Math for Computer Applications
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The Essentials® of Math for Computer Applications
The Editors Of Rea
THE ESSENTIALS ®
OF MATH FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Copyright © 1999,1987 by Research & Education Association. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 98-67990
9780738672670
ESSENTIALS is a registered trademark of
Research & Education Association, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
WHAT THE ESSENTIALS
WILL DO FOR YOU
This book is a review and study guide. It is comprehensive and it is concise.
It helps in preparing for exams, in doing homework, and remains a handy reference source at all times.
It condenses the vast amount of detail characteristic of the subject matter and summarizes the essentials of the field.
It will thus save hours of study and preparation time.
The book provides quick access to the important facts, principles, theorems, concepts, and equations of the field.
Materials needed for exams, can be reviewed in summary form–eliminating the need to read and re-read many pages of textbook and class notes. The summaries will even tend to bring detail to mind that had been previously read or noted.
This ESSENTIALS
book has been carefully prepared by educators and professionals and was subsequently reviewed by another group of editors to assure accuracy and maximum usefulness.
Dr. Max Fogiel
Program Director
Table of Contents
These Little Books
have rescued lots of grades and more!
Title Page
Copyright Page
WHAT THE ESSENTIALS
WILL DO FOR YOU
CHAPTER 1 - LOGIC
CHAPTER 2 - SET THEORY
CHAPTER 3 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 4 - VECTORS AND MATRICES
CHAPTER 5 - GRAPH THEORY
CHAPTER 6 - COUNTING AND BINOMIAL THEOREM
CHAPTER 7 - PROBABILITY
CHAPTER 8 - BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CHAPTER 9 - LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND GAME THEORY
APPENDIX - FUNCTIONS
Inductive Logic
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have rescued lots of grades and more!
CHAPTER 1
LOGIC
1.1 STATEMENTS
A declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both simultaneously, is called a statement. A simple statement contains one declaration, while a compound statement contains two or more declarations. We shall use lowercase letters to denote simple statements and uppercase letters to denote compound statements.
Examples:
a − It is raining.
A − It is raining and it is dark.
b − Fire is cold.
B − Fire is cold and ice is warm.
A truth table shows relationships between statements. The letters denoting the statements are listed on top of the table, while the letters T, for true
, and F, for false
, are listed below to show the relationships.
Example:
− It is raining.
− It is not raining.
A connective is a structure used to connect simple statements together to form a compound statement.
If x is a statement, then NOT x, or the negation of x, denoted by − x, is false whenever x is true, and true whenever x is false.
Example:
x − Jack is home.
~ x