Flask Framework Cookbook

Table of Contents

Flask Framework Cookbook

Credits

About the Author

About the Reviewers

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Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Flask Configurations

Introduction

Environment setup with virtualenv

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Handling basic configurations

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Class-based settings

How to do it…

How it works…

Organization of static files

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Being deployment specific with instance folders

How to do it…

How it works…

Composition of views and models

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Creating a modular web app with blueprints

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Making a Flask app installable using setuptools

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

2. Templating with Jinja2

Introduction

Bootstrap layout

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Block composition and layout inheritance

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Creating a custom context processor

How to do it…

See also

Creating a custom Jinja2 filter

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Creating a custom macro for forms

Getting ready

How to do it…

Advanced date and time formatting

Getting ready

How to do it…

See more

3. Data Modeling in Flask

Introduction

Creating a SQLAlchemy DB instance

Getting ready

How to do it…

There's more…

See also

Creating a basic product model

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Creating a relational category model

How to do it…

See also

Database migration using Alembic and Flask-Migrate

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Model data indexing with Redis

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Opting the NoSQL way with MongoDB

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

4. Working with Views

Introduction

Writing function-based views and URL routes

Getting ready

How to do it…

A simple GET request

A simple POST request

A simple GET/POST request

How it works…

There's more…

Class-based views

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

URL routing and product-based pagination

Getting ready

How to do it…

Adding pagination to applications

See also

Rendering to templates

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Dealing with XHR requests

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Decorator to handle requests beautifully

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

Creating custom 404 and 500 handlers

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Flashing messages for better user feedback

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

SQL-based searching

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

5. Webforms with WTForms

Introduction

SQLAlchemy model data as form representation

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Validating fields on the server side

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Creating a common forms set

How to do it…

How it works…

Creating custom fields and validation

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Creating a custom widget

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Uploading files via forms

How to do it…

How it works…

Cross-site Request Forgery protection

How to do it…

How it works…

6. Authenticating in Flask

Introduction

Simple session-based authentication

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Authenticating using the Flask-Login extension

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Using OpenID for authentication

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Using Facebook for authentication

Getting started

How to do it…

How it works...

Using Google for authentication

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Using Twitter for authentication

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

7. RESTful API Building

Introduction

Creating a class-based REST interface

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Creating an extension-based REST interface

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Creating a SQLAlchemy-independent REST API

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

A complete REST API example

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

8. Admin Interface for Flask Apps

Introduction

Creating a simple CRUD interface

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Using the Flask-Admin extension

Getting ready

How to do it…

There's more…

Registering models with Flask-Admin

Getting ready

How to do it…

Creating custom forms and actions

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

WYSIWYG for textarea integration

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Creating user roles

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

9. Internationalization and Localization

Introduction

Adding a new language

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Lazy evaluation and the gettext/ngettext functions

Getting ready

How to do it…

Global language-switching action

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

10. Debugging, Error Handling, and Testing

Introduction

Setting up basic file logging

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Sending e-mails on the occurrence of errors

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Using Sentry to monitor exceptions

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Debugging with pdb

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

Creating our first simple test

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Writing more tests for views and logic

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Nose library integration

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

Using mocking to avoid real API access

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Determining test coverage

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Using profiling to find bottlenecks

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

11. Deployment and Post Deployment

Introduction

Deploying with Apache

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Deploying with uWSGI and Nginx

Getting ready

How to do it…

See also

Deploying with Gunicorn and Supervisor

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Deploying with Tornado

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Using Fabric for deployment

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

S3 storage for file uploads

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Deploying with Heroku

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

Deploying with AWS Elastic Beanstalk

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Application monitoring with Pingdom

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Application performance management and monitoring with New Relic

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

12. Other Tips and Tricks

Introduction

Full-text search with Whoosh

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Full-text search with Elasticsearch

Getting ready

How to do it…

How to do it…

Working with signals

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Using caching with your application

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

E-mail support for Flask applications

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Understanding asynchronous operations

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

Working with Celery

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

See also

Index

Flask Framework Cookbook

Flask Framework Cookbook

Copyright © 2014 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: November 2014

Production reference: 1151114

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78398-340-7

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Cover image by Pratyush Mohanta (<[email protected]>)

Credits

Author

Shalabh Aggarwal

Reviewers

Matt Copperwaite

Christoph Heer

Jack Stouffer

Commissioning Editor

Ashwin Nair

Acquisition Editor

Subho Gupta

Content Development Editor

Amey Varangaonkar

Technical Editor

Taabish Khan

Copy Editor

Karuna Narayanan

Project Coordinator

Leena Purkait

Proofreaders

Simran Bhogal

Paul Hindle

Maria Gould

Ameesha Green

Indexer

Mariammal Chettiyar

Production Coordinator

Arvindkumar Gupta

Cover Work

Arvindkumar Gupta

About the Author

Shalabh Aggarwal has several years of experience in developing business systems and web applications for small-to-medium scale industries. He started his career working on Python, and although he works on multiple technologies, he remains a Python developer at heart. He is passionate about open source technologies and writes highly readable and quality code. He is a major contributor to some very popular open source applications. He has worked with Openlabs Technologies and Consulting (P) Limited as the CTO for a large part of his career. He is also active in voluntary training for engineering students on nonconventional and open source topics.

When not working with full-time assignments, he consults for start-ups on leveraging different technologies. When not writing code, he writes non-technical literature and makes music with his guitar.

I would like to dedicate this book to my late father who will always be there in my thoughts for the love and encouragement he gave me to explore new things in life. I would like to thank my family, my mother and my sister, for putting up with me during my long writing and research sessions. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues who encouraged me and kept the momentum going. I would like to convey deep gratitude to my mentor, Sharoon Thomas, who introduced me to these technologies and helped me learn a lot. Without the support of all of them, I would have never been able to learn these technologies and complete this book.

About the Reviewers

Matt Copperwaite graduated in Computer Systems and Networks with a BSc Hons degree from University of Plymouth in 2008 and has since worked in the private and public sectors in the UK. He is currently a Python software developer and DevOps engineer for the UK government, mostly working in Django. However, his first love is Flask, using which he has built several products, all under the GPL license.

Matt is also a trustee of South London Makerspace, a hackerspace-like community in south London. He is a co-host of The Dick Turpin Road Show, a podcast about free and open source software, and the LUG Master of the Greater London Linux User Group.

I would like to thank my fiancée, Marie, who has put up with my crazy ideas and always makes me laugh, and my parents, who afforded me all the opportunities to get into computing and for their unconditional love.

Christoph Heer is a passionate Python developer based in Germany. He likes to develop web applications and also tools and systems for infrastructure optimization, management, and monitoring. He is proud to be part of the great Python community and wishes to have more time for open source contribution.

Currently, Christoph is studying Computer Science in Karlsruhe in cooperation with his current employer, SAP, and is going to finish his degree in the fall of 2015.

I would like to thank Armin Ronacher for his work for the Python community, especially for Flask and his inspiring API designs and well-written documentation.

Jack Stouffer is a web programmer from the Metro Detroit area. He works for Apollo America. At Apollo, he creates various web applications using Python, Flask, and Backbone.js, which manage everything from KPI tracking and display to controlling manufacturing. He is currently attending college at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan.

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Preface

Flask is a lightweight web application microframework written in Python. It makes use of the flexibility of Python to provide a relatively simple template for web application development. Flask makes it possible to write simple one-page applications, but it also has the power to scale them and build larger applications without any issues.

Flask has excellent documentation and an active community. It has a number of extensions, each of which have documentation that can be rated from good to excellent. There are a few books also available on Flask; they are great and provide a lot of insight into the framework and its applications. This book tries to take a different approach to explain the Flask framework and multiple aspects of its practical uses and applications as a whole.

This book takes you through a number of recipes that will help you understand the power of Flask and its extensions. You will start by seeing the different configurations that a Flask application can make use of. From here, you will learn how to work with templates, before learning about the ORM and view layers, which act as the foundation of web applications. Then, you will learn how to write RESTful APIs with Flask, after learning various authentication techniques. As you move ahead, you will learn how to write an admin interface followed by the debugging and logging of errors in Flask. You will also learn how to make your applications multilingual and gain an insight into the various testing techniques. Finally, you will learn about the different deployment and post-deployment techniques on platforms such as Apache, Tornado, Heroku, and AWS Elastic Beanstalk.

By the end of this book, you will have all the necessary information required to make the best use of this incredible microframework to write small and big applications and scale them with industry-standard practices.

A good amount of research coupled with years of experience has been used to develop this book, and I really wish that this book will benefit fellow developers.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Flask Configurations, helps in understanding the different ways in which Flask can be configured to suit various needs as per the demands of the project. It starts by telling us how to set up our development environment and moves on to the various configuration techniques.

Chapter 2, Templating with Jinja2, covers the basics of Jinja2 templating from the perspective of Flask and explains how to make applications with modular and extensible templates.

Chapter 3, Data Modeling in Flask, deals with one of the most important part of any application, that is, its interaction with the database systems. We will see how Flask can connect to database systems, define models, and query the databases for the retrieval and feeding of data.

Chapter 4, Working with Views, talks about how to interact with web requests and the proper responses to be catered for these requests. It covers various methods of handling the requests properly and designing them in the best way.

Chapter 5, Webforms with WTForms, covers form handling, which is an important part of any web application. As much as the forms are important, their validation holds equal importance, if not more. Presenting this information to the users in an interactive fashion adds a lot of value to the application.

Chapter 6, Authenticating in Flask, deals with authentication, which sometimes acts as a thin red line between the application being secure and insecure. This chapter deals with social logins in detail.

Chapter 7, RESTful API Building, helps in understanding REST as a protocol and then talks about writing RESTful APIs for Flask applications.

Chapter 8, Admin Interface for Flask Apps, focuses on writing admin views for Flask applications. First, we will write completely custom-made views and then write them with the help of an extension.

Chapter 9, Internationalization and Localization, expands the scope of Flask applications and covers the basics of how to enable support for multiple languages.

Chapter 10, Debugging, Error Handling, and