Colorado’s Deadliest Floods

come.

PREFACE

It has been said time heals all wounds. I do not agree. The wounds remain. In time, the mind protecting its sanity covers them with scar tissue and the pain lessens, but it’s never gone.

—Rose Kennedy

I have always had a fascination with the weather and a deep fear of natural disasters. Through my studies of the weather, I learned of the great loss experienced by many young parents who were unable to protect their children from the overwhelming power of nature. I was obsessed with protecting my own children, with knowing where they were and who they were with so I could call and warn them in the case of emergency. It really isn’t such a bad thing when you think about it—it’s not obsessive, it’s protective. Through the years, though, I realized that no matter how hard we try, we cannot protect our loved ones from the dangerous forces of nature.

Nevertheless, I tried. My children and their friends called me Doppler Mom. When storm clouds gathered outside and the phone began to ring, they knew it was me.

A LIFETIME OF STORMY WEATHER

I’ve had so many experiences with bad weather in my lifetime, from floods to blizzards to ice storms. But it was only when I started writing this book that I realized how deeply I respect and fear nature’s power.

I decided I wanted to be a writer when I was eight years old. I was much younger when I decided to study the weather, a logical choice for someone raised in the American Southwest. Since my childhood, I have experienced nearly every form of severe weather, except for a tropical cyclone. Many of these experiences came in the form of flash floods in Colorado.

When I was a child, my family lived in Englewood. It was still a small town and separate from the great metropolis of Denver, which today could be said to include Littleton, Englewood, Lakewood, Aurora and everything in between. My first memory of a flood came on a spring afternoon. It was raining that day, the type of event people referred to as raining buckets. The water poured thick and fast down the windows and blurred our view of the street.

It was dark as dusk, but I could still see the road in the blinding flashes of lightning that illuminated two rivers flowing down toward our house. The rivers were actually water in the gutters, but they quickly joined into one mass of flowing water stretching from one sidewalk across to the other. It wouldn’t be the first time I saw this happen in a Colorado storm. I was frightened and cried with my two sisters as we stared out the window until I heard my mother’s voice declare Enough drama for one day as she closed the curtains to calm us down.

In spite of my fear, I did notice the threat in our situation. Our house was positioned at the base of two slopes in the road, allowing rainwater to flow in two directions directly onto our property, creating our own personal flood. The situation fascinated me; it became even more fascinating when my mother opened the door to the basement storage room. My sisters and I huddled together, watching as the dark, muddy water filled with floating boxes of clothes and holiday decorations slowly crept up to the first step, then the second, then the third, like some terrible beast in a horror film creeping toward children trembling in the dark.

Eventually, the rain stopped. To me, however, the situation was even more captivating as the water continued to flow into the basement until it reached the top stair. It mysteriously stopped before it could cause any damage to the main floor. The storm seemed alive, making intelligent decisions as to where the water would flow and stop.

This belief of intelligent behavior in storms stayed with me throughout my childhood. I had a difficult childhood (as most people do) and understood at a young age why people compare life to the weather. As a young adult, I understood that storms, like the problems in our lives, do not always stop before creating serious damage. Sometimes, they continue on, leaving a path of destruction that lasts for years—even a lifetime.

A LIFETIME OF NATURAL DISASTERS

The year was 1976. I was a teenager, a fledgling journalist and writer, obsessed with watching the daily newscast and recording the history of Littleton, my hometown, when the most devastating flood in Colorado history, the Big Thompson River Flood, exploded down the canyon and crashed into the city of Loveland with such force that it sent ten-foot chunks of asphalt flying into the air. The water then spread throughout the flatlands, carrying the remains of houses and buildings, trucks and cars and, tragically, 145 residents and tourists who were unable to escape the storm in the dark.

The victims had little or no warning before the floodwaters slammed into their homes. Those who did receive warning were trapped in their vehicles as they tried to escape, screaming for help that would never come. This is what I remember—the stories. The fear in the voices of survivors as they spoke with reporters on the news. I remember seeing a dark cloud over the mountains and believing that it was a debris cloud from the flood. I now believe it was the storm itself. I remember the sound of a grieving mother’s voice as she said goodbye to her child who disappeared in the waters.

Most of all, I remember the anger, frustration and shock I felt when I learned that many of the victims could have survived with advance warning. There had been advance knowledge of the storm, of the potential for flooding, of the coming disaster—but not a word was passed on to the people who needed it, those living and camping in the canyon, until it was too late.

SPRING CREEK DISASTER

I graduated from Colorado State University in 1993. My thesis was bound and archived in the university library. As a former library employee, I was aware that the university was working on an extensive remodel of the campus library and that most of the library’s collection was in the basement. In 1997, my family lived in a large house on the opposite side of College Avenue from the university campus.

I’ve read studies that claim that when someone witnesses a traumatic event, their recollection of facts begins to change within fifteen minutes as their mind adds details it believes should have been there or could have been there based on past experiences. Perhaps this is what happened to me on that day in 1997. It seems impossible now when I imagine the flow of water moving thick as syrup down the window glass, but that is how I’ve remembered these storms since childhood. I remember the river of water rushing down the streets. I remember cars floating past my house. But I remember no warning. I remember the television screen turning black, a series of high-pitched beeps and then a woman’s voice saying, If you are trying to call 911 we are aware that there is an emergency and we will get to you as soon as we can. It is difficult to believe that this was all we were told, but that’s what I remember of that night in Fort Collins in 1997—a woman’s frantic voice.

My heart was racing so fast that I thought it would explode. It was raining, and the street in front of my house filled with water within minutes. The water was so high that it covered the lawns and crept up the stairs to the porches. There was only one body of water between me and my teenage son, who was at the home of a friend. It was called Spring Creek. Did the creek flood? I didn’t know! We lived a block away from the train tracks. Did a train overturn? What was the emergency and why wouldn’t they tell us? In fact, all of these things were occurring at that time—flooding, a train derailed, trailer homes floating down the river. I don’t think I took a breath until I saw my car floating down the street with my son at the wheel, guiding it into the driveway.

FLASH FLOODS HAPPEN EVERYWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES

I spent a few years living in Flash Flood Alley in the Texas Hill Country. Trying to survive in this place without losing your home and possessions is an education in itself. My husband and I put a contract on a house near Marble Falls, Texas. We were driving back to Colorado to start our move when one of our children called to confirm the location of our new home, then sadly reported, I believe that city may be under water. Indeed, the city of Marble Falls was experiencing a massive flood in 2007.

We moved to New Mexico in 2011. Two years later, in September 2013, I awoke to the news that the Big Thompson Canyon was once again flooding. One of my children drove through the canyon every day to her job in Estes Park. I panicked when I saw the broken asphalt on the news and the pictures of trucks and cars falling into the water. My heart pounded in my chest until that moment when I heard her voice on the phone telling me she was safe.

The news story quickly changed as the minor flood in Big Thompson Canyon became the floods of 2013, one of the most expensive disasters in the history of Colorado. Aerial photos appeared to show the entire state under water when, in fact, the flooding spread from Colorado Spring to the city of Fort Collins—two hundred miles and seventeen counties. I wanted to drive back to Colorado to help my family and friends, but New Mexico experienced catastrophic floods at the same time. I couldn’t help my family. It was too dangerous.

Danger. From my first childhood experience with flooding, I have always understood that there is nothing humans can do to predict or control natural disasters. We will always be at the mercy of the weather. The more I explored the history of floods in Colorado and read about the stories of the people who died—and the ones who survived—the more difficult it became to write this book. Deep inside my heart I felt the pain of the man who learned that his daughters were swept away in the floodwaters of the 1896 Bear Creek disaster. When I read her story, I heard the anguished cries of the mother who reached out for her four-year-old son just as the flood dragged him through the window and into the river. I heard the anguished cries of the father who tried to save his two daughters from the Pueblo flood. I could see his desperate efforts in my mind as he tried to keep them in his sights, reaching for them, grabbing their tiny, cold, wet hands, feeling them slip from his tight grip that could never be as strong as the force of the water. This was, by far, the most painful, difficult piece of writing I have ever completed, and I pray each night for the victims and survivors of these disasters.

It is never easy to write about floods, particularly flash floods. They come without warning, often in the darkness of night or the darkness created by massive clouds filled with rain. They are unpredictable—if they could be predicted, we would not have victims. They are far too common. Floods can occur in any area that has rain, which includes every state in our nation. On the list of natural disasters causing death and destruction, floods come in second behind tornadoes in the United States.

Complacency is human nature. We feel particularly safe and secure in our homes surrounded by family, pets, possessions and memories. But complacency can be dangerous. I learned as a child that closing the curtains to obscure the view does not keep the water from creeping into your home. It can happen to anyone, and the only defense is to be prepared.

INTRODUCTION

We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge: so many lives wouldn’t have to be lost if there was enough disaster preparedness.

—Petra Nemcova

There is a reason for this book and a reason why it was written at this time in Colorado’s history. The state is experiencing a population explosion. With any dramatic rise in population and expansion of cities comes an increase in the chances of deaths and monetary losses due to natural disasters. For example, Weld County is the largest county, by size, in the United States, but it is also farm country with a traditionally low population. According to meteorologist Mike Nelson’s Colorado Weather Almanac, Weld County has more tornado touchdowns than any county in the state. In years past, farmers suffered the most from these storms through the loss of crops. However, as more people move to Weld County, building houses, business and schools, the possibility of catastrophic losses from natural disasters increases greatly.

Colorado’s landscape, including the towering Rocky Mountains and clear blue streams, leaves much of the state prone to the most dangerous type of flood: flash flood. In a flash flood, the water moves with shocking speed, destroying everything in its path and without warning. Colorado’s flood history shows that this lack of warning creates the greatest danger to residents, particularly in the Foothills. Unfortunately, Colorado is not unique in this respect.

John Martin Dam and Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Bent County, Colorado. The dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control on the Arkansas River. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Cherry Creek Dam and Reservoir (Cherry Creek Lake) in Arapahoe County, Colorado. The dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and completed in 1950. The view is looking south across the dam and reservoir. Photo by Harry Weddington, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

While many sources claim that tornadoes cause more deaths than any other natural disaster, a surprising claim from the National Severe Storms Laboratory states that more people die each year in the