Building Wireless Sensor Networks Using Arduino

Table of Contents

Building Wireless Sensor Networks Using Arduino

Credits

About the Author

About the Reviewers

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Why subscribe?

Free access for Packt account holders

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

eBooks, discount offers, and more

Questions

1. A World without Wires

XBee radio hardware

XBee product families

Versions and variants

Official XBee documentation

Your first transmission

Using the SparkFun XBee Explorer USB

Getting and running XCTU

Updating the firmware

Failed firmware updates

Configuration

Talking to the XBee module

Receiving data

Uploading the sketch

Connecting the XBee

Receiving data

Switching to API mode

First module in API mode

Sending data

Second module in API mode

Starting and joining a network

Module addressing

Network scanning and remote configuration

The Commissioning button and LEDs

Making your network secure

Distributing the network key

Trust center link key

Trust center terminology differences

Selecting encryption keys

Setting up your secure network

Disabling network joining

Other XBee families

Configuration values

Summary

2. Collecting Sensor Data

Hardware setup

Serial on XBee

Handshaking signals

Voltage levels

Serial on a computer

Serial on Arduino

XBee shields

Other shields

Software setup

Example sketches

Variable types

PROGMEM and F() strings

Pointers

Serial port setup

The xbee-arduino library

Creating the sketch

Sending and receiving data

Sending data

The ZBTxRequest objects

Creating the sketch

Blocking and polling

Running the sketch

Callbacks

Callback types

Callback limitations

Receiving data

The ZBRxResponse objects

Creating the sketch

Collecting sensor data

Reading a DHT22 sensor

Handling packets using binary.h

Building and sending a packet

Constructing a packet using binary.h

Creating the sketch

Receiving and parsing a packet

Parsing a packet using binary.h

Creating the sketch

Troubleshooting

Communication with the XBee module is not working

Modules are not joining the network

Modules cannot talk to each other

Summary

3. Storing and Visualizing Your Data

Storing your data in the cloud

Introducing Beebotte

Channels and resources

Security

Access protocols

Sending your data to Beebotte

Preparing Beebotte

Connecting your Arduino to the Internet

Writing the sketch

Visualizing your data

Accessing your data

Keeping your data locally

Sending data over the serial port

Receiving data over the serial port

Summary

4. Controlling the World

Controlling your heating and/or cooling system

Replacing the thermostat

Controlling mains power

Hairdryer – an alternative

Control systems

Adding setpoint control

Subscribing to events

Reading events

Remembering sensor readings

Thermostat controller

Controlling a relay

Controlling off-the-shelf ZigBee devices

ZigBee profiles, endpoints, and clusters

ZigBee public profiles

Selecting a ZigBee device

Talking to a ZigBee on/off device

Joining the network

Factory reset in case of problems

Discovering services

The ZBExplicitTxRequest objects

Sending a message

The ZBExplicitRxResponse objects

Receiving messages

Receiving on/off command responses

More ZigBee features

Summary

5. Standalone XBee Operation

Creating a window sensor

Connecting things

Powering the module

Connecting the window sensor

I/O pin naming

Configuring the XBee module

Remotely sampling the pins

Querying the pin state

Automatically sending the sample data

The configuration values

Receiving the samples on the coordinator

The ZBRxIoSampleResponse objects

Receiving the I/O samples

Creating a standalone relay

Connecting things

Configuring the XBee module

Remotely toggling an output pin

Summary

6. Battery Power and Sleeping

Battery power

Lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries

Regulators

Saving power

Power saving techniques

Knowing what to optimize and when to stop

XBee power-saving

The XBee sleep modes

Configuring the network

The sleeping window sensor

Battery power

Power usage

Arduino power-saving

The XBee configuration

Hardware

Powering the Arduino

Hardware connections

Putting the Arduino to sleep

Sleep modes

Waking up

Creating the sketch

Power usage

Summary

Index

Building Wireless Sensor Networks Using Arduino

Building Wireless Sensor Networks Using Arduino

Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: October 2015

Production reference: 1121015

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

35 Livery Street

Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78439-558-2

www.packtpub.com

Credits

Author

Matthijs Kooijman

Reviewers

Anvirup Basu

Roberto Gallea

Vincent Gijsen

Randy Schur

Fangzhou Xia

Commissioning Editor

Nadeem Bagban

Acquisition Editor

Sonali Vernekar

Content Development Editor

Shali Deeraj

Technical Editor

Danish Shaikh

Copy Editor

Tasneem Fatehi

Project Coordinator

Kinjal Bari

Proofreader

Safis Editing

Indexer

Mariammal Chettiyar

Graphics

Abhinash Sahu

Production Coordinator

Conidon Miranda

Cover Work

Conidon Miranda

Layout Coordinator

Conidon Miranda

About the Author

Matthijs Kooijman is an independent embedded software developer who is firmly connected with the maker movement through a local fab lab and his work on the Arduino project. Since his youth, Matthijs has been interested in making things; for example, he built his first television remote control before the age of 10 (using a piece of rope to pull on the volume slider, not a solution that he would choose today).

Matthijs has a firm belief in the merits of open source software and enjoys contributing to the software that he uses—both by coding and helping out other users. His work experience is broad—ranging from Web development to Linux driver hacking, from tech support to various forms of wireless networking, but almost always related to open source software in some way.

About the Reviewers

Anvirup Basu is currently a student pursuing his B.Tech in electronics and communication engineering from the Siliguri Institute of Technology. Besides academics, he is actively involved in robotics, IoT, and mobile application development. Since the first year, he has been involved with Microsoft as a Microsoft Student Partner and organized three seminars and workshops on the various Microsoft technologies, mainly for Windows phones and the Windows app development.

Being enthusiastic about robotics and Microsoft technologies, he has developed several robots, both autonomous and manual, and a couple of manual robot controllers, some of which are the Universal Robot Controller for Windows PCs and Mark 1 pilot for Windows phones. He is also into computer vision and has worked on the detection of wild animals. Automated Elephant Tracker is one of his projects, in the journal named International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology, under International Association for Engineering and Management Education, which includes his works on robotics and computer vision.

His website, http://www.avirupbasu.com, holds some of his work and one may get in contact with him there. Being a part-time blogger, he blogs about topics he is interested in. Currently, he is working on autonomous robot control using SONAR and GPS. He dreams about doing research and development in his areas of interest.

Roberto Gallea, PhD, has been a computer science researcher since 2007 at the University of Palermo, Italy. He is committed to researching fields such as medical imaging, multimedia, and computer vision. In 2012, he started enhancing his academic and personal projects with the use of analog and digital electronics and with a particular involvement in the open source hardware and software platforms, such as the Arduino. Besides his academic interests, he conducts personal projects, which are aimed at producing handcrafted items such as musical instruments, furniture, and LED devices using embedded invisible electronics. He also collaborates with contemporary dance companies on digital scenes and costume designing.

Vincent Gijsen is an all-round type of a guy. With a bachelor's degree in embedded systems, a masters in information science, work experience in a Big Data start-up, and being currently active as a security officer and cyber security consultant in industrial and infrastructure environments, he has a broad range of interests. In his spare time, he likes to fiddle with lasers, microcontrollers, and other related electronics.

I would like to thank Packt Publishing for their pleasant cooperation and their ability always present interesting reads to review like: Storm Blueprints: Patterns for Distributed Real-Time Computation, and Arduino Development Cookbook as well as my girlfriend: Lisa-Anne, for her support.

Randy Schur is a graduate student in mechanical engineering at the George Washington University. He has experience working with the Arduino, robotics, and rapid prototyping, and has worked on the book Arduino Computer Vision Programming by Packt Publishing Pvt. Ltd.

Fangzhou Xia is currently pursuing a master's degree in mechanical engineering (ME) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his bachelor's degree in ME from the University of Michigan (UM) and a bachelor's degree in electrical and computer engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU). His areas of interest in mechanical engineering include system control, robotics, product design, and manufacturing automation. His areas of interest in electrical engineering include Web application development, embedded system implementation, and data acquisition system setup.

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Preface

The Arduino platform makes it easy to get started with programming and electronics, but introducing wireless communication in your project can get complicated quickly. The XBee wireless platform hides most of the complicated details from you, and this book provides a step-by-step guide to using XBee modules with Arduino.

This book describes an example wireless sensor network, and invites you to build that network yourself. By following the steps in each chapter, you will build a network that can measure temperature and humidity in various rooms of your house, collect that data online, and automatically control your heating and/or cooling system to maintain the proper temperature in your house. This temperature can be configured through an online dashboard, ultimately putting control back in your hands.

All the concepts needed to build this example network will be explained, so you will have the knowledge to build your own project using these same concepts. Concepts that are closely related, but beyond the scope of this book, will be mentioned and appropriate references will be given so you can find out more if needed.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, A World without Wires, introduces the XBee platform and shows how to use the XCTU program to control and configure XBee modules. It covers the AT and API modes, firmware updates, and ZigBee network creation and security. It also shows how to transmit your first messages between two XBee modules.

Chapter 2, Collecting Sensor Data, provides more details on wiring up XBee modules, and introduces the xbee-arduino library that lets an Arduino take control of an XBee module. Reading a sensor, designing a packet format, and wirelessly transmitting data are discussed; thus, by the end of this chapter you will have a basic wireless sensor network where one or more Arduinos read temperature and humidity data and this is wirelessly collected by another Arduino.

Chapter 3, Storing and Visualizing Your Data, covers storing and visualizing your collected data with the Beebotte cloud service, using an Internet-connected Arduino and the MQTT protocol. Storing and visualizing your data on your own computer, using a Python program and database, are also briefly discussed.

Chapter 4, Controlling the World, shows how to let your network control things in addition to monitoring them, such as heating and/or cooling your house. Simple on/off control is covered in detail, either using a relay module connected to an Arduino, or using an off-the-shelf wireless power socket that supports the ZigBee Home Automation protocol.

Chapter 5, Standalone XBee Operation, lets you implement simple devices without using an Arduino, by letting the XBee module directly control or measure things. You will see how to simplify the relay module from Chapter 4, Controlling the World and add window open/closed detection to your network.

Chapter 6, Battery Power and Sleeping, discusses options for battery-powering your projects, as well as techniques to reduce the power used. This includes some hardware techniques, as well as applying various sleep modes to drastically reduce XBee and Arduino power usage when they are idle.

What you need for this book

To upload programs (sketches) to your Arduino boards, you will need the Arduino IDE, which can be downloaded from http://www.arduino.cc Version 1.6.5 was used in this book, but it is recommended to get the newest version. This book assumes you are already familiar with this program and know how to write and upload a sketch, which will not be covered in this book.

For configuring and interacting with XBee modules, you will need the XCTU program, which can be downloaded from http://www.digi.com/xctu. Version 6.2.0 was used in this book, but it is recommended to get the newest version. No prior experience with this program is needed; it will be introduced in detail.

The example sketches in this book use a number of Arduino libraries. These libraries are:

AltSoftSerial by Paul Stoffregen (version 1.3.0)

XBee-Arduino library by Andrew Rapp (version 0.6.0)

DHT sensor library by Adafruit (version 1.2.0)

Adafruit MQTT library by Adafruit (version 0.11.1)

Adafruit SleepyDog library by Adafruit (1.0.0)

Adafruit CC3000 library by Adafruit (version 1.0.3 optional)

In general, it is recommended you download the newest version of a library using the library manager in the Arduino IDE. However, if you run into problems because a library has made changes that are not backwards-compatible, it might be useful to test the exact same version of a library that was used when writing this book. These versions are shown above, but also included in the provided code bundle.

The introduction of each chapter indicates what hardware you will need for the examples in that chapter. This always lists the hardware required to build an example once, sometimes also sharing items between examples. If you want to expand your network to include multiple temperature sensors, window sensors, and so on, you will of course need multiples of some of the components listed.

Who this book is for

This book is for those who have been playing with the Arduino platform and now want to make their creations wireless. There is no need to be a veteran programmer, though a basic understanding of the Arduino and Arduino programming is assumed. All examples make use of ready-made hardware, so no soldering skills are required and, electronically, things are limited to just connecting a few pins and wires. This book will also prove useful for anyone wanting to integrate XBee with microcontroller platforms other than the Arduino, since most of the advice regarding XBee is not specific to the Arduino.

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and configuration values are shown as follows: Sending a packet is handled by the sendPacket() function.

A block of code is set as follows:

// the loop function runs over and over again forever

void loop() {

  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

  delay(1000);              // wait for a second

  digitalWrite(13, LOW);    // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW

  delay(1000);              // wait for a second

}

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

openssl rand -hex