The Internet of Things

In an increasingly connected world, security is a top concern for Internet of Things (IoT). These IoT devices have to be inexpensive implying that they will be constrained in storage and computing resources. In order to secure such devices, highly efficient public key cryptosystems (PKC) are critical. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is the most commonly implemented PKC in use today. In this paper, an alternate and a more efficient PKC, called the PEC (Pells Equation Cryptography) has been proposed based on Pells equation: x 2 − D * y 2 ≡ 1 (mod p). It is shown that scalar multiplication in PEC is significantly more efficient compared to ECC. It is also shown that the Discrete Logarithm Problem-computing the private key from the public key-in PEC is at least as hard as that of ECC.

Public security and environment safety is a big issue in the present day. Smoke, fire, vibration, gas, and temperature can cause too many issues and causes accidents at home and industrial areas. To decrease chances of such accidents it is essential to take necessary steps such like entertain security based projects. GSM based smart safety system is a solution to such necessary problems. It provides the fool proof security to industries and homes. The system consists of Alarming system, smart SMS alert and e-mailing on need. The system observes the environment using sensors for smoke, gas, flame, vibration and temperature and in case any problem it alert the related person. The system uses the arduino UNO as micro-controller and sensor used for smoke is MQ-2, gas MQ-5, flame five channel, temperature DS18B20 1 and for vibration is 801S. The system acquire data using sensors and then transmit to arduino. Arduino further transmit data to the c# based application which make email and a GSM module is used which send SMS to the relevant person. The alarm device is added to alarm.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an extensive overview of security-related problems in the context of smart cities. The impressive heterogeneity, ubiquity, miniaturization, autonomous and unpredictable behaviour of objects interconnected in Internet of Things, the real data deluges generated by them and, on the other side, the new hacking methods based on sensors and short-range communication technologies transform smart cities in complex environments in which the already-existing security analyses are not useful anymore. Specific security vulnerabilities, threats and solutions are approached from different areas of the smart cities’ infrastructure. As urban management should pay close attention to security and privacy protection, network protocols, identity management, standardization, trusted architecture, etc., this chapter will serve them as a start point for better decisions in security design and management.

3rd International Conference on Blockchain and Internet of Things (BIoT 2022) will provide
an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and
applications of Blockchain and Internet of Things. The Conference looks for significant
contributions to all major fields of the Blockchain and Internet of Things in theoretical and
practical aspects.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research
results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in
the areas of Blockchain and Internet of Things.

Circular Economy  has been usually indicated as a promising approach to promote economic development and sustainability. Despite this general agreement, the Circular Economy paradigm is still little adopted by companies, as they need to face several challenges. In this context, Product-Service Systems (PSS) Business Models play a major role, as they have been proposed as an opportunity for promoting sustainability. Today, digital technologies are seen as a  key factor to enable PSS, allowing at the same time the introduction of Circular  Economy  into companies.  However,  little attention has been set on how  new  digital technologies can  overcome  in practice  the main  Circular  Economy challenges. To fill this gap, this paper explores such a role through a case study of a company who leverages Internet of Things, Big Data and Analytics in the provision of its PSS Business Model. Based on the findings of the empirical investigation, the role that the selected digital technologies play in overcoming the Circular Economy challenges is presented and discussed

In this paper, we present and compare existing IoT application layer protocols as well as protocols that are utilized to connect the “things” but also end-user applications to the Internet. We highlight IETF’s CoAP, IBM’s MQTT, HTML 5’s Websocket among others, and we argue their suitability for the IoT by considering reliability, security, and energy consumption aspects. Finally, we provide our conclusions for the IoT application layer communications based on the study that we have conducted.

Several economies are implementing the concept of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) which is an inevitable trend of businesses in the context of digital transformation. In the current situation, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing global concern not only about the number of infections and deaths but also causing the world economy to fall into recession. With the impact of COVID-19, most view Industry 4.0 technology as a necessary element in their strategy to adapt to changes and better serve the community. We have aimed to confirm the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis revealed that no one could deny the benefits of the 4.0 technologies' application; much of the benefit is to analyze large volumes of data to forecast the spread of COVID-19 and restrict movement to prevent the spread of disease.

Internet of Things (IoT) and services is an interesting topic with a wide range of potential applications like smart home systems, health care, telemedicine, and intelligent transportation. Traditionally, key agreement schemes have been evaluated to access IoT services which are highly susceptible to security. Recently, Biometric-based authentication is also used to access IoT services and devices. They are involving a larger amount of memory with increased running time and found to be computationally infeasible. To provide robust authentication for IoT services, Histogram of Neighborhood Tripartite Authentication with Fingerprint Biometrics (HNTA-FB) for IoT services is proposed in this paper. This proposed HNTA-FB method uses binary patterns and a histogram of features to extract the region of interest. To reduce the memory requirements while providing access to IoT services, Histogram of Neighborhood Binary Pattern Pre-processing (HNBPP) model is proposed. The discriminative power of Neighbourhood Binary Pattern Registration (NBPR) is integrated with the normalized sparse representation based on the histogram. Additionally, this work presents a new Tripartite User Authentication model for fingerprint biometric template matching process. When compared with different state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method depicts significantly improved performance in terms of matching accuracy, computational overhead and execution speed and is highly effective in delivering smart home services.

The Internet of Things vision has recently emerged as a result of a proliferation of a large number of networked consumer electronic devices. There is a growing need to autonomously monitor power consumption of these devices. We present a self-organizing distributed algorithm for the dynamic approximation of power consumption in networked consumer electronic devices.

This paper reflects on the innovative research methods of the Digital Economy funded TOTeM (Tales of Things and electronic Memory) project and its engagement with two primary sectors: high street charity retail, and museums. The interdisciplinary three-year project is concerned with the study of applications of personal and social memories in the emerging culture of the Internet of Things. In 2010 TOTeM launched its public tagging service 'Tales of Things' which is based on the use of two-dimensional barcodes (QR Codes) and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to enable the capturing and sharing of stories and memories and linking of them to any object via read and writable tags. Since the launch of the web platform in 2010 (www.talesofthings.com) and its accompanying Android and iPhone applications, the technology has found a home through the disruption of two distinct sectors. The first was developed through a series of iterations with the UK based charity Oxfa...

Blockchain was born following the economic crisis of 2008 and as a solution to deal with the issues of the contemporary financial system. Based on research on crypto currencies, i.e., digitized currencies and operated by totally digital technologies, the Blockchain carries with it, according to the greatest technology gurus, new promises of innovation and innovation. The Blockchain is a revolutionary technology that allows the development and implementation of an "Internet of transactions". This paper provides an overview and the concept of blockchain and explains the benefits of blockchain and the challenges facing by the companies.

Medical imaging archive has been a subject which the health care industry struggles with due to growing longterm cost of managing an onsite. As per the current trend, over hundred billion diagnostic imaging/scanning procedures will be performed in which generates about thousands of Petabytes of data. The high volume of medical images is leading to scalability and maintenance issues with healthcare providers' onsite picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and network. Cloud computing gives commitment of providing lower cost, high scalability, availability and disaster recoverability which can be a natural solution some of the problems which is faced in long-term medical image archive. This new paradigm creates new opportunities to share information that can be always available. The proposed implementation is supported on the public cloud resources that are available on the Internet, creating the opportunity to exchange information between the medical devices inside the institutions with another devices located in another institution ie any where, any time.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application's lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers' preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor's energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.

The snowballing of many different electronic gadgets connected to different networks and to the internet is a clear indication that the much-anticipated internet of things (IoT) is fast becoming a reality. It is generally agreed that the next generation mobile networks should offer wireless connection to anything and anyone with a proper enabling device at any time leading to the full realization of IoT. Device-to device (D2D) communication is one technology that the research community believes will aid the implementation of the next generation of mobile networks, specifically 5G. Full roll out of D2D is however being impeded by the resulting interference. This chapter looks at the state-of-the-art research works on interference management technologies proposed for device-to-device communications. A comprehensive analysis of the proposed schemes is given and open challenges and issues that need to be considered by researchers in D2D communication for it to become a key enabler for 5G technology are highlighted and recommendations provided.

This work explores mechanisms for realization of the Internet of Cultural Things (IoCT) and applications in public spaces in the context of learning cities and smart cities. Focusing on the constructs of awareness, learning, and engagement, the purpose of this work is to explore the potential for animating cultural heritage elements or fragments using the IoCT and applications in public spaces. Theoretically this work is situated at the intersection of adaptive reuse and designing for deconstruction enabled by the IoCT and applications in support of learning cities and smart cities. Using a case study approach, qualitative and quantitative data are gathered through in-depth interviews and an online survey. Anecdotal evidence is also gathered in parallel with this study through group and individual interviews enabling further analysis and triangulation of data. This work makes a contribution to the research literature across several domains – the IoCT and applications, cultural heritage, learning cities, and smart cities. This work also contributes to the discussion and debate spaces for ambient culture and ambient heritage with the potential to influence new directions for future research and practice.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the inter-networking paradigm based on many processes such as identifying, sensing, networking and computation. An IoT technology stack provides seamless connectivity between various physical and virtual objects. The increasing number of IoT applications leads to the issue of transmitting, storing, and processing a large amount of data. Therefore, it is necessary to enable a system capable to handle the growing traffic requirements with the required level of QoS (Quality of Service). IoT devices become more complex due to the various components such as sensors and network interfaces. The IoT environment is often demanding for mobile power source, QoS, mobility, reliability, security, and other requirements. Therefore, new IoT technologies are required to overcome some of these issues. In recent years new wireless communication technologies are being developed to support the development of new IoT applications. This paper provides an overview of some of th...

Wireless communications, with the emerging technologies of cloud computing, ubiquitous sensing and big data, had the impact of changing all aspects of our lives. The aim of this paper is to discuss the possibility of enhancing greenhouse agricultural activities in an arid climate using Internet of Things (IoT) and other computational technologies, especially as an enablers of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA). The utilization of CEA practices and the efficiency and effectiveness of agricultural big data are highly affected by the availability of wireless connectivity. In this paper we propose a framework that utilizes emerging computational technologies to monitor and control a CEA.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) generate large data that is processed, analysed
and filtered by cloud data centres. IoT is getting tremendously popular: the
number of IoT devices worldwide is expected to reach 50.1 billion by 2020 and
from this, 30.7% of IoT devices will be made available in Healthcare. Transmission
and analysis of this much amount of data will increase the response time
of cloud computing. The increase in response time will lead to high service
latency to the end-users. The main requirement of IoT is to have low latency to
transfer the data in real-time. Cloud cannot fulfill the QoS requirement in a
satisfactory manner. Both the volume of data as well as factors related to internet
connectivity may lead to high network latency in analyzing and acting upon the
data. The propose research work introduces a hybrid approach that combines
fuzzy and reinforcement learning to improve service and network latency in
healthcare IoT and cloud. This hybrid approach integrates healthcare IoT
devices with the cloud and uses fog services with Fuzzy Reinforcement
Learning Data Packet Allocation (FRLDPA) algorithm. The propose algorithm
performs batch workloads on IoT data to minimize latency and manages the
QoS of the latency-critical workloads. It has the potential to automate the reasoning
and decision making capability in fog computing nodes.

In this work, we determined, the level of incidence of the use of technologies on academic success and the incidence of interaction and experience on the level of plagiarism of university students. A sample of 10,952 students from 31 face-to-face universities in Ecuador was created. Students were classified based on their experience level, level of interaction with teachers and classmates, and the use they do with technology for academic activities. The results showed that the level of experience does not affect academic success, but does have an incidence on plagiarism levels that increase as this experience increases. Plagiarism reaches higher levels when level of experience, family income and hours of connection per day increases. Academic performance depends on the number of hours that students seek information and the number of academic videos they watch. Also, plagiarism tends to decrease as the student makes better use of technology for their academic activities.

Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Les conséquences régulatoires d'un monde repensé à partir de la notion de "donnée", in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Internet, espace d'interrégulation, série "Régulation", Journal of Regulation - Dalloz, 2016, p.183-207.

Lien : http://mafr.fr/fr/article/les-consequences-regulatoires-dun-monde-repensee-a/

Résumé : La première conséquence régulatoire tient au fait que ce que l'on désigne souvent comme "l'objet" de la donnée (la personne, l'entreprise pour la donnée financière, l'économie pour le rating, etc.), n'est que sa source, son "sous-jacent", la donnée étant fabriquée par une entreprise ou par l’État  tandis que son objet est bien plutôt l'usage pour lequel cette donnée a été construite et articulée à d'autres.  La donnée est donc autonome de son sous-jacent, est mise en masses affectées, prend une valeur économique en fonction des désirs qu'en ont ses utilisateurs et ses acheteurs, devient disponible hors du temps et de l'espace dans le numérique. Cela implique une interrégulation spécifique.

Mais la donnée est aussi le Janus du numérique, car, nouvel or noir, pur instrument financier, par nature immatérielle, la donnée conserve pourtant la trace des personnes. Elle la conserve, la met en exergue et en danger. Le Droit peut alors établir de force une indissociabilité entre la donnée et son sous-jacent, pour protéger celui-ci, notamment s'il s'agit d'une personne, ou pour atteindre celui qui utilise l'information.  Cette double-face de la donnée entraîne des chocs de régulations dans Internet. Le cas Safe Harbor l'illustre.

En outre, tout Internet ramène vers l'internaute, dans lequel l'on verrait volontiers "Le Grand Interrégulateur". Mais est-ce si adéquat, légitime et efficace ? Le "consentement," auquel renvoie l'interrégulation assurée par l'internaute lui-même, fait naître le doute. En revanche, sous le vocable déplacé de "droit à l'oubli" se dissimule une arme efficace qui peut frapper ceux qui accaparent les données dans une économie numérique qui semble se constituer dans un mécanisme anté-marché, c'est-à-dire dans une régression qui pulvérise l'autorégulation marchande elle-même pour remplacer les actes juridiques d'échange par des actes juridiques conjonctifs, organisation que pour l'instant le Droit et la Régulation ont bien du mal à appréhender, faute des qualifications juridiques pour ce faire.

Le "droit à l'oubli" requalifié à travers la catégorie des actes conjonctifs serait un premier pas pour satisfaire un objectif de la régulation, assurant à la fois la protection de l'innovation et la protection des personnes, dans un futur qui doit rester toujours ouvert et que nulle puissance économique ou politique ne peut s'approprier.

This module is designed to acquaint students with understanding of new media, how it differs from old media, and what are the dilemmas and responsibilities of Net users, journalists, ISPs, state and international community in this new era. The module will combine theory with case studies. This module will supplement Level 5 module, 'New Media and Politics' which is focused mainly on the implications of new media technologies, such as the internet, for representative democracy. It will provide interested students with the opportunity to continue focusing their studies also in their third year on Internet and New Media.

Since the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT), e-health has become one of the main research topics. Due to the sensitivity of patient data, preserving the privacy of patients appears to be challenging. In healthcare applications, patient data are usually stored in the cloud, which makes it difficult for the users to have enough control over their data. However, due to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), it is the data subject's right to know where and how his data has been stored, who can access his data and to what extent. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based architecture for e-health applications which provides an efficient privacy-preserving access control mechanism. We take advantage of Blockchain (BC) special features, i.e., immutability and anonymity of users, while modifying the classic blockchain structure in order to overcome its challenges in IoT applications (i.e., low throughput, high overhead and latency). To this end, we cluster the miners of BC, store and process data at the nearest cluster to the patient. While our proposal is a work in progress, we provide a security analysis of our proposed architecture.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

ABSTACT
Fog computing is a prime example that extends Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) application services to the edge of the network. Correlated to Cloud, Fog computing provides data transferring, larger and more immediate storage bandwidth and application services to end users. This innovative architecture stands in close correlation with its Cloud counterpart. As it is well known Cloud faces various security and privacy problems thus inheriting most of them to Fog computing along side some new security and privacy challenges because of Fog's distinct characteristics. Later on, we will cite these new challenges and threads.

Internet, a revolutionary invention, is always transforming into some new kind of hardware and software making it unavoidable for anyone. The form of communication that we see now is either human-human or human-device, but the Internet of Things (IoT) promises a great future for the internet where the type of commu-nication is machine-machine (M2M). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the IoT scenario and reviews its en-abling technologies and the sensor networks. Also, it describes a six-layered architecture of IoT and points out the related key chal-lenges. Keywords: