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    Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook93 pages1 hour

    Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    Pancytopenia is a deficiency of all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
    1. Anemia: hemoglobin < 13.5 g/dL (male) or 12 g/dL (female).
    2. Leukopenia: total white cell count < 4.0 x 109/L. Decrease in all types of white blood cells (revealed by doing a differential count).
    3. Thrombocytopenia: platelet count < 150×109/L.
    The disease is marked by a poor appropriate and effective T cell activation that results in a raised hemophagocytic activity.
    The T cell activated macrophages enclose erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their progenitor cells.
    Such finding is frequent in the syndrome, which is also referred to as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
    Together with pancytopenia, HLH is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow, liver, or lymph nodes.
    It happens when the body cannot produce enough blood cells because the bone marrow stem cells that develop blood cells do not function normally.
    Pancytopenia has general effects on the entire body by leading to oxygen shortage as well as disorders with immune function.
    Aplastic anemia is a medical disease that indicates a reduction in production of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia) but the cells seen are normal in blood film and bone marrow.
    Blood cancers like leukemia may show reduction in production of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia) but the cells seen are blast cells in the blood film or bone marrow.
    The difference between pancytopenia and aplastic anemia is that pancytopenia is a blood finding while aplastic anemia is a disease showing pancytopenia but the cells seen are normal in blood film and bone marrow.
    Pancytopenia happens in two forms:

    1. Idiopathic, in which the cause is not identified
    About 50% of all pancytopenia cases are idiopathic.
    2. Secondary, often is caused by environmental factors such as medicines, toxins and cancer treatment.
    Cancers by itself can cause pancytopenia but there are also blast cells in the blood and bone marrow
    Pancytopenia may form slowly over time or suddenly, and it can continue in a range of ways.
    Symptoms of pancytopenia can be bleeding, easy bruising, fatigue, shortness of breath, and weakness.
    The reduction in white blood cells, which are affected in the body’s defense, or immune, system, also results in a higher risk of infection.
    The disorder is normally diagnosed by a blood test to check any decrease in blood cell count.
    A biopsy of the bone marrow is also done to make sure that the symptoms are not occurring from any other disorder like leukemia, anemia or thrombocytopenia
    Treatment:
    1. In very mild cases of pancytopenia, treatment may not be needed.
    2. In moderate cases, blood transfusions may help recover blood cell counts;
    The blood transfusions may become less effective over time.
    3. In severe cases, treatments such as bone marrow transplant and stem cell therapy may be needed to recover the ability of bone marrow to produce blood cells.
    Such treatments are normally effective in younger patients, but older patients may also need the use of immunosuppressant drugs or drugs that stimulate the bone marrow.
    In cases linked to environmental factors, pancytopenia may recover on its own when the precipitating factor is eliminated or the underlying disorder is treated.
    Drugs that activate bone marrow function are given:
    1. Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
    2. Filgrastim (Neupogen)
    If the immune system is indicated of attacking bone marrow, immunosuppressant drugs may be given:
    1. Antithymocyte antibodies (Thymoglobulin), which suppress the body’s natural immune response
    2. Corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone (Medrol, Solu-Medrol)
    3. Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral)

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Pancytopenia
    Chapter 2 Causes
    Chapter 3 Symptoms
    Chapter 4

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateJul 10, 2017
    ISBN9781370374076
    Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Pancytopenia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Pancytopenia,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2017 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Pancytopenia, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What The patient Need to Treat Pancytopenia)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If the patient would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank the patient for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 amazon kindle books and 200 into Smashwords.com eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Pancytopenia

      Pancytopenia can be very frightening disease to treat.

      I had an elderly patient in his fifties who was tired and short of breath all the time.

      He was definitely confirmed as anemic medically.

      In addition he had frequent upper respiratory tract infections almost fortnightly.

      Each time he came to see me I had to give him a vitamin B12 injection with iron to help him with his tiredness.

      After a few months he began to start to bleed from his nose.

      With anti hamostatic medicine and Vitamin C and K and silvadene (silver with sulphonamide) application to the inside of his nose, the bleeding stopped.

      After 2 weeks the bleeding of the nose began again.

      After much persuasion, I managed to get him to go for a full blood count and blood clotting tests to determine the extent of his anemia and the cause of his bleeding.

      The laboratory report was pancytopenia of all the blood cells diagnosed by the pathologist as aplastic anemia with normal cells in the blood film.

      I tried to refer him

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