Gene Theme Scene

Gene Theme Scene

By Clarisse Clemons Ferrara, MD

SMASHWORDS EDITION

*******

Published by

Clarisse Clemons Ferrara, MD at Smashwords

Copyright 2014 Clarisse Clemons Ferrara, MD

Smashwords Edition, License Notes

This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Gene Theme Scene

Presents

The Progression of Cancer Screening to Genetic Detection and Genomic Targeted Therapies. A Multi-Institutional Assignment to Promote Additional Gene Based Research and to Identify Environmental Toxins, Dietary Carcinogens, Infectious Disease Irritants, and Germ Line Mutations. NIH Chromosomal Facts and a Digest of the Biography of Cancer (Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD) are included and condensed by Clarisse Clemons Ferrara, MD.

Table of Contents

Gene Theme Scene Presents

Forward Facts

List of Some Additional Gene Based

Therapies Gene Theme Scene Presents

Table of Contents

Forward Facts

List of Additional Gene Based Therapies

Abbreviations

Chapter One - 2655 BC to 168 AD Era Inferences

Chapter Two - Era of Universities 1533-1793

Chapter Three - Nineteenth Century Leaps

Chapter Four - End of Nineteen Century and Early Twentieth Century Advances

4-a - Dr Halsted’s Impact on the Field of Surgery

4-b - Roentgen, Becquerel, Pierre/Marie Curie Develop the First Diagnostic Imaging

4-c - Emil Grubbe Founder of Radiation Oncology

4-d - Pathologist, Chemist, and Pharmacist Contributions

4-e - Alexander Fleming, the Penicillin Mold and other Microbial Related Advances

4-f - Polio Vaccinations, Sidney Farber, Mary Lasker, and the History of The American Cancer Society

4-g - Chemical Warfare, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Reasearch

Chapter Five - Cancer Etiology Theories

Chapter Six - Surgical Changes, Medical Authority and Women’s Decisions

6-a - Surgical Changes

6b - Medical Authority and Women’s Decisions

Chapter Seven - Chemotherapeutic and Hormonal Research

7-a Chemotherapeutic Research

7-b Hormonal Research

Chapter Eight - 100% of Doctor Lung Cancer Death due to Smoking

Chapter Nine - Carcinogenic Mutations

Chapter Ten - HIV Victums in the Eightes not as Fortunate as Tim Brown Whose Donor has the CCR5 Gene Mutation That Prevents the Production of the Membrane Recepter that Allows HIV to Enter the Cell

Chapter Eleven - The Genetic Info of the Time

Chapter Twelve - The Contemporaries of Renalto Dulbecco Correlate the Viral Invasion of Genes

Chapter Thirteen - Foundation of Viral Mediated Genetic Carcinogenesis

Chapter Fourteen - Environmental Factors Affect the Structure and Function of Genes

Chapter Fifteen - Hallmarks of Cancer

Chapter Sixteen - Her 2 Testing and Timely Treatment Battles Won and Lost

Chapter Seventeen - Doctor Druker’s Gene Based Imatinib (Gleevec) is a Targeted Therapy for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Chapter Eighteen - The Human Genome Project and the Cancer Genome Atlas

Open letter to New York State Representatives

Selected Fundamental Information on the Cell and DNA

Overview of Chromosomal Information

The State of Alabama - Chromosome One

State of Arizona - Chromosome Two

State of Arkansas - Chromosome Three

State of California - Chromosome Four

State of Colorado - Chromosome Five

State of Connecticut - Chromosome Six

District of Columbia - Chromosome Seven

State of Florida - Chromosome Eight

State of Georgia - Chromosome Nine

State of Hawaii - Chromosome Ten

State of Illinois - Chromosome Eleven

State of Indiana - Chromosome Twelve

State of Iowa - Chromosome Thirteen

State of Kansas - Chromosome Fourteen

State of Kentucky - Chromosome Fifteen

State of Louisiana - Chromosome Sixteen

State of Maine - Chromosome Seventeen

State of Maryland - Chromosome Eighteen

State of Massachusetts - Chromosome Nineteen

State of Michigan - Chromosome Twenty

State of Minnesota - Chromosome Twenty One

State of Mississippi - Chromosome Twenty Two

State of Missouri - Chromosome X

State of Nebraska - Chromosome Y

Chromosome One - Nevada

Chromosome Two - New Hampshire

Chromosome Three - New Jersey

Chromosome Four - New Mexico

Chromosome Five - New York

Chromomosome Six - North Carolina

Chromosome Seven - North Dakota

Chromosome Eight - Ohio

Chromosome Nine - Oregon

Chromosome Ten - Pennsylvania

Chromosome Eleven - Rhode Island

Chromosome Twelve - South Carolina

Chromosome Thirteen - South Dakota

Chromosome Fouteen - Tennessee

Chromosome Fifteen - Texas

Chromosome Sixteen - Utah

Chromosome Seventeen - Vermont

Chromosome Eighteen - Virginia

Chromosomal Nineteen - Washington

Chromosome Twenty – West Virginia

ChromosomeTwenty One - Wisconsin

Chromosome Twenty Two – Puerto Rico and Wyoming

X chromosome - Alaska and Montana

Y chromosome – Hawaii and Oklahoma

Selected Fundamental Information on the Cell and DNA

Selected Fundamental Information on the Synthesis of Proteins

Khan Academy Genetics 101 Synopsis Plus

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis History of Genetics

Stem Cell Research for Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) via NIH Fact Sheet on Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Guidelines

Cell Signaling Synopsis from Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology Vincent T. DeVita, MD

Overview of Extracellular Signaling

Nutrigenetics

Historical Facts about Sickle Cell Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis

Few Facts on the Genetics of Addiction and Drug Metabolism

Public Umbilical Cord Blood Banking and Donation

Repairing and Replacing Body Parts What’s Next?

Comment on the Original Replacing Body Part PBS Nova Video (1/26/11)

Pharmacogenomics

Overview of Chromosomal Information NIH/ National Library of Medicine

Gene Based Kinase Inhibitors

Proteins from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) genome.gov/director Eric Green, MD, PhD

Cancer Immunotherapy

Vision of Queen Atossa’s Time Travel to 2015

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Head and Neck Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Lung Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Breast Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Stomach (Gastric) Cancer

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Pancreatic Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Liver Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Kidney Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Colon Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Cervical Cancer Overeview

Gene Theme Scene Cervical Cancer Statement

NCI Uterine Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Gene Based Targeted Therapy (Uterus)

Gene Theme Scene Gene Based Targeted Therapy (Soft Tissue Sarcoma)

NCI Bone Cancer Overview

NCI Skin Cancer Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

NCI Leukemia Overview

Gene Theme Scene Synopsis of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

The Future of Gene Based Targeted Therapy

Forward Facts

Congratulations to Cellceutix for the recent FDA approval of Kevetrin by the Harvard Cancer Center’s Dana-Farber Cancer Center Institute. Now the challenge is to educate insurance companies, physicians, and patients that up to 50% of malignancies have the P53 mutation in combination with other genomic sequence variant signatures. Presently Foundation One sequences for 300 malignant genomic signatures now Leiomyosarcoma patients can receive Kevetrin when the P53 mutation is present.

I am renewing the declaration of war against neoplasm that all humans can fight. Genetically we are similar, although the germ line mutations we inherit or the somatic mutations we develop due to Environmental Toxins, Dietary Carcinogens, Infectious Disease Irritants as well as the 10-15% of known genetic variants are detectable, even prenatally. All pathology is represented by a genomic variant of either known or unknown significance. We plan regional Centers that offer complete genomic sequencing services as well as provide training programs for gene based researchers, especially since certain mutations have not been matched with a gene based targeted therapy or an immunomodulator therapy such as the SPOP gene mutation for prostate cancer.

Oregon State Oncologist BRIAN DRUCKER, MD fought and won the battle to have CIBA/GEIGY finance the clinical trial process to bring Imatinib to his Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia patients, now, Novartis markets Gleevec.

Since Imatinib is the prototype of Gene– Based Kinase– Inhibitor Targeted Therapy, I will concentrate on inspiring our youth to become Gene– Based Researchers by explaining the mechanism of action of Gleevec.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia is the result of a 9-22 translocation (Philadelphia Chromosome). This means that the breakpoint Cluster Region (BCR) gene from Chromosome 22 is fused with the Abelson (ABL) gene on Chromosone 9.

This Abelson gene has a domain that can add a phosphate group to the BCR-ABL fusion gene (mutated tyrosine kinase) Other examples of Tyrosine Kinases are Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Fibroblast growth Factor (FGF), Insulin Receptors and peptide growth factor (type of ligand) are a few of the tyrosine kinases.

Gleevec (Imatinib) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for Ph+ Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) in order to explain kinase inhibition normal tyrosine kinase function needs to be understood. Kinase enzymes modify other proteins by adding a phosphate group (phosphorylation) PROTEIN +ATP+ tyrosine kinase = PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN + ADP

These tyrosine kinases take part in many functional changes, and since the human genome contain 500 protein kinase genes (that are only 2% of all genes).

The fact is that approximately 30% of all human proteins may be modified by these protein kinases. One such activity is regulation of cellular pathways involved in signal transduction. In Ph+ CML leukemic cells the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase enzyme is stuck in the on position and keeps on adding phosphate groups. Imatinib competitively binds the ATP site of the BCR-ABL kinase domain so the phosphate group cannot be added.

Imatinib competitively binds to the ATP site of the BCR-ABL kinase domain, therefore addition of the phosphate group is blocked preventing proliferation of CML (mutated white blood cells).

We need additional gene based researchers to develop multiple generation therapies that are needed since sometimes secondary Mutations occur creating shifts that reopen active conformational sites.

A combination of ongoing Immunomodulator and gene based therapies are needed. Therfore we plan to hire multiple teams available to recheck the genomic sequence variant signatures as indicated. The More You Know the More You Know there is

More to Know and Early Detection is the Key to Longevity!

List of Some of the Additional Gene Based Therapies on the Market Matched to the Specific Genetic Mutations Targeted

Note: all are in the Small Molecule Class except for five that are in the Monoclonal Antibody Class those are: Bevacizumab, Cetuximab,Panitumumab, Ranibizumab, and Trastuzumab

Abbreviations

Chapter One

2655 B. C. to 168 A. D. Era Inferences

To digest the history of cancer we will start with Queen Atossa’s ‘time travel’ to 2655-2600 B.C. - the era of Imhotep of Egypt. This 27th Century B.C. period would provide anatomical observations including aggressive types of cases that Imhotep states in hieroglyphics.

There is no treatment!

Queen Atossa’s chiseled likeness

Hippocrates of Cos, Greece (460-377 B.C.) identifies Queen Atossa’s ‘tumor’ as Karkinos, the Greek word for Crab; thus giving her illness a name. According to the thermology world, Hippocrates placed clay on the body to see what area dried first indicating increased heat generation due to illness.

Other authors imply that the clay was ingested for medicinal reasons. Siranus of Ephesus, a second century B.C. Greek gynecologist, was Hippocrates first biographer.

Aristotle of the fourth century B.C. also wrote about Hippocrates. Cleopatra in 50 B.C. reportedly used clay on her skin for cosmetic purposes.

In 500 B.C., the actual time period of Queen Atossa Achaemenes of Persia, Iran, my review contrary to the Emperor of All Maladies account that she ordered a slave to perform a mastectomy revealed that she lived to bear four sons to Darius; and that her diagnosis was probably inflammatory mastitis, probably incised by her physician Demos cedes who reportedly wanted Atossa to return to Greece.

Hippocrates

In 47 AD the Greco-Roman Philosopher, Celcius wrote an encyclopedia of medicine in which officially used the word cancer which is the Latin equivalent of crab. Fast forward to 168 A.D. when Claudius Galen described a breast tumor’ vascular tributaries as the appearence of crab legs extending from its body. Galen hypothesized a universal cause; systemic overdose of black bile, trapped melancholy boiling out as a tumor. The Egyptians believed that the body has four humors - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. An alignment with Hippocrates thinking that health was a state of balanced humors. This theory was passed on by the Romans and was embraced by Galen’s medical teaching which remained unchallenged throughout the middle ages for over 1300 years. During this period, autopsies were prohibited thus limiting knowledge.

Varied attempts were made to purge Atossa’s black bile including frog’s blood, lead plates, holy water, crab paste and caustic chemicals according to Siddartha Muhkagee, MD a senior Oncologist at Columbia University Medical Center and the Pulitzer Prize winner for non-fiction.

A diagram of the main principle behind medical treatment of the age

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/ancient/greekknowledgerev1.shtml

Chapter Two

Era of Universities from 1533 to1793

In 1793 Matthew Baillie a Scottish physician and pathologist was a conformational anatomical Authority after publishing the Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body. Baillie In 1538 Andreas Vesalius at the University of Paris decided to create his own anatomical map. Vesalius published these anatomic drawings but did not find Galen’s black bile.

First use of the word Autopsy, the Greek word for, to see for yourself, depicted Vesalius work. Described cancers of the lungs, stomach and testicles. Like Vesalius, Baillie drew what he actually saw and Galen’s channels of black bile, the humors of tumors that had gripped the minds of doctors for centuries vanished from the picture.

Treatment of Queen Atossa in the fifteenth century during which Galileo and Newton continued the development of a greater understanding of the human body, now would include the use of post-mortum anatomic evidence to study disease.

By 1628 autopsies performed by Harvey accelerated the understanding of blood circulation. 1751 Giovanni Morgagni of Padua was the first to use autopsies to relate the patient’s illness to the pathologic findings.

These advances laid the foundation of scientific oncology, the study of cancer. In 1760, John Hunter a Scottish surgeon and Baillie’s maternal uncle (who was one of the black bile theorist), began removing cancer surgically, initially on animals and cadavers in his own house. He found that when the tumor was moveable with the part, he should exercise great caution to determine the presence of additional sites. Dr. Hunter only had opium and alcohol to achieve near oblivion in his patients. Therefore the leap back to life was fraught with complications.

The pain of surgery and the high incidence of infection, led to a miserable death for those who survived the operation in many cases. The Scottish Surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) suggested that some cancer could be cured by surgery and described how the surgeon would decide which cancers to operate on based on tumor invasion of nearby tissue or not. John Hunter offered sympathy in the case of invasive cancer since those cancers were considered non-resectable.

Chapter Three

Nineteenth Century Leaps

Rudolph Virchow 1821-1902, founder of cellular pathology, with the use of the microscope, documented his study of diseased tissues, therefore providing the scientific basis for modern pathology. As Morgagni had linked autopsy findings seen with the unaided eye to clinical illness, so Virchow correlated the microscopic pathological findings.

This method allowed a better understanding of the cellular picture of cancer and the evaluation of surrounding tissues for post-operative diagnostic decisions. In 1845 Scottish physician John Bennett used leaches and purging to treat leukemia. At autopsy, blood laden with white cells were thought at the time to have caused death due to an infection instead of leukemia. Four months later in 1845 Rudolph Virchow had a patient with symptoms similar to John Bennett’s case.

Both patients had an absence of a source of infection which made Dr. Virchow think that the blood itself was abnormal and he called this blood ‘Weissesblut’ which means white blood, a literal description of the millions of white cells he had seen under the microscope.

Early microscopes aided medical scientists by giving them new insight into tumors during autopsy.

http://www.antique-microscopes.com/photos/improved.htm

In 1847 Professor Virchow changed the name to Leukemia using ‘leukos’ the Greek word for ‘white’. Professor Virchow at the University of Wurzburg launched a project of describing human disease in cellular terms. Between 1846 and 1867 anesthesia was publicly demonstrated at the Massachusetts General Hospital less than ten miles from where Sidney Farber’s basement lab would be located a century later. William Morton unveiled a glass vaporizer with a quart of ether fitted with an inhaler.

One patient stated, that although he knew the operation was proceeding, pain was nullified by ether. Until the mid-nineteenth century, post-surgical infections were common and universally lethal.

In 1865, Joseph Lister, a Scottish surgeon who had learned the subtle unseen particle principle, based on an experiment performed by Louis Pasteur, confirmed what Pasteur wisely noticed that meat broth sealed in a sterilized vacuum jar would not permit turbidity. Pasteur stated that microorganisms that fell from the air caused turbidity.

Lister concluded that applying a dressing composed of a material capable of destroying the life of the floating particle should be used.

This chemical was carbolic acid originally known to be used by the sewage disposers. August, 1867 Lister used a combination of anesthesia and carbolic acid as an antiseptic and was able to routinely operate on cancer patients. By the mid 1870’s.

Viennese surgeon, Theodur Bilroth, while a professor in Berlin, launched a systematic study that defined clean and safe surgical approaches to abdominal surgery. By the mid 1890’s Bilroth had operated on 41 patients with gastric carcinoma. 19 of the 41 patients survived the surgery. Uterine, ovarian, breast, prostate, colon and lung tumors were surgically resected (in early cases) before they invaded other organs. The operations were considered cures in a significant fraction of patients. William Stewart Halsted entered surgery at a transitional moment in history.

Bloodletting, leaching and purging were still common procedures. Surgical sutures were made of catgut and surgeons walked around with scalpels dangling from their pockets.

If Queen Atossa’s time travel had taken her to 1877, she might have encountered William Halstead, MD after his flight from this gruesome medical world of purges, bleeders, pus pails and Quacks.

After Halstead’s European surgical training he refined the techniques of Bilroth, Volkmann, Hans Chiari, and Anton Woller.

When Halsted returned to NY, in 1880 he operated on patients at Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia, Bellevue and Chambers. (see page 62 of E of M) Queen Atossa, if seen in Halsted’s Johns Hopkins clinic in the 1890’s would have undergone a radical mastectomy including excision of the tumor with removal of the deep chest muscles, lymph nodes of the axillae, and clavicle. In the early nineteenth century, she would have consulted a radiation oncologist that would obliterate her tumor locally using X-RAY’s.

Note: the history of Emil Grubes use of X-rays as well as Roetgen, the founder of X-RAYs is included in future pages. Therefore, in keeping with approximate chronologic oncological facts, Thomas Hodgkin, 1798-1866 published a paper in 1832 that described "Morbid Appearances of Absorbent Glands and Spleen. Before the continuation of Dr. Halsted’s history, is the inclusion of the relevant Thomas Hodgkin a Quaker Physician that described the pathologic appearances of lymphoma. His descriptions were acknowledged, in 1898, (thirty years after Hodgkin’s death).

Doctor Karl Sternberg, the Australian pathologist, also found bi-lobed nuclei (owl’s eyes) in a field of lymphocytes.

The owl’s eyes were lymph cells that had become malignant, now representative of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Now we will continue with facts relevant to William Halstead, MD. Surgical anesthetic Cocaine was used in 1884 at Volkmann’s clinic. Doctor Halsted sampled Cocaine for five years after which he entered the Butler Sanitarium in Providence where he was treated for his cocaine habit.

Later, Doctor Halsted was recruited to Johns Hopkins by physician William Welch. By 1898, Dr. Halsted’s radical mastectomy was taught. After 76 radical mastectomies had been performed, 40 survived more than three years. The other 36 died from disease that had not been uprooted from the body.

Dr. William Halsted

http://esgweb1.nts.jhu.edu/hmn/W02/annals.html

Chapter Four

Dr Halsted, Roentgen’s X-Rays, Fleming’s Penicillin, End of Nineteenth Century and Twentieth Century Advances

4-a Dr. William Halsted’s Impact on the Field of Surgery

In óI907 Halsted presented his data to the American Surgical Association in Washington D.C. By 1930 Surgeons mirrored Dr. Halsted’s radical mastectomies. Chicago based gynecological surgeon Alexander Brunschwig, carried the radical surgical theme further, by devising an extensive operation for cervical cancer called a complete pelvic exenteration. A surgeon in New York in the thirties, George Pack, was nicknamed Pack the Knife. In 1933 Surgeons had a chilling discussion of stomach cancer during which the Arabian proverb was stated that ‘he is no physician who has not slain many patients.

To arrive at that sort of logic, (the Hippocratic Oath turned upside down) ignores the fact that untreated metastatic cancer is lethal even without a surgeons touch or introduced air.

Radical surgery thus drew the blinds of circular logic around the value of the most extreme process for nearly a century.

In 1904 Young with Halsted’s assistance excised the entire prostate in an operation called ‘radical prostatectomy’.

In the early 1900’s another of Halsted’s students H. Cushing became a Neurosurgeon. Everts Graham, at the Barnes Hospital in St. Louis pioneered operations to remove cancerous lung tissue in 1933. He strived to excise the entire known lesion. The surgical community frowned on procedures that did not attempt to remove involved tissue. Salvaging procedures were considered a make shift operation.

To indulge in such makeshift operations was to succumb to the old flaw of makeshift kindness that a generation of surgeons had tried so diligently to banish.

An example of Halsted’s radical surgeries

http://edgeofthewest.wordpress.com/2008/07/30/mastectomy-through-the-ages/

4-b Roentgen, Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie (Develop the First Diagnostic Imaging)

In 1885 a few months after Halsted unveiled the radical mastectomy in Baltimore, William Roentgen, a lecturer at the Wὒrzberg Institute in Germany was working with an electronic vacuum tube that shot electrons from one electrode to another when he noticed a leakage of radiant energy so powerful that it penetrated cardboard producing a white phosphorescent glow on a barium screen.

Roentgen’s wife Anna’s hand was placed between the source of his rays and a photographic plate, producing an image of her bones. In 1896, after Roentgen’s discovery, Henri Becquerel, the French chemist, discovered that uranium emits invisible rays with properties similar to those of X-RAYS.

In Paris, friends of Becquerel, a young physicist named Pierre Curie who was married to Marie Curie, a chemist, began to scour the world for more chemical radiant energy.

Both were originally interested in magnetism. Pierre Curie used a miniscule quartz crystal to craft an instrument called an electrometer capable of measuring small dosages of radiation.

In 1902, a derivative of tons of pitchblende waste yielded purified-radium, that glows with a hypnotic blue light in the dark.

This elements instability was found to be a chimera of matter and energy-matter decomposing into energy.

Radium by virtue of its potency revealed an unexpected property of transmission of radiation through human tissue with resultant deposit of energy deep into the tissues. Radiation burned Marie Curie’s bone marrow leaving her permanently anemic, eventually causing her death due to Leukemia in 1934. Radium and X-RAYS in excess can shatter strands of DNA and generate mutations that cause damage. Cells respond to these mutations by dying or more often by ceasing to divide.

X-RAYS preferentially kill the most rapidly proliferating cells in the body such as cells in the skin, nails, gums, and blood.

4-c Emil Grubbe Founder of Radiation Oncology Grubbe, was a 21 year old Medical student in Chicago, when he determined the value of X-RAYS to inhibit malignant breast tissue cells on 3/26/86.

Grubbe suffered from radiation dermatitis and eventually endured an amputation of his left hand. In 1960 metastatic squamous cell skin carcinoma, caused the death of Dr. Grubbe, the father of radiation oncology, who is also credited with Continuing Medical Education for Physicians.

Dr. Emil Grubbe

http://jorhodeshomeopathy.co.uk/jo-blogs/2008/10/like-cures-like.html

Since X-RAYS could only be directed locally, radiation was of limited use for a cancer that had metastasized. Radiation itself produced cancers since DNA damage creates various known genetic mutations. Radium girls who painted watch dials with fluorescent radium sued U.S. Radium Company in 1927, since many developed leukemia and other types of cancers.

4-d Pathologist, Chemists and Pharmacologist Enter the Picture

In 1856 William Perkin boiled nitric acid in benzene to produce a violet color creating a new chemical called aniline mauve. A German textile chemist synthesized phenols, alcohols, bromides, alkaloids, alazarine, and amides. Frederick Wohler found that boiling ammonium cyanate in inorganic salt would create urea.

In 1878 Paul Ehrlich found that analine derivatives stained organelles of the cell. Compound 606 (Arsphenamin) is considered the first modern chemotherapeutic agent used to treat Treponema Pallidum that causes Syphilis. Ehrlich met with successes with trypan red which he named Salvarsan (for salvation) which treated Trypanosomiasis, a parasite, and other microbial diseases.

From 1904 to 1908 Ehrlich tried amides, analines, sulfa derivatives, arsenics, bromides, and alcohols to destroy cancer cells-inevitably killing normal cells as well. 1908 Ehrlich won the Nobel Prize for the ‘principle of specific affinity’. Then in 1915 Ehrlich developed an association with Bayer / Hoechst who became the producers of war gases such as thioglycol, a dye intermediate formed by boiling hydrochloride, creating mustard gases.

In 1917, Ehrlich’s mustard gases lethal properties were evident, including (Nitrogen Mustard’s respiratory damage, skin blisters, and blindness).

In 1919 American Pathologists Ed Krumblieur analyzed those that survived the Ypres mustard gas bombing. His findings included bone marrow depletion, leaving victims anemic and in need of multiple blood transfusions. They were prone to infections since their white blood cell counts were below normal. The sixteenth century physician, Paracelsus, once opined that every drug is a poison in disguise, thus cancer therapy found its roots in this obverse logic that every poison is a drug in disguise.

On 12/2/1943 the Johns Harvey Ship that was stockpiled with seventy tons of mustard gas, was blown up during WWII.

Burnt garlic and horseradish smell was in the breeze. 83 died in the first week due to mustard gas toxins which spread quickly over the next week.

Nearly a thousand died over the next few months due to complications of the mustard gas. The chemical warfare unit was housed within the wartime office of scientific research and development.

Goodman and Gilman of Yale secured research funding to study the white blood cell destroying properties of war gases. In 1942 Goodman and Gilman convinced Dr. Lindskowski to treat 48 lymphoma patients with intravenous mustard.

4-e Alexander Fleming, the Penicillin Mold, and other Microbial Related Advances

Note: since infectious disease irritants such as helicobacter pylori, hepatitis c, and human papilloma virus are known carcinogens, included here (not in the original text of EoM), is a history of the research that lead to the use of penicillin that has positively impacted mankind to the present day.

In 1928 Alexander Fleming, while in England, noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminated blue green mold on a Staphylococcus plate culture.

Although, Sir Alex Fleming discovered the penicillin mold in 1928, the Nobel Prize was not awarded until 1945. In the span between the two world wars Fleming’s focus was the mold, Penicillium notatum. During the first years after his discovery, he grew and distributed the original mold unsuccessfully. He was unable to get help from a chemist with enough skill to