chinese current life and traditional culture

Enrichment textbook for students learning the Chinese language

For intermediate and advance level

Preface

This textbook is written for the students of the Chinese language around the world who's level is above basic beginner.The aim of the book is to enrich their studying and to make it easier and clearer.In this textbook the student can find learning material which cannot be found in the

Common textbooks and information only exists partially in most of them.

The Chinese language is one of the richest languages in the

World and includes many words which are similar in their meaning but have slightly different way of  use.This information  cannot be found in the dictionaries nor in most of the textbook.For almost every existing slight idea there is a special and exact word to express it,so the Chinese language contains very rich vocabulary and the language student  sometimes does not know which word is suitable to use in the different situations.

The Chinese language not only rich in vocabulary but also very rich in expressions and 4 -words idioms.These expressions, especially the 4- words idioms,make the expression more elegant and more accurate.One short idiom can replace one or two long sentences and in addition can make the expression much clearer and much vivid.

Many of the 4 words idioms have a traditional Chinese ancient story from which they aroused and others come from a special definite structure.Like the words ,the idioms too have their specific way of use,each idiom his own specific way of use, and unfortunately not made clear enough in the textbooks.In this textbook this information is made clear.

In order to be a high level Chinese speaker one must know a great deal of these idioms and expressions,otherwise his speaking will be poor and dull.In this textbook the most commonly used Chinese idioms and expressions are included.

Those students who want to deepen their understanding in the Chinese 4- words Chinese idioms , can find the stories in many online and offline textbooks.All the vocabulary and the idioms in this textbook are followed with examples of sentences to make their way of use clearer.

Already in early stage of the Chinese learning one can find out that the Chinese language contains many grammar particles and basic very commonly use words.Most of the textbooks don't give the complete information about each of them and the student must spend a lot of time to look for many books to get the full information.In this book the student can find the full information about each one of them included information when they can be omited.the textbook is written in the Chinese characters followed by pin yin. The explanations all written in English...

The textbook was examined and proofreading by a native certified Chinese teacher to make sure there are no errors in the content.

I want to Take this opportunity to thank my long time  chinese teacher 阎荟安（yanhuian）from Beijing ,one of the best teachers I ever had,for her excellent lessons and the deep understanding she gave me in the chinese language.

I'd love to get comments from readers to improve and add some more useful content to the textbook.

My E-mail is:    [email protected].

About the author

My name is orna taub, a Jewish female ,was born and lives in Israel.My hometown is Haifa and I was born there in 1957 with my twin sister Hedi, in a very lovely and happy family.

As a lover of nonstop studying ,I have learned many different subjects in my life.After my army service I studied pure mathematics in the technical university in Haifa ,theTechnion ,and got a master degree.After graduating I studied 4 years Chinese medicine,acupuncture and Chinese herbs,and another more 6 years of studying many other subjects of the alternative medicine.In about 2000 I started to feel an unusual very strong attraction to the Chinese language,culture,history and people and started to learn the Chinese language by myself from the very basics using books I bought from abroad.(there were no suitable books in my country at that time).To my luck,one of my teachers in the Chinese medicine school was a Chinese doctor who came from China to Israel as an university representative to teach Chinese medicine in Israel.Since he couldn't speak any language beside Chinese and since I wanted very much to communicate with him,I had no any choice but start to speak Chinese whatever my Chinese level was.

Gradually I became his good friend in Israel and also his helper to manage in the everyday life in Israel,since he didn't know the local language nor any English.

He helped me a lot to make a big progress in the Chinese language, and after a while I became his translator in the classes where he tought the Israeli students frontally.In the next coming years I kept on learning by myself and also attended one year 1-1 lessons with a Chinese teacher from tianjin.After a few years I made my first trip to China and stayed in chengdu city in Sichuan province for 3 months.I stayed in the normal university there where I attended Chinese classes with other international students.During this time we spoke only Chinese and this made a big progress in my Chinese language level.

When I returned back to Israel I attended two courses of advance level Chinese in two different colleges one after another.From then on I started to use the Internet to study every aspect of the Chinese language and found it as an excellent learning tool.I searched every peace of studying material in the Internet and reached almost every piece of learning material existing in the Internet.Every material was able to  teach me more piece of information and I collected all the material I have learnt.After some years of learning  experience I came to realize that in order to proceed in chinese beyond a certain level ,one must learn with a native chinese teacher in 1-1 lessons.To only  use the  written material is not enough.In the recent years I have  studied regularly with native chinese teachers taking 1-1 lessons on skype.One of the  1-1 lessons I attend on skype is a colloqial chinese course,and the other is a chinese translation course wich I attend with a teacher from the beijing language and culture university.This course teaches me the literal written language.The written formal chinese is slightly different from the everyday spoken language.In addition to that ,I have some very good chinese and taiwanese friends with whom I have contact already some years.With some of them I communicate by writing emails in chinese to each other,and with some other we use skype to communicate by speaking. From this  direct contact with native chinese and taiwanese friends I learnt a lot  of the  othentic language,daily speaking language and also many commonly used expressions and slang.

All the knowledge I gained during my long time learning experience I included in this textbook.Being myself a student of the chinese language ,I understand the needs ,the difficulties and the mistakes a chinese language western student tends to make and in the light of this I wrote this textbook..

Orna taub [email protected]

.

List of abbreviations:

adj –adjective

adv -adverb

N- noun

V-verb

lit. - literal

fig. - figurative

Table of Contents

The rules of changing of tones in Chinese.&1

2&.Grammatical particles, basic words and complements

        . 1.Particles and basic words

        . 2.Words which express group

3. The difference between the negations    没 (méi)  and  不 (bù).

3& .Chinese emotional particles

Prepositions and conjunction .&4

        . 1.Prepositions

        . 2.Conjunctions

5&.Structures

Vocabulary.&6

7&.Colloquial expressions and speech

8&.Idioms

Proverbs.&9

1&  The rules of changing of tones in Chinese

. (Tone Change of the character 不 (bù.1

*  When it precedes a 4 th tone character, it changes to a 2nd tone.

( For example, 不对 bú duì (wrong .

.  2.Tone Change of the character 一 yī: As a single character, it is 1st tone.

when followed by a 4th tone, it becomes a 2nd tone,*

( For instance, 一定 yí dìng (for sure

*when it precedes a 1st tone, 2nd tone and 3rd tone, it becomes a 4th tone:

For instance,  一些 yì xiē (some),    一直  yì zhí (always) and 一点  yì diǎn (a little, a bit)

.  3.Rule for 3rd tone change: When there are two 3rd tones coming together, the first one changes into a 2nd tone:

For instance,    你好 ní hǎo

。                      , 

2&  Grammatical particles,basic words and complements

Particles and basic words

( 的 (de *

* Auxilary particle

. Connects between adj and the noun.1

聪明的孩子  (cōng míng de hái zi) a smart boy

两天的时间  (liǎng tiān de shí jiān) two days time

已经站起来的中国人民 (yí jīng zhàn qí lai de zhōng guó mín) already standing Chinese people

.after adj to make a noun.2

开气车的  (kāi qì ché de) a driver

我爱吃辣的 (wo ài chī là de )I like peppery food

有红的，有黄的  (yǒu hóng de ，yǒu huáng de) there are reds and there are yellows

.

3.After a verb object (to emphasize the doing the action, time, place etc)

是在北京买的表 (shì zài běi jīng mǎi de biǎo ) it was in Beijing I bought the watch (highlits the area,Beijing)

是我打的稿字 (shì wǒ dǎ de gǎo zì )    it was me who made the sketch  highlights "me

.4.On the end on declaration statement .expresses tone of certainty

.

明天他回来的 (míng tiān tā huí lái de) surely he will come tomorrow

屋子里静悄悄的 (wū zi lǐ jìng xiāo xiāo de) it was very quite in the room

. After Words adjacent,expresses: etc..5

她尽说吃啊穿阿的 (tà jǐn shuō chī a chuàn a de) she only spoke about food,cloths,etc.

音乐，绘画，文化什么的，我们都谈到了.(yìn yuè,huì huà, wén huà shén me de,wǒ men dōu tán dào le) We spoke about things like music,paintings,culture etc.

.6.Between a name of a person or object and a certain role or identity.expresses that someone fulfill a certain role or has a certain identity

今天的会谁的主帝?(míng tiān de huì shéi de zhǔ xí)  ?    Who is the chairman in the meeting today?

这部电影是我姐姐的主

(zhè bù diàn yǐng shìwǒ jiě jie de zhǔ )     

My sister plays a main role in this movie

. After a verb.expresses that someone accepts the action.7

开她的玩笑  (kāi tā de wán xiào ) play a joke on her

讲讲她认为的保姆和家庭之间的关系

(jiǎng jiǎng tā rèn wéi de bǎo mǔ hé jiā tíng) zhī jiān de guān XI

talk about her opinion about the relationship between the housekeeper and the family (the relation between the housekeeper and the family is a phrase which accept the action)

。                      , 

.8.between two numbers.express relation of multiply or add between them

这间屋子是五米的三米，合十五平房米

(zhè jiān wū zi shì wǔ mǐ de sān mǐ ，hé shí wǔ píng fáng mǐ) 

This room is five meters by three meters, 15 square meters

Noun*

的 (de) = target

无的放矢 (wú de fàng shǐ)

Shooting at a target that does not exist. Shoot causally

When  的 can be omitted

. If the adjective before the noun is a single syllable .1

.  2.In the belonging sense of 的(de) : if the two nouns have close relationship between them.

. After a name of a state or country.3

.between a number and a measure word.4

Except in the case that the measure word is not the natural measure word which belongs to the noun

两个, 三 本, 一场, 一 公斤  (liǎn gè, sān běn, yī chǎng, yī gòng jin)

一杯 水, 一 本书, (yī bēi shuǐ)  but: 一 公斤 的 书, 一场 的 时间 (yī gòng jin de shū,yī chǎng de shí jiān)    (time of game)      because the measure word of book is  本 (běn) and not    公斤(fòng jin)  。一场(yī chǎng) (a game) is not the measure word of time

得  (de )*

Verb*

.get,obtain,gain.1

我们得了一笔在心政府货款  (wǒ men dé Le yī bǎ zài xīn zhèng fǔ huò kuǎn) we obtained a loan from the government

得病 ( débìng )  get a disease

快到年底时她得了腥红热 ( kuài dào nián dǐ shí tā dé Le xīng hóng rè) Towards the end of the year he caught scarlet fever

。a result of a calculation.2

二加三得五  (èr jiā sān dé wǔ) two plus three is five

Be finish,be ready (colloquial ).3

饭得了 (fàn dé Le ) the dinner is ready

那幢房子快要建得了 (nǎ chuáng fáng zi kuài yāo jiàn dé Le)  the house will soon be finished

Allowed ( express the verb is allowed or not allowed ).4

这笔钱非经批准不得动用 (zhè bǐ qián fēi pī zhǔn bù dé dòng yòng ) without a permission it is not allowed to draw the money

In colloquial speech *

. Expresses one agrees or disagrees.1

得，就这么办  (dé, jiù zhè me bàn ) all right,just go ahead

得了，别再说了 dé Le,    (bié zài shuō Le)  that's enough.let it go with that

. Use to express a situation becomes worse or helpless.2

得，又搞错了 !    (dé, yòu gǎo còu Le! ) Look! I'v got it wrong again!

* Adj

.fit to,proper.1

得用  (dé yòng) fit to use,handy

,  content,satisfied.2,

洋洋自得 (yang yàng zì dé) immensely pleased with himself (idiom)

.Auxiliary verb*

.after a verb.expresses can or may.1

她去得，我为什么去不得？ ( tā qù dé,wǒ wèi shén me qù bù dé?)， If she can go, why can't I?

这种蘑菇吃得，那种吃不得  (zhè zhǒng mó GU chī dé ，nǎ zhǒng chī bù dé)

This mushroom is eatable and that one is not

2.between a verb and it's complement to express ability

听得懂 (tīng dé dǒng) can understand

那办得到  ( nà bàn dé dào) can be done

她 回得来吗?( tā huí dé lái ma)? Can she come back?

.  3.Between a verb and an adj to express the verb or to express it's extent.

唱得不好 (chàng dé bù hǎo) not sing well

冷得打多嗦 (lěng dé dá duō suō )  Shivering from cold (it is so cold that I am shivering)

雪下得很大 (xuě xià hěn dà) it is snowing heavily

笑得肚子痛 (xiào dé dù zi tòng) I am so laughing that my stomach ached

Note: if the verb is a two syllable word then the 得(de) is omitted

Examples

学习汉语非常努力    (xué xí hàn yǔ fēi cháng nǔ lì )  learning Chinese very diligently

对待保姆友善  (duì dài bǎo mǔ yǒu shàn) treat the nanny friendly

研究问题很认真  (yán jiū wèn tí hěnrèn zhēn) search the problem seriously

*verb

(In 1.  And 2. The pronounciation of  得 is  děi )

(.Need ,需要  (xǔ yào.1

这个工程的三个月才得完 (zhè gè gōng chéng deǐ sāngè yuè cái dé wán) this project need three months to complete

(.must,have to      必需 (bì xū)  ,  必要 ( bì yào .2

得功用  ( deǐ gōng yòng) must be more studious

你得认真考虑一下 (nǐ děi rèn zhēn kǎo lǜ yī xià) you must thin k it over seriously

我得马上回去  (wǒ děi mǎ shàng huí qu)  I must be going back at once

Expresses for sure.3

要不快走，我们就得迟到  (yào bu kuài zǒu wǒ men dé chí dào) if we will not hurry we will be late for sure

地 ( d e/di  ) *

。auxilary word*

Use after adverb or adverbial clause

聚精会神地听课  (jù jīng huì shén de tīng kè )    listen to the lecture attentively;

感谢你好意地向我们提出建议。(gǎn xiè nǐ hǎo yìde xiàn gwǒ men tí chū jiàn yì) Thank you for the suggestions you kindly offered us.

天渐渐地冷了。(tiān jiàn jiàn de lěng Le) The weather is getting cold.

. Noun*

地球  (dì qiú )the earth:

天地    (tiān dì) heaven and earth

陆地  (lù dì) land; soil:

低 [高] 地  dī(gāo)dì    down [high] land;

荒 [林] 地 (huāng （lín ）dì) wild [wood] land;

土地;田地  (tǔ dì ，tián dì )      fields:   

麦地  (màidì )  wheat field;

下地干活儿 ( xià dì gàn huó ER )  go and work in the fields

地面    (dì miàn) ground; floor

地区  (dì qū) place; locality:

全国各地  (quán guó gè dì) all parts of the country; throughout the country

地点  (dì diǎn ) place;site:

目的地  (mù di dì) destination;

所在地  (suǒ zài dì) location; seat; site

地位    (dì wèi) position; situation:

立于不败之地 (lì yú bù bài zhī dì )    be in an invincible position

. *Use after a word measures a distance (it can be a number or something else )

Distance: 20里地 (20 lǐ dì) a distance of 20 li;

我家离学院只有一站地。(wǒ jiā lǐ xué yuàn zhǐ yǒu yī zhàn di) My home is only a bus stop from the college.

了  ( Le  ) *

. 1.May be used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change in state, a reminder, advice, or urging.

. 2.In the middle of the sentence ,After a verb to indicate that the action has completed in the past,present or future. 

. 3.Expressing excessively or very (depends on the sentence) with tai : the structure is: 太  adj  了     ( tài adj Le )

. 4.Making adj extreme with 最  zuì    the structure is: 最 adj 了   ( Zuì adj Le  )  or:  最  adj 不过了  (zuì adj bù guò Le)  (最 adj  without the 了also expresses the same thing  )

. 5.Excpressing a bit too  . The structure is:  adj 了 一点儿        (adj Le yī diǎn ER).    Sometimes an extra word is added to emphasize it. Like:  稍微  (shāo wēi) means a little bit

. 6.Expressing duration . The structure is:        verb 了（Le )  duration    /expressing duration with inaction. The structure is:  duration  没(méi) verb phrase  了 （了）

.?( Questions with  了吗?  ( Le ma.7

.  8.Making some adj extreme.  For For negative adj the structure is:    adj  死了 (adj sǐ Le )  it can be read as adv to death .          For positive adj the structure is:  adj  极了    (adj jíle )

.  9.Expressing much more in comparisson.the structure is:    N1  比 N2    adj 多了     (N1 bǐ  N2 adj  duōle )

.  10.Used for very everyday behaviors to emphasizing that the action has already occurred (so it doesn't need to be done again). The actions are like eating and brushing one's teeth and taking a shower.

.The  structure is:  verb  过了 （ verb guò Le)  .  Or,when the is also an object:  verb    过  object  了      (verb  guò object Le )

. 11.The particle 了 can be used with the adverb 要 / 快要 / 将要/就要, (yào,kuài yào/jiāng yào/jiù yào)  describe an action that is going to happen in the future.  (shall,will,is going to) The structure: N  要/快要/将要/就要  verb  了＂ ( yào / kuài yào / jiāng yào / jiù yào verb Le)

。in sentence indicating measure with number.12

Examples

.１．他 会 开车 了。(tā huì kāi chē Le) He can drive now. (he couldn't before)

我 有 女朋友 了。(wǒ yǒu nǚ péng you Le ) I have a girlfriend now. (I didn't have one before )

来了来了  (lái le lái le)  come here    不要去了  (bú yào qù Le)  don't go

这地方变了样了  (zhè dì fāng biàn Le yàng Le) The place looks quite different now.

. ２．他喝了两杯茶 (tā hē Le liǎng bēi chā) he drank two cups of tea (and finished to drink them  )

等我吃了饭再去接你  (děng wǒ chī Le fàn zài qù jiē nǐ )  I will pick you up after I finish my dinner

. ３．他太重了  (tā tài zhòng Le)  he is too heavy,      太好了 (tài hǎo Le)  very good    他太聪明了 (tā tài cōng míng Le)  he is very smart    米饭太少了 (mǐ fàn tài shǎo Le ) there is too little rice

.  ４．你最瘦了  (nǐzuìshòule)  you are the thinnest    他最聪明不过了 (tāzuìcōngmíngbùguòle)  he is the smarter  我最高了 (wǒzuìgāole) I am the tallest

.５．我 妈妈 说 你 钱 挣 得 少 了 点儿，(wǒ mā mā shuō ní qián zhēng Le shǎo diǎn ER) my mother says you earn too little        你 长 得 矮 了 点儿。( nǐ zhǎng dé ǎi diǎn ér)      you look a little too short                    6. 她 觉得 我 需要 找 一 个 好 点儿 的 男 朋友。(tā jué de wǒ xū yào zhǎo yī gè hǎo diǎn de nán péng yǒu) she thinks I need to find a boyfriend who IA a little better

.７．．他 在 北京 住 了 两 年。  he lived in Beijing for two years    我 上 了 半 个 小时 网。(wǒ shàng Le bàn GE xiǎo shí wǎng)I went online for a half an hour    他们 十 个 小时 没 吃饭 了。(tā men shí gè xiǎo shí méi chī fàn Le) they haven't eaten for ten hours  他 已经 三 天 没 洗澡 了。(yǐ jīng sān tiān méi xǐ zǎo Le) He has already gone three days without showering.

８．．你吃饭了吗？(ní chī fàn Le me?)  did you eat?    你看了吗？(nǐkan Le ma?) did you see  ?

.  ９．．我饿死了  (wo è sǐ Le)  I am so hungry ( I am hungry to death)    你胖死了 (nǐ pàng sǐ Le)  you are so fat (you are fat to death)

她好看极了 (tā hǎo kàn jí Le) she is very  pretty    你的 中文 好 极了。(nǐde zhōng wén hǎo j íle) your Chinese is very good

.１０．．他 比 我 高 得多。(tā bǐ wǒ gāo de duō)he is a lot taller than I am          狗 比 猫 笨 多了。(guǒ bǐ māo bèn de duō) dogs are much stupider than cats

.１１．她 吃 过 了。  (tā chī guò le) She ate (already).  (so no need to eat any more  )

牙 刷 过 了。(yá shuā guò le) (I) brushed my teeth (already).    (so no need to brush them anymore  )

他 洗 过 澡 了。(tā xǐ guò zǎo Le) He has had a shower (already  ) .

. 他快要退休了  (tā kuài yào tuì xiū Le)  He is going to retire soon.12

秋天快来了 (qiū tiān kuǎi lái Le) the autumn is coming soon

清晨快来了 (qīng chén kuài lái Le) soon is early morning

我明天要去工作了  ( wǒmíngtiānyàoqùgōngzuò) Tomorrow I'm going to work

.  我八岁了  (wǒ bā suì Le)  I am eight years old.13

呢（ne）*

A particle usually used in the end of a sentence.It has the following meanings:

.? A.Express tone of doubt.including what about.

你们都去, 我呢? (nǐ men dōu qù,wǒ NE?)You are all going. What about me? 我错在哪儿呢 ? (wǒ cuò zài nǎ ER NE?)What have I done wrong? 有人这么说, 可谁见过呢 ? (yǒu rén zhè me shuō,kě shéi jiàn guò NE?) So they say, but who has ever seen it? 怎么办呢 ? (zěn me bàn NE?) What should we do?

. B.in the end of a declaration statement to verify a fact

: 到车站还有好几公里呢。(dào chē zhàn hái yǒuhǎo jǐ gōng lǐ NE) There are still several kilometres off from the railway station. 麦子长得才好呢。(mài zi zhǎngde hěn hǎo NE) The wheat is coming along fine.

. C.In the end of declaration statement to express that an action or a situation is in a continuing process.

: 老吴,有人找你呢。(Lao wu,yǒu rén zhǎo nǐ NE)  Lao Wu,somebody is looking for you. 天下着雨呢。(tián xia zhe yǔ NE) It's raining now.

.D.in speaking:used in the middle of a sentense to express a pause in speech.

如今呢, 可比以往任何时候都要强。(rú jīn NE,kěbǐ yǐ wǎng rèn hé hou dōu yāo qiáng)

As for the present, things are far better than at any time in the past. 我呢 , 骑自行车去, 你们呢 , 坐汽车去  (wǒ NE  , qí zì xíng chē qù , nǐ men NE  , zuò qì chē qù )。

。 I'm going by bike, and you may go by bus.

As a noun: 呢子  (NE zi)  has a meaning of a thick woollen cloth.

( 吧  ( ba *

. At the end of a sentence to indicate a request or an order.1。 .   

帮帮他吧! ( bāng bāng tā ba!)    help him!

去吧！      (qù ba!)  well,go!

. 2.At the end of a sentence to indicate agreement ，ok。

好吧，我先走  (hǎo ba, wǒ xiān zǒu) ok. I'll go first

就这样吧  (jiù zhè yàng ba) do so,ok.

.At the end of a sentence to indicate uncertainty or doubt.3

你忘了呢？(nǐ wàng le ba?) you forgot,didn't you ?

这样不行吧。(zhè yàng bù xíng ba) I doubt it will do.

. 4. A pause in a sentence which has two parts that none of them is a bad choice

走吧，不好，不走吧，也不好  (zǒu ba,bù hǎo,bù zǒu ba,yě bù hǎo) it's no good whether leaving or not

打吧，打不下去，跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降    (dǎ ba,dǎ bù xià qù,pǎo ba,pǎo bù liao,dí rén zhī hǎo tóu xiáng) unable to fight or to escape,the enemy were forced to surrender. 

出  ( chū) *

VERB

. Go [come] out;to leave.1:

出城 (chūchéng) go out of town; 出院 (chū yuàn)leave hospital; 出狱 （chū yù） be released from prison

. To arrive;to come.2

出场 (chūcháng) come on the stage; 出席 （chū xí） attend; be present

. To exceed;to go beyond.3

出格 (chūgé) go beyond the limit; 出月(chū yuè) after this month; next month; when the month is out; after the end of this month; 不出 三年 (bù chū sān nián) within three years

. To issue;to put up.4

出布告 （chū bù gào）post an announcement; put up a notice; 出主意 (chū zhǔ yì) offer advice; supply ideas; make suggestions; 今晚比赛, 你们出谁? (jīn wǎn bǐ sài,nǐ men chū shéi?) Who's going to play for your side in tonight's match? 有钱出钱, 有力出力。(yǒu qián chū qián,yǒu lì chū lì) The rich will be asked to contribute money; the strong to contribute labor.

. 5.To produce; turn out

: 出成果 (chū chéng guǒ) produce result; 出煤（chū méi）  produce coal; 出人才 (chū rén cái) turn out talents; 大连出苹果。（dà lián chū píng guǒ） Dalian produces apples. 实践出真知。（shí jiàn chū zhēn zhī） Genuine knowledge comes from practice. 这个世纪出了许多大人物。（zhè gè shì jì chū Le xǔ duō rén wù） The century produces many great men.

. 6.To arise;to happen; take place; occur:

出问题 ( chūwèntí) go wrong; go amiss; 防止出事故（fáng zhǐ chū shì gù） prevent accidents; 这事出在30年前。(zhè shì chū zài sān shí nián qián) It happened thirty years ago. 如果他出了什么事, 请立刻通知我。(rú guǒ tā chū Le shén me shì,qǐng lí kè tōng zhī wǒ) If anything happens to him, let me know at once. 这事出在1989年。(zhèshìchūzāi 1989 nián) It took place in (the year of) 1989.

. 7.To publish

: 这本书是1970年出的。 (zhè běn shū shì 1970 nían chū de)The book was published in 1970. 这个杂志一个月出一期。 (zhè gè zá zhì yī gè yuè chū yī qí)The magazine comes out once a month.

To put forth; to vent.8

出芽（chū yá） put forth buds; sprout; 出疹子 (chū zhěn zi)  have measles; 他总是拿狗出气。(tā zǒng shì ná gǒu chū qì) He always vents his anger on the dog.

. 9.To appear

出头 (chū tóu) appear in public.

:.

.  10.Pay out; expend:

量入为出 （liáng rù wéi chū） keep expenditures within the limits of income; cut one's coat according to one's cloth; 入不敷出 （rú bù fū chū） one's income falling short of one's expenditure; unable to make both ends meet

USE AS COMPLEMENT

Verb+ 出(verb+ chū)

1. Indicates that the action direction is outwards 

  .indicates that the action was completed.2

. Indicates:To become visible / to reveal.3

从大厅里走出 (cóng dà tīng lǐ zǒu chū) come out of the hall; 看出问题 (kàn chū wèn tí) see where the problem lies; realize that there's sth. Wrong; to reveal the problem  派出代表团参加会议 ( pài chū dài biǎo tuán cān jiā huì yì)

Send a delegation to attend a conference; 做出成绩 ( zuò chū chéng jì) achieve (good) results (achieve means the action of doing was completed)

来  ( laí) *

.    1.Put after a verb to indicate that the action is toward the speaker's direction  verb ＋来   (verb+lái  )

过来  (guò lái) come over her

泥石路跑来的吗？（ní shí lù pǎo lái dé ma）？did you run all the mud and rocks road to here?

请把那本书拿来  (qǐng bǎ nà běn shū nǎ lái) Bring me the book ,please

喜讯转来，欢声雷动  (xǐ xùn zhuǎn lái, huān shēng léi dòng) the glad tidings gave rise to thunderous cheers

2.Put after the verb to indicate the result of the action ,  verb+来  ,(verb + lái  ).

信笔写来 （xìn bǐ xiě lái） write down ideas as they come to mind        信笔 (xìn bǐ) -  to write freely, to express oneself as one pleases

一觉醒来 （yī jué xǐng lái wake up after a sound sleep

说来话长  (shuō lái huà cháng) it's a long story (the result of the telling is a long story)

想来好笑  (xiǎng lái hǎo xiào) it's ridiculous to think of (the result of the thinking is ridiculous)

去 （ qù ）  go to*

*Verb

. Leave,go.1

从北京去上海 (cóng běi jīng qù shàng hǎi) leave Beijing for shanghai

谁去都一样  (shéi qù duō yī yàng) it makes no difference who goes

他去多久了？ (tā qù duō jiǔ le)?  how long has he been away?

.remove,get rid of.2

去掉官僚主义的工作作风 （qù diào guān liáo zhǔ yì de gōng zuò zuò fēng ）    get rid of bureaucratic style of work

去掉几个字  ( （qù diào jǐ ge zì） take off some words

去掉思想上的负担 (qù diào sī xiǎng shàng de fù dān） get a load off some mind

去皮 （qù pí） peel

.be apart from.3

去今五十余年 (qù jīn wǔ shí yú nián) more than fifty years ago

相去不远  (xiāng qù bù yuǎn) not apart from each other

两地相去八十里  (liǎng dì xiāng qù bā shí lǐ) the two places are80 li