Grim Almanac of Manchester

For Joan Leach and my George

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In researching this book I would like to warmly acknowledge the help I received from Gavin Sterritt, Ayleen Hulme, Sean Hulme, Alexanda Rhys Hulme, Duncan at the Greater Manchester Police Museum, Terrance at the Victorian Picture Library, Chetham’s Library, the Wellcome Library in London, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester Library and Archives, and anyone else that I have forgotten.

CONTENTS

TITLE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT

INTRODUCTION

On a dark, wet and dreary night in September 1844, a draper’s assistant named Edward Mellish decided to go for a drink after work. Shortly after ten o’clock, he left a beerhouse on Oldham Street and sought the services of a prostitute named Elizabeth Kirk. Along with another prostitute named Elizabeth Lee, Kirk walked with him to Back Piccadilly, where the girls earned their wages. While Mellish was distracted, Kirk and Lee stole a sovereign out of his purse and disappeared into the night.

The same year, German philosopher Friedrich Engels passed through Manchester whilst on his tour of manufacturing districts in England. He described an area just off Oxford Road known as Little Ireland:

The cottages are old, dirty and the smallest sort, the streets are uneven, fallen into ruts and in part without drains or pavement: masses of refuse, offal and sickening filth lie among standing pools in all directions; the atmosphere is poisoned by the effluvia from these, and laden and darkened by the smoke of a dozen tall factory chimneys. A horde of ragged women and children swarm about here, as filthy as the swine that thieve upon the garbage heaps and in the puddles …

By the time Engels arrived in Manchester, the city had experienced change on an unprecedented scale. Between 1780 and 1800, the population had doubled. It had gone from being a relatively small market town to the industrial centre of the North. This change was brought by cotton: industrialisation made manufacturers and merchants rich, and introduced a new ‘class’ of men into society.

As the wealth of the mill owners and merchants increased, the workers were left to survive on low wages, in overcrowded houses filled with filth and disease. Life was grim. In Parliament Street, 380 people shared one privy. Workers lived in damp cellars with no light, no ventilation, no beds and only straw to separate them from the floor.

Hunger, poverty and desperation bred a criminal class that operated within the boundaries of the city. Lurking behind the smoke of the chimneys and the bricks of the merchant palaces was a murky underworld that would test the resolve of the governing authorities. Murderers, street gangs, thieves, fraudsters, hooligans, bigamists, drunks, prostitutes and vagabonds: all were entwined in daily life.

Sentences for criminals were harsh. Between 1552 and 1586, anyone found to be drunk was fined five shillings. Anyone unable to pay the fine was kept for six hours in the stocks. During the reign of Henry VIII, any alehouse keeper found with games on their premises such as bowls, dice or cards was fined the hefty sum of forty shillings.

In 1738, a local man named John Kilner was found guilty of selling a cow that was not marketable and fined a month’s wages. Meanwhile, any woman found to be a prostitute was placed in the city’s ducking stool and dumped into the pond at Daubholes (where Piccadilly is today).

In the eighteenth century, there were over 200 crimes that were punishable by death, which included horse stealing, arson, witchcraft, cutting down trees, and murder. If the criminal was lucky enough to escape the gallows, it was likely that he or she would have faced transportation for life, to a faraway country such as the Americas, and later Australia – that is if they survived being on board a hulk ship and then the long voyage to the chosen destination. Hulk ships were usually decommissioned Navy ships that had been converted into floating prisons. Life on board a hulk ship was tough and the conditions were dire: prisoners were awoken at sunrise and worked on average for ten hours a day, and were kept in chains to stop them from escaping. Overcrowding meant that the spread of disease was rife, thus leading to high mortality rates.

In 1832, serial thief John Smith was sentenced at Salford to transportation for life for stealing twenty pieces of calico. Smith – who was described as having a ‘very bad’ character – had already served seven years’ transportation for stealing in 1825. After his conviction was announced, he was held on board the hulk ship Cumberland, which was moored at Chatham, until his scheduled transportation date. In March 1833, Smith was transferred to his transportation ship. He faced a journey that would last between four and six months. Not all on board would make it: tuberculosis, cholera and dysentery would claim their victims. Any inmate that misbehaved would be lashed or confined in a box in which the occupant was forced to crouch as it was so small.

Less serious criminals were often given a custodial sentence with hard labour. They were sent to one of His or Her Majesty’s prisons. Manchester’s current prison is HMP Manchester (although it used to be, and still is – unofficially – known as Strangeways), which was built in 1868. Alfred Waterhouse, who was the architect behind the Town Hall, designed the prison, which has a capacity to hold over 1,000 prisoners. Up until the 1960s, the prison was used to hang some of the most notorious prisoners in the country. After 1868, all executions had to be held in private; however, this did not stop crowds of people from standing outside the prison walls, shouting to their loved ones or heckling the worst offenders.

Prior to the opening of Strangeways, Manchester had two operating prisons in the nineteenth century: Belle Vue prison, which opened in 1850 and was in use until 1888 and the New Bailey prison, Salford, which opened in 1790 and closed in 1868. Before the opening of the New Bailey prison, prisoners were held at the House of Correction, Hunt’s Bank. The House of Correction could hold somewhere in the region of sixty people at any one time, although there were no toilets, fresh water or light. Prisoners often went without food.

The aim of this book is to uncover the ‘grim’ side of the city. It will lift the lid on the city’s criminals, as well as revealing the perils of living in an industrial city – poverty, diseases, accidents, suicides and domestic abuse.

Geographically, the book tells the story of grim events that occurred in the city centre, as well as Ancoats, Ardwick, Bradford, Cheetham, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Collyhurst, Crumpsall, Didsbury, Gorton, Harphurhey, Hulme, Levenshulme, Longsight, Miles Platting, Moss Side, Newton Heath, Northenden, Old Trafford, Openshaw. Rusholme, Strangeways, Salford, Whalley Range and Withington.

JANUARY

1      JANUARY    1827    An elderly woman named Margaret Watson was working on her herb stall on Oldham Road when a group of drunken youths picked up some of her herbs and tossed them on the floor. Without warning, Margaret calmly reached into her apron, picked up her oyster knife and lunged at one of the youths named Dennis Meadowcroft, stabbing him in the right side of his chest and penetrating a large blood vessel. Meadowcroft immediately fell to the floor and his friends rushed to his aid. Margaret then wiped the blood off her knife with her apron and placed it back in her pocket. The young man was picked up and carried to the doctor’s house, but died later.

At the inquest, Margaret Watson was found guilty of manslaughter and sent to trial. The case was heard at the Lent Assizes at Lancaster Castle. After listening to the evidence, the judge found her guilty of manslaughter and she was sentenced to six months in prison.

1907    Several newspapers reported this week on the tragic death of John William Hampson, a 50-year-old boiler fireman, who resided at Croft Street, Newton Heath.

On the day of his death, he had just finished his shift at the Heenan and Froude engineers, Newton Heath, when he was asked to stay overnight and make sure the pipes did not freeze. To do this, he had to stoke the fires every two hours. At approximately four o’clock in the morning, another worker saw Hampson lying on the floor. When he approached, he could see that Hampson was lying on top of his lamp and quite dead. His body was severely charred and his clothes were smouldering. It appeared that he may have fainted and landed on his lamp, the flames fed by his oily clothes.

2      JANUARY    1928    A professional musician named Robert Harratt, who resided at Stockton Street, was on this day charged at the Manchester Police Court with the attempted murder of William Arthur Goodier, a lodger at the same address.

On New Year’s Eve, Goodier was getting into bed when he heard a loud bang, which was followed by Mrs Harratt rushing into his room. Mrs Haratt was bleeding from the mouth and pleaded with Goodier to save her from her violent husband, at which point Goodier locked his door until Mr Harratt had gone. When the coast was clear, he crept into the next room to collect Mrs Harratt’s young child. He managed to pick the child up and was nearly safe when he was met by an angry Mr Harratt, who snatched the child from his arms. Mr Harratt then reached to his hip, produced a gun, and shot Goodier. Harratt was later charged with attempted murder and remanded in custody for eight days, awaiting a trial. However, the charge of attempted murder was later dropped and the man was only prosecuted with keeping a firearm and fined £5.

3      JANUARY    1831    A shocking assassination occurred in the district of Greater Manchester. The victim was 23-year-old Thomas James Ashton, a superintendent at his father’s mill.

The unfortunate event occurred after Ashton had left his father’s house at seven o’clock to go to Apethorn Mill. At the same time, two mechanics – who were also taking the same route having just finished work – reported hearing gunshots and shortly after came across the lifeless body of Thomas Ashton. His body was still warm, but his face was covered with blood and froth. He had been fatally shot at close range through his heart, breaking two ribs and causing two exit wounds in his back. He had been assassinated less than 300 yards from his home.

After a lengthy police enquiry – which lasted nearly three years – James Garside and Joseph Moseley were charged with his murder. At the trial, the two men revealed that they were paid £10 by members of the ‘Spinners Union of Ashton-under-Lyne’ to assassinate James Ashton, Thomas’ brother. However, on the night in question, James – who was the superintendent of the Apethorn Mill – was out visiting a friend and arranged for Thomas Ashton to take his place and oversee the running of the mill.

During the trial, Garside confessed to being present at the shooting but blamed Moseley for firing the gun. The jury disagreed with Garside’s version of events and the judge sentenced both men to death by hanging. The execution took place shortly after nine o’clock in the morning on 25 November 1834. Their bodies were buried in the grounds of Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Surrey.

4      JANUARY    1858    An inquest was held today into the death of an old lady named Ann Mason, who died after her dress caught fire. The accident had taken place on the previous Saturday evening at her home. Mason was using a match to light a gas lamp over the fireplace, when her dress caught fire. Covered in flames, she then attempted to stagger to the front door and get help. Sadly, the flames overpowered her and she fell to the ground and died. She left behind a son and a married daughter.

5      JANUARY    1829    This week, a most distressing murder occurred in the district of Collyhurst. The victim was Catherine Cliffe, wife of papermaker James Cliffe. On the night of her death, James Cliffe left his wife to go and have a drink in the local pub. Without any food in the house to feed her or their four children, Catherine set about searching the local public houses trying to locate her husband. Whilst en route, she decided to have a few drinks herself. Sometime later she found her husband in the Kings Arms on St George’s Road, where she joined him and his friends for a drink. After leaving the pub with her intoxicated husband, Catherine lit her lantern and began to escort him home. The couple were only a short distance from their house when, without reason, James Cliffe began attacking his wife, hitting and kicking her. After being challenged by a watchman, Cliffe left his injured wife to struggle home and the watchman went on his way.

Catherine entered the house shortly after her husband. Another watchman – who was walking past the address – heard a woman screaming from inside. Fearing for her safety, he managed to force his way into the property. Once inside, he witnessed Mr Cliffe hit his wife on the right side of her face, which caused her to fall and hit her head on the table. Catherine’s lifeless body then slumped by the fire. The watchman told Cliffe that he would hang for his crimes, to which he showed little remorse, stating that he would only receive a short spell in prison. Appalled, the watchman left the house and went to get some assistance.

After he had departed, Cliffe left his children and the body of their mother, while he went to fetch his sister. By the time he returned, Catherine’s body was cold. Her injuries were substantial: she had a fractured skull, four broken ribs, her eye was nearly forced out, and her body was black and blue.

Cliffe was later apprehended by the police and sent to the lock-up, where he admitted his crimes. At his trial, Cliffe was found guilty of the murder of his wife and sentenced to death. He was hanged on Monday, 23 March 1829 at Lancaster Castle, leaving his children orphans; they were promptly put into the workhouse.

6      JANUARY    1849    The Manchester Guardian reported the result of an inquest held into the death of Catherine Wiseman, the 33-year-old wife of David Wiseman. The couple lived in Reddish and had three sons; 9-year-old, Richard; 7-year-old, John and 5-year-old Fred.

On New Year’s Day, Mrs Wiseman had been drinking heavily. In her drunken state, she decided to take her sons to see her husband, who was employed by Dr Charles Bell as a coachman. Once inside Dr Bell’s house, she was ordered to stay in the kitchen until her husband arrived. Seeing that the wife was drunk, Dr Bell insisted that Mr Wiseman took her and the children home.

After arriving at their address, Mrs Wiseman refused to go inside and sat on the front doorstep. Angry and humiliated, Mr Wiseman picked up his wife and carried her into the kitchen and placed her on a chair. He then left and went back to Bell’s house to feed the horses. On his way home, he stopped off at a local beerhouse and began to drink.

He arrived back at the family home later that evening, also now intoxicated. He walked into the kitchen, took off his boots and threw one of them at his wife. He then grabbed both boots and hit his wife across the side of the head. Catherine was not badly hurt and she managed to pick herself up and retreat to the other side of the room. However, Wiseman then grabbed a wooden cutting board – used for cutting meat – and hit his wife again, twice, across the face. After this attack, Mrs Wiseman was now bleeding. Wiseman ordered his children to bed, leaving his wife downstairs. At some point during the night, Mrs Wiseman took herself outside and fell asleep.

Mr Wiseman awoke in the early hours and discovered that his wife was still not in bed. He put on his clothes and discovered her lying on the ground outside, covered in blood. Seeing that she was very ill, he picked her up, carried her upstairs and laid her on the bed. He then turned to his son and told him to fetch his mother some brandy. Mr Wiseman then left to get help from the doctor. While walking to the house with the doctor, Mr Wiseman apologised for the state of his wife, saying he was truly ashamed. He also explained that his wife had a problem with alcohol, regularly selling their belongings to feed her addiction. Upon arriving at the house, the doctor found Mrs Wiseman taking her last breaths. He stayed with her until she passed away.

The jury at the inquest found Mr Wiseman not guilty of murder, stating that his wife had died as a result of being intoxicated and exposed to the elements. The judge issued a stark warning to Mr Wiseman, though: he had a narrow escape and another injury could have killed her. He recommended that Mr Wiseman should never drink again.

1916    A window cleaner by the name of John Jones, who lived on Hulme Hall Lane, Miles Platting, was killed after falling from the second floor of the Town Hall.

7      January    1880    One of Manchester’s most infamous murders occurred on this night at the home of a wealthy man named Richard Greenwood, who lived on Westbourne Grove in Harpurhey. The victim was a 19-year-old Welsh domestic servant by the name of Sarah Jane Roberts.

The events that led to her death started early that day, when a letter was deposited through the door of Westbourne Grove. The letter was addressed to Mr Greenwood and was signed by a ‘W.Wilson, Oldham Road’. The author of the note requested that Mr Greenwood should meet with him later on that day in the Three Tuns Inn, Rochdale Road, to discuss some property that the recipient owned on Queen’s Road.

Mr Greenwood set off from his home at twenty-past five in the evening and headed for the public house. He waited for the man to arrive, but he never came. Westwood then left, returning home at seven o’clock. Upon his arrival, he was immediately alerted that something was wrong.

About forty-five minutes after Mr Greenwood had left the house, there had been a knock at the door; the only people in the house at the time were the maid and Mrs Greenwood. Mrs Greenwood recalled hearing the servant girl go to the door and answer it. The girl then took the visitor through the lobby and downstairs into the kitchen, closing the door behind them. Mrs Greenwood assumed that the visitor was a guest of the maid and did not think any more of it until she heard a piercing scream come from the kitchen. Alarmed, Mrs Greenwood ran to the front door and began shouting ‘murder’. Her screams were heard by a neighbour, who ran into the kitchen and saw Roberts’ lifeless body slumped on the floor. Her battered head was resting in a pool of blood. The back door, which had been locked, was wide open and it appeared that this was where the attacker made his escape.

The sister of the deceased believed the motive for the crime was one of passion, committed by a man from whom Roberts had declined a marriage proposal. Over the years the police interviewed several suspects; however, the murder remains unsolved.

1871    Howarth Fishwick, a 16-year-old boy of Green Lane in Failsworth, died after falling into boiling liquid