Surviving the Skies: A Night Bomber Pilot in the Great War

DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to all the former members of the Manchester Bomber Command Association, especially Norman Jones, Jim Gardner and Alan Morgan, whose friendship I have treasured over the many years that I have known them.

Also to the memories of Stan Walker and Bryan Wild, two former RAF pilots, who over the years became great friends and shared many memories with me. The spirit and humility of all those mentioned above is typical of their generation, claiming that what they did in the Second World War was just a job that had to be done.

CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1.    For King and Country

2.    Up in the Clouds

3.    A Founding Member

4.    Into the Fray

5.    Enemy Airfields and the Gotha Threat

6.    Bureaucracy and Secrecy

7.    The Hardships of Winter

8.    New Year, New Airfields

9.    A Storm from the East

10.    A New Era Begins

11.    Final Sorties

12.    The Home Establishment

13.    48 Wing

14.    The Spanish Grippe

15.    Of Those Who Served

16.    101 Squadron Ninety Years On: A Day at Brize Norton

Plates

Copyright

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Due to ill health and various other problems this book has been a long time in the making, but hopefully the information gathered over the last few years enhances what is probably one of the last stories to come out of the Great War. For that I have to especially thank Captain Vickers’ niece, Christine Farrell, his nephew, Michael Pratt, and his namesake, Stephen Vickers.

In 1998 I visited 101 Squadron at Brize Norton for the first time and was shown around by Flight Lieutenant Gary Weightman, who has written his own short version of the squadron’s operations entitled Lions of the Night. He has carried out considerable research into the squadron’s activities during the Great War and his account and enthusiasm to record the squadron’s history was a great inspiration.

Over ten years later, in June 2009, I was invited to visit Brize Norton again and on that occasion I was the guest of Flying Officer Jim Dickinson for the day. Some of the details of that visit are mentioned in the final chapter, but I would like to thank Flying Officer Jim Dickinson, Flight Lieutenant McFarland, Sergeant Paul Riley and Squadron Leader Curry. I would especially like to thank the commanding officer of 101 Squadron, Wing Commander Tim O’Brian, who made it all possible.

With huge cuts having been made in personnel, I understand that it is quite difficult for RAF units to accommodate requests for visits by individual civilians and organisations. However, the staff of 101 Squadron and RAF Brize Norton showed not only the kind of hospitality that might be expected of them, but went out of their way to ensure that I got all the information I required and that my visit was worthwhile.

There are many other individuals who have at one time or another been involved with this project, amongst them researchers Norman Hurst, John Williams, Tim Tilbrook and John Eaton from Stockport Heritage Trust, and the 101 Squadron secretary, Squadron Leader G.G. Whittle DFM (Retired).

Finally I would like to thank Arthur Lane, Norman Hurst and Tony Harman (Kodak franchise, Skipton) for helping to sort out and process many of the photographs that appear in this book. Due to their age, some of them needed to be enhanced and without their help the images would not have been suitable for publication.

INTRODUCTION

This is the remarkable story of Captain Stephen Wynn Vickers MC, DFC, an exceptionally talented airman but whose exploits and experiences have been overshadowed by the passing of time. Surviving the Skies is a detailed account of the circumstances that led up to Captain Vickers joining the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and how he learned to fly. It also describes how he acquired the essential skills that allowed him to operate in one of the RFC’s most dangerous and specialist roles of night bombing.

It was Captain Vickers’ niece, Christine Farrell, who first brought him to my attention while I was getting some photographs copied for my first book, The Salford Lancaster. With her late husband Brian, who was a chemist, she worked as a dispensing technician in the local pharmacy and, having taken an interest in my photographs, told me that she had some of her late uncle who had been a pilot during the First World War. When Christine queried whether I would like to see them, there was no need for her to ask twice!

I was fascinated to see a number of photographs of her uncle posing by the side of a BE2c at Haggerston, an airfield in north-east England, and to learn that he had been awarded both the Military Cross (MC) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). Further research and a visit to the National Archives (formerly the Public Records Office) revealed that Captain Vickers had played a leading role on 101 Night-Bombing Squadron. He had been a founding member of the squadron and his exploits were well documented there, but like many others, in relation to the history of the RFC, he had been overlooked with the passage of time.

Christine Farrell also gave me access to other photos and family documents, and I soon discovered that Captain Vickers’ log book and records were in the possession of his nephew, Michael Pratt, who lives near Bristol. Michael was very co-operative and gave me a copy of his uncle’s log book, along with many other items that formed the basis of this account of his service with the RFC.

The story, however, is not just about Captain Vickers, but also of the other pilots, observers and airmen with whom he served with on 26 Reserve Squadron (RS), 58, 63, 11 (RS), 77, 36 and 101 Squadrons. It specifically details operations on 101 Squadron from its formation in July 1917 through to the end of May 1918 and the numerous sorties that Captain Vickers and some of his colleagues flew during that period.

Before Captain Vickers joined the RFC, he had served with the 11th Battalion of the Cheshire Regiment for seven months on the frontline in France. That in itself was not unusual, but the fact that he had been shot in the head while carrying out reconnaissance duties, surviving to later join the RFC, makes his story all the more remarkable.

It was only after extensive hospitalisation and rehabilitation that he made a full recovery and became fit enough to be transferred. After his flying training he continued to serve for another nine months through the winter of 1917–18, proving himself to be one of the RFC’s most able and dedicated night-bomber pilots. Recognised by many of his contemporaries as being an exceptionally brave and intelligent officer, Captain Vickers was eventually credited with seventy-three sorties over enemy territory.

The need for air support was so demanding that Vickers often flew two sorties in a single night, although in early 1918, and on five separate occasions, he took part in three attacks in one night, during which he destroyed a vital bridge that was being strongly defended by the Germans. On 3 June 1918 he was named amongst the first officers to be awarded the DFC: a new medal instituted with the formation of the Royal Air Force. Captain Vickers was also awarded the MC, along with the 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.

During the period of the First World War, airmen in the RFC often used language and jargon which added colour and humour to the dangerous business of flying. The cockpit of an aircraft was often referred to as the ‘office’; sorties as ‘shows’ or ‘stunts’; enemy flak (anti-aircraft fire) was called ‘Archie’ (from the music hall song of the time) or sometimes ‘hate’; and even in the official records the Germans were regularly referred to as ‘Huns’. Seemingly, such language was used to maintain morale and as a psychological tool to maintain animosity towards the enemy. For the most part I have tried to avoid using such terminology, except when quoting from original sources or where I have thought that it was necessary.

On a final note, I apologise for any inconsistencies in the spelling of the towns and villages that I have mentioned in the countries of France or Belgium. Depending on what record or log book you examine, many of them are spelt differently and indeed some of the places mentioned do not appear at all in modern-day maps. Some may have been no more than hamlets, while it is possible that others were many miles away from the place that is mentioned in the script.

CHAPTER 1

FOR KING AND COUNTRY

Stephen Wynn Vickers was born on 9 October 1896 at 22 Roland Terrace, Hunslet, near Leeds, into a middle-class family whose main occupation was teaching. When he was just six years old his father, Joseph, was promoted to headmaster at a church school over 40 miles away, across the Pennines in Wilmslow, Cheshire. Within a short while, however, he was appointed to an even better position as the headmaster of Great Moor School in Stockport.

To begin with the family lived on Buxton Road, Great Moor, but soon they moved to a larger property that was more befitting the family’s new circumstances. By that time the Vickers family comprised six children, three daughters and three sons, with Stephen, who was known to the family as Wynn, being the oldest of all of them. The new family home was called ‘Ivy Nook’ and it was situated on Bramhall Moor Lane in the affluent suburb of Hazel Grove, 2 miles south-east of Stockport.

Originally known as ‘Bullocks Smithy’ and named after John Bullock, who had owned the land during the sixteenth century, the village was officially renamed Hazel Grove in 1835. During the census of 1901 Hazel Grove had a population of 7,934 and there is no doubt that those who lived there were generally regarded as being wealthy, with greater status than those who lived in other local towns. In local folklore it was even claimed that Hazel Grove was the only place around Stockport where the tram lines were polished, although this was probably something of an urban myth born out of a sense of snobbery and local humour.

Wynn was educated at Great Moor School where his father was the headmaster, but nepotism played no part in his upbringing and he was not given any special treatment. It is claimed that Wynn’s father encouraged him to study hard just like any other pupil and in 1906 the fruits of his efforts were rewarded when he attained a scholarship to attend Stockport Grammar School. Wynn’s father was not only a teacher but an influential member of the community, a point highlighted by the fact that he was also a senior member of the Masonic Lodge.

The young Wynn Vickers certainly had an inquiring mind and an aptitude to understand developments that were taking place in the fields of technology, engineering and powered flight. Various flying experiments with both gliders and powered flight took place in the immediate area around where he lived, and some of the trials and experiments involved a certain Alliott Verdon Roe, who lived only a short distance away from Stockport on Liverpool Road, Eccles.

A.V. Roe’s activities were well reported in the press, particularly details of what was claimed to be the first powered flight by an Englishman in his Roe 1 machine on 8 June 1908 at Brooklands. Unfortunately there were no official witnesses to confirm Roe’s achievement, a flight or ‘hop’ of just 75ft, and it was not considered worthy of recognition. Despite the dispute about whether or not he was the first Englishman to fly, he still he went on to influence a whole generation of young men like Wynn, who had become smitten by flying and had caught the ‘aviation bug’.

One such person was John Alcock, who also came from Manchester and lived close by in Chorlton. In 1919 he was to hit the headlines when, together with Arthur Brown, they became the first airmen to fly across the Atlantic. There were also a number of record-breaking flights that might have come to the attention of the young Wynn Vickers, such as that made by Louis Paulhan on 28 April 1910, who landed just a short distance away to the north-west of Hazel Grove in Didsbury, and where a blue commemorative plaque now marks the landing site between 25–27 Paulhan Road.

Paulhan was awarded Lord Northcliffe’s prize of £10,000 for becoming the first pilot to fly from London to Manchester, with only a single stop along the way. In Didsbury huge crowds awaited the arrival of Paulhan and his competitor, Claude Grahame-White, and when the Frenchman’s Farman biplane landed it was surrounded by hundreds of enthusiastic people.

Other local events concerning aviation also attracted popular attention and the following month, in May 1910, a Roe Triplane (manufactured by Alliott Verdon Roe) was displayed at the Manchester Industrial Exhibition in Rusholme. The exhibit won a gold medal and in September the same venue was used for what might have been every young boy’s dream, a model aeroplane show that was organised by the Manchester Aero Club.

If the new exciting era of aviation did not immediately influence Wynn Vickers’ future military career, then the Scouting movement certainly did. Formed in 1907 by Lord Robert Baden-Powell with the aim of giving young men the qualities of leadership, comradeship and responsibility, the Scouting movement was at that time closely akin to the military.

Wynn joined the Scouts when he was only thirteen years old and he was one of the original members of the Davenport Patrol that was founded by Mr Keith Nixon. When Mr Nixon moved away from the area the Davenport Scouts were disbanded, but Wynn, who was by then a Second Class Scout, joined St George’s, 3rd Stockport Troop. Over the next few years Stephen obtained his First Class Scout Badge and the King’s Scout Badge, and at the age of eighteen he received his Assistant Scout Master’s Warrant.

After completing a foundation course at Stockport Grammar School, Wynn continued his education at Owens’ College, Manchester. It had been founded in 1851 as a result of a legacy left by John Owens, the son of Owen Owens who was the owner of a cotton mill in Flintshire. When John Owens died in 1846 he left £96,942 for a college to be established specifically for the ‘instruction of young men’.

Initially, the college was based in the home of philanthropist Richard Cobden, but in 1873 it moved to larger premises in Oxford Road. It was eventually to become one of the founding institutions of Manchester University and after 1880 it was known as the ‘Victoria University of Manchester’. The aim was for Owens’ College to become a ‘Centre of Intelligence’, specialising in teaching Edwardian principles of knowledge that were generally based upon German culture and its understanding of science and philosophy.

Wynn was awarded the University Scholarship by members of the Hallam Trust and in 1913 he passed his entrance examination to join the Civil Service, although he did not take up a position and continued in education. He later joined the ranks of Manchester University’s Officer Training Corps (OTC), which had been formed in 1898 and had been originally called the ‘Owens’ College Company’. It later became known as the Volunteer Rifle Company, but in 1908, after the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) was formed, it became known as the Officer Training Corps.

It cost five shillings for the privilege of joining this elite force and cadets had to enrol for a minimum of two years. By 1914 the Manchester OTC had an establishment of 270 cadets, who were trained in the use of rifles and other firearms by veterans from the 6th Volunteer Manchester Regiment, based at Stalybridge. The skills that Wynn learned as part of this military organisation gave him a number of advantages over his fellow officers in the months and years ahead.

While the main summer camp of the Manchester University OTC was being held on Salisbury Plain, Wynn went off on a joint Scout and OTC camp at Abersoch in Wales. The training camp in Wales lasted six weeks, during which time, on 8 August, war was declared with Germany. As soon as the camp broke up, Wynn made his way to the main depot of the Cheshire Regiment at Chester Castle, where he offered his services and collected his enlistment papers. On the train on his way back to Stockport, Wynn was fortunate enough to meet up with his former Scout Master, Mr Nixon, who had founded the Davenport Scout Troop. Mr Nixon also happened to be a Justice of the Peace and he not only offered to sign Wynn’s enlistment papers, but to give him a glowing reference as well.

As soon as it became clear that war was about to be declared, the commanding officer of the Manchester OTC, Major Sir Thomas Holland, called for volunteers to join the Colours. As a result of his call to arms, 95 per cent of the cadets offered their services immediately and, as a consequence, most of them were destined to become officers and ‘leaders of men’. By October 1914, 240 of the Manchester cadets had been commissioned directly into the various local regiments and a small number directly into the RFC.

Wynn’s application to join the Army was processed very quickly and the warrant that authorised him to hold the King’s Commission was signed on 14 September by the commander of the 4th Division, General Sir Henry Seymour Rawlinson GCVO, KCB, KCMG, who would go on to command the British First and Fourth armies in France and become one of the finest field commanders of the Great War. Stephen Wynn Vickers became Second Lieutenant Vickers with immediate effect and was posted to the 11th Battalion of the Cheshire regiment on 19 September 1914.

The Cheshire Regiment, which was the oldest of all the county regiments in the British Army, had a fine tradition and history going back to 1688 when it had been formed on the Wirral by Henry, Duke of Norfolk, to resist any attempts by James II to take back the throne. It was then known as the 22nd Regiment of Foot and it was not until 1782 that it was named the Cheshire Regiment.

At the outbreak of the First World War the Cheshire Regiment consisted of just two regular battalions, but with a third held in reserve. The 1st Battalion was based in Ireland, with the 2nd Battalion stationed at Jubbulpore in India, before it was recalled back home and sent to France in January 1915. The 1st Battalion followed it to France in August 1915 and it was the part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that was ordered to cover the retreat of the 5th Division. On 23 August the battalion was involved in some heavy fighting at the Battle of Mons and out of a force of twenty-seven officers and 924 men, only seven officers and 200 men answered the roll call the next day.

A small number of men from the ranks of the 1st Battalion, including three officers and fifteen non-commissioned officers (NCOs), were lucky enough to be retained in England and they were sent to the main depot at Chester. This small contingent of regulars formed the nucleus of the organisation that was responsible for training thousands of new recruits in the Cheshire Regiment.

The 11th Battalion was formed at Chester Castle on 17 September 1914 under the command of General Dyas and the recruits were sent to Codford Camp at Codford St Mary, situated a few miles to the north-west of Salisbury. In the years before the First World War most regiments in the regular army were made up of just two battalions, with the first normally being involved in the fighting and the second used to train the recruits. Once they were fully trained, soldiers were normally posted to the first 1st battalion that was serving overseas in India or the Far East. The mass recruiting programme of the First World War changed all this and, as Second Lieutenant Vickers soon discovered, there were not enough regular soldiers around to pass on their skills, experience and knowledge.

When he arrived at Codford Camp, Vickers soon discovered that most of the men lacked the most basic military skills that would help them to become an efficient fighting force. There were only a handful of men who had any knowledge of military procedures and it was not just those amongst the ranks that had to be trained, but the officers as well. The Battalion Diary records the fact that, with the exception of a single soldier who had previously served as a marine, Second Lieutenant Vickers was the only officer with any experience at all of drill and firearms.

At nineteen years old, Vickers found himself actively involved in the training of men who for the most part were much older and more worldly-wise than he was. His job was made worse by the fact that many of the recruits were angry because of the bad conditions that they had had to endure since joining up. There was a shortage of food, uniforms and tents and as a result they often went hungry and were forced to sleep out in the open. At this point most recruits were still wearing their civilian clothes that had became more ragged and dirty as each day went by. Many of them were fed up and the bad conditions and lack of