Viral Vaccinology

An overview of how viruses-retroviruses could be utilized as to instigate viral bio-weaponization and bio-warfare (much like other pathogens as bacteria, fungi, etc.), as well as a highlight of the history of how this has occurred in the past, has been presented. In particular, two issues need to be clarified here. First of all, almost all of our history of evolution prior to 5,500 years ago has been purged from the records, as well any memory of such happenings have been blank-slated from our consciousness memories. Secondly, that humanity has been lurking in the low dimensional level of consciousness, without having a clue about some of the advanced technologies with regard to the true nature of its genetics, and the possibility of its manipulation leading to genetic mutations and alien hybridization. However, as of more recently, with the advent of knowledge of radiation technological development, together with more novel approaches as nanotechnology in materials science, as well as the fact that we are beginning to better understand the nature of our bioenergetics and the role it plays in our genetics and physiognomy and holographic reality, we are beginning to get a better grasp of how a formidable nefarious alien artificial intelligence machinery can play a devastating role in our genetic modification, hybridization, as well as the using viral bio-weaponization for our demise or total annihilation. Thus, in the present paper, the author

This study detected and subtyped strains of influenza virus from pigs in Lagos, South-western Nigeria. A total of 116 (58 nasal and 58 throat) samples from healthy pigs were analysed from two different sites in Ayedoto farm at Ojo Local Government between June and September, 2010 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Influenza virus type A 31(26.7%) was detected. Subtyping was done using RT-PCR with H1, H3 and H5 primers and only subtypes H1 [5(16.1%)] and H5 [5(16.1%)] were detected. No positive detection was made for subtype H3. This research work is the first documented detection of influenza A virus in pigs in Lagos, Nigeria and demonstrates the need for a sustainable surveillance mechanism of swine and other influenza viruses to be able to prevent influenza epidemic in the environment.

Approximately 15 million deaths occur worldwide by infections and about 20% of which are only because of viral infections. Multivalent vaccines can be administered to cut costs of vaccination in economically challenging countries. On the other hand, multivalent vaccines are desirable against RNA viruses with multiple serotypes. In multivalent vaccines, besides safety and efficacy, the main focus is on balanced immune response against all components of multivalent formulation. Live attenuated vaccines have very good immunity profiles, but reversion to wild type and lack of balanced immunity are serious issues to be addressed. Subunit and DNA vaccines are sill underdevelopment with relatively less immunogenicity but with very good balanced immunity and safety profile. The future of multivalent vaccines is very bright with cross protective vaccine strategies being designed against multiple viral pathogens.

Program studi pendid ikan sosiologi akultas ilmu sosial Universitas Negeri Makassar Abstrak Dayak adalah nama kolektif untuk berbagai suku asli di Kalimantan secara umum dan dapat di katakan bahwa masyarakat-masyarakat yang tergolong di dalam kelompok suku dayak menghuni pedalaman Kalimantan.Daerah pantai atau daerah hilir yang mengitari mereka di huni oleh melayu,banjar,bugis,Makassar,china,jawa,dan suku-suku lainnya.dapat di tambahkan pula bahwa mayoritas dan orang melayu di Kalimantan adalah keturusan suku dayak yang kemudian memeluk agaman. islam.kira-kira 90% orang-orang melayu Kalimantan adalah keturunan dayak,orang dayak di perkirakannya sebanyak kira-kira 3 juta dan orang melayu lebih dari 6 jt.Istilah dayak mempunyai konotasi merendahkan sehingga lebih ada yang suka menamakannya dayak.terutama di masa silam dayak mempunyai asosiasi dengan keterbelakangan,kebiasaan mengayou,animism,dan lain-lain.nampaknya sekarang konotasi tersebut mulai menghilang dan menurut dokter Fridolin ukur yang berasal dari suku dayak ma'anyan.dayak tidak perlu di ganti dengat daya.lagi pila untuk meningkatkan harkat masyarakat dayak,di masa lalu juga sudah di didirkan perkumpulan-perkumpulan yang memakai istilah dayak. Kata kunci:Suku Dayak ,Keagamaan ,Asal-usul ,seni Budaya dan penyebarannya.

Purpose: In the United States, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen’s coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine presently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The purpose of this study is to analyze passive surveillance data on COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions in the United States.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed passive surveillance data on COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions which were retrieved from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System database. Retrieved records on demographic information as well as the top 10 common vaccine adverse events were extracted and assessed from 200 of the most recently reported cases for the study analysis.

Results: Local and systemic adverse reactions were reported in the study. A significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded for the top 10 systemic reactions by age category (0.041) and by gender (0.002). Analysis of the top five systemic reactions, stratified by vaccine type yielded a significant difference (p<0.05) for chills (p=0.044), and when stratified by age group and type of vaccination received, it yielded a significant difference (p<0.05) for fatigue (p=0.023). Overall, Pfizer had 182 persons (91.0%) reporting adverse events, Moderna with 13 (6.5%), and Janssen with 5 (2.5%).

Conclusion: Mild side effects were reported following vaccination with the EUA COVID-19 vaccines in the United States. Thus, continuous monitoring and reporting of all adverse events are recommended to ensure the safety of vaccination.

The viral load and CD4 count are two measures used to monitor the health status of individuals with HIV that is why the assessment on ART affects CD 4 count and viral load for the patients taking ART at Kicukiro health center has been conducted at Kicukiro Health Center. The research questions were to see if the ARTS cause the increase of CD4 and the decrease of viral load in HIV positive patients; and to see if the variation of the viral load and CD4 is the same in female and male. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of ART on CD 4 and viral load for the patient on ART at Kicukiro Health Center. The target population was HIV positive patient taking ART at Kicukiro HC. A total sample of 100 patients has been selected and each selected patient has been tested on CD4 and viral load in three interval of time from August 2013 to September 2014. We have analyzed the impact of sex in increasing of CD4 and decreasing viral load. After analysis, we found that the number of CD4 count increase in male than in female and the number of viral load decrease in male than in female and this is due to biological differences between male and female. The comparison of the number of viral load in three different time has been done using t test paired sample .The analysis has showed that there is a significance difference between the number of viral load from August 2013 to September 2014 with , p<0,05. This shows the success of antiretroviral success because the number of viral load has been reduced. Then our question on the role of ART in increasing CD4 and decreasing viral load has been achieved. The comparison of the number of CD 4 count in three different time has been done using t test paired sample .The analysis has showed that there is a significance difference between the number of CD 4 from August 2013 to September 2014 with , p<0,05. 2014. This shows a good immunological response of patients to ART and this will avoid the occurrence of opportunistic infection. As conclusion the main objective of our study has been achieved and our hypothesis has been verified.

Long-term persistent viral infections cause substantial morbidity and associated economic losses in human and veterinary contexts. Yet, the mechanisms associated with establishment of persistent infections are poorly elucidated. We investigated immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with clearance versus persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in micro-dissected compartments of the bovine nasopharynx by microarray. The use of laser-capture microdissection allowed elucidation of differential gene regulation within distinct anatomic compartments critical to FMDV infection. Analysis of samples from transitional and persistent phases of infection demonstrated significant differences in transcriptome profiles of animals that cleared infection versus those that became persistently infected carriers. Specifically, it was demonstrated that clearance of FMDV from the nasopharyngeal mucosa was associated with upregulation of targets associated with activation of T cell-mediated immunity. Contrastingly, gene regulation in FMDV carriers suggested inhibition of T cell activation and promotion of Th2 polarization. These findings were corroborated by immunofluorescence microscopy which demonstrated relative abundance of CD8 + T cells in the nasopharyngeal mucosa in association with clearance of FMDV. The findings presented herein emphasize that a critical balance between Th1 and Th2-mediated immunity is essential for successful clearance of FMDV infection and should be considered for development of next-generation vaccines and antiviral products.

Alcelaphine herpesvirus–1 (AlHV-1), a causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, was detected in wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) placenta tissue for the first time. Although viral load was low, the finding of viral DNA in over 50% of 94 samples tested lends support to the possibility that placental tissue could play a role in disease transmission and that wildebeest calves are infected in utero. Two viral loci were sequenced to examine variation among virus samples obtained from wildebeest and cattle: the ORF50 gene, encoding the lytic cycle transactivator protein, and the A9.5 gene, encoding a novel polymorphic viral glyco-protein. ORF50 was well conserved with six newly discovered alleles differing at only one or two base positions. In contrast, while only three new A9.5 alleles were discovered, these differed by up to 13% at the nucleotide level and up to 20% at the amino acid level. Structural ho-mology searching performed with the additional A9.5 sequences determined in this study adds power to recent analysis identifying the four-helix bundle cytokine interleukin-4 (IL4) as the major homologue. The majority of MCF virus samples obtained from Tanzanian cattle and wildebeest encoded A9.5 polypeptides identical to the previously characterized A9.5 allele present in the laboratory maintained AlHV-1 C500 strain. This supports the view that AlHV-1 C500 is suitable for the development of a vaccine for wildebeest-associated MCF.

Abstract
Background: The reliable laboratory tests, co-infection with other tumor viruses, and determining the genetic types are very important for therapy and monitoring of the clinical status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects.
Objectives: This study evaluated the co-infection of HIV with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell
leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the viral load, the progression of infection, and its correlation with the clinical status.
Methods: Twenty HIV-infected cases were assessed for T cell subpopulations, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1 co-infection, as well as the viral
load. For phylogenetic relationships analysis, the HIV-c2-v5 fragment and p17 of gag were amplified, sequenced, and then clustered
using phylogenetic analysis by MEGA software with maximum-likelihood.
Results: The quantity of HIV viral load by qRT-PCR (TaqMan) and Cobas-Amplicor monitor test had a very strong correlation (R =
0.881, P < 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was also found between CD4+ cell count and Cobas-Amplicor (R = -0.41, P =
0.06). A significant negative correlation was also found between CD4+ cell count and Cobas-Amplicor (R = -0.41, P = 0.06) with HIV
monitor test results (R = -0.41, P = 0.06). The phylogenetic analysis for p17 regions in gag and c2-v5 in env genes showed that all
subjects had AD genotype. The co-infection of the HIV subjects with HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1 was 75%, 75%, and 15%, respectively. A direct
correlation was observed between CD8+ and HIV-HTLV-1 co-infection.
Conclusions: The results showed that HIV CRF35-AD, (M group) is more frequent in the northeast of Iran, and both real-time quantification methods were reliable for monitoring the HIV-1 viral load. In addition, the transmission rate of HTLV-1 is lower than HBV
and HCV among drug abusers

The lack of a clear correlation between the levels of antibody to pertussis antigens and protection against disease lends credence to the possibility that cell-mediated immunity provides primary protection against disease. This phase I comparative trial had the aim of comparing the in vitro cellular immune response and anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers induced by a cellular pertussis vaccine with low lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (wPlow vaccine) with those induced by the conventional whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine. A total of 234 infants were vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months with the conventional wP vaccine or the wPlow vaccine. Proliferation of CD3+ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry after 6 days of peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture with stimulation with heat-killed Bordetella pertussis or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and T-cell receptor γδ-positive (γδ+) cells were identified in the gate of blast lymphocytes. Gamma inter...

This review paper highlights the recent developments made in the use of plant viral expression vectors and application of agroinfilteration techniques. Plant virus expression vectors were designed to express a gene of interest in plant tissues for the development of vaccine and other biopharmaceuticals. This new platform also provides an ample evidence that the combination of agroinfilteration, and plant viral expression vectors will provide a powerful tool for a rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. Furthermore, transient expression of recombinant proteins using syringe agroinfilteration, an efficient, robust, and scalable gene-transfer technology has been exploited recently for the production of many biopharmaceuticals in plants. Therefore, the development of viral expression vectors based on deconstructed plant viruses has significantly increased the accumulation of recombinant proteins in plants. Hence this new technology of gene delivery has opened up a new ray of hope for the commercial production of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals in plant system.

Hepatitis C is one of the foremost challenging diseases all over the world. No vaccine has been developed, yet against Hepatitis C virus (HCV). This is partly due to the high mutation rate in the HCV genome, which generates new genotypes and sub genotypes. A mass of efforts have been devoted for the development of an efficient vaccine against HCV. DNA Vaccines, an emerging field of Vaccinology, grasp strong potential to be the most reliable and efficient mode of vaccination in the future. This technology is under investigation currently. Incredibly diverse approaches have been applied as an endeavor to develop a potent DNA vaccine against HCV. The HCV structural genes and the virus like particles have been attempted and so far the results are quite promising in the Lab animals. As there is no proper animal model for HCV infection except chimpanzees, it is very difficult to articulate whether these vaccines will also be pertinent in humans or not. This review will focus on different approaches being used for the development of DNA vaccines, the major tribulations in designing a DNA vaccine against HCV as well as the future prospects for the improvement of under trials DNA vaccines developed against HCV.