclusion that he understood his man.

      Good evening, he said briskly.

      Good evening, said the Virginian.

      Just come to town? pursued the drummer.

      Just come to town, the Virginian suavely assented.

      Cattle business jumping along? inquired the drummer.

      Oh, fair. And the Virginian took some more corned beef.

      Gets a move on your appetite, anyway, suggested the drummer.

      The Virginian drank some coffee. Presently the pretty woman refilled his cup without

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